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we hope you enjoyed Sharia last night

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and we pick up this morning with tremors

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chemical fingerprints and climates and

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our first speaker is Andrea Bryant from

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foreign

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PhD student at University of Chicago and

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today I will talk about investigating

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the use of long periods seismology to

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explore Titan's interior I'm aware that

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um I'm actually quite new to seismology

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myself when we began a couple years ago

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so

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um I will try to do a little bit of

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background for everyone all right so

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starting with uh Cassini we learned a

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lot about the saturnian system but

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especially for this study we learned a

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lot about Titan and so

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um there was actually a probe the

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huggins probe that landed on the surface

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of Titan and you can if you go on

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YouTube you can Google it and or you can

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YouTube it and see the landing um there

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it's lending through the haze and you

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see some water ice Pebbles on the

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surface and there's so much I could say

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about Titan but for the sake of time

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I'll just say it's an amazing natural

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astrobiology laboratory and

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um

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I'm very excited to do some theory about

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it

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um okay so here is what we currently

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know about Titan

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um and so we know that there is a liquid

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water ocean underneath

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um a very thick shell of ice so it's

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between 50 and 150 kilometers deep we

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don't know the exact compositions of

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this ice shell or the ocean but we do

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know that there's water there

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um and also there could be some high

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pressure ice underneath the ocean and

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this actually has very big

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astrobiological implications because it

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could actually act if there is high

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pressurized it could act as a barrier

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from there's the enrichment of the ocean

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for potential life

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um if it's there and so

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um yeah so that's something that

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seismology can help us to constrain

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whether or not that's there

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um okay so this brings me to NASA

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dragonfly and so dragonfly is a rotor

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craft that will launch in 2027

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um and it'll take about six years or so

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to get to Titan but this instrument will

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be loaded with many many different

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instrument packages that are really

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there's a very large Focus for Astro bio

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and in particular the seismometer

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um which is going to be on the other

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Underside you can see here it's like

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dangling or it's up under the rotocraft

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but it's going to be tethered it's

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tethered and so it'll be lowered down at

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each location on Titan that's going to

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visit and then measure the seismic

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activity there and there also these

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geophones which are essentially less

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sensitive seismometers and they're a bit

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smaller that are going to be there's two

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under under the underside of the skids

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and so in particular the seismometer the

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geophones and other instruments within

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the this drag met package

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um are going to be looking to measure

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habitability

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okay

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so um dragonfly says melody seismology

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in a nutshell will help us to constrain

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the interior structure of Titan more

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precisely and so seismology

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um similarly like on Earth has helped us

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to understand more about the actual

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interior of Earth to like very great

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detail and so we hope to be able to do a

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bit of the same

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um on Titan and so some possible causes

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of Titan Quakes will be tidal flexing or

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Quail volcanoes and then also like ice

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cracking events of various kinds and

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then this is of course not a

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non-exhaustive list and so we'll be able

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to put like very precise

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um more precise hopefully measurements

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on what's actually going on there okay

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so now this brings me to the namesake of

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this talk long period seismology so

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um I'm talking about so if you're

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familiar with seismograms we have the

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Body Waves or those are the p waves

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compressive waves and the sheer waves S

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waves and then we have

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um later on we have these long these

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surface waves and so I'm looking as

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opposed to using Body Waves

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investigating

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um and particularly with these I'm

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looking at methane cloth rate models

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what if I were to use the surface wave

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information particularly dispersion

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information to be able to try to learn

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about Titan and maybe about the

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eyeshadow thickness so let's see what I

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found okay so starting with methane

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clathrates

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um

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I for those of you who don't know what

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that is

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um so a clothway is essentially I like

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to say a water cage and so you can see

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um I don't know if you can see those

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um it's essentially

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um a structure of water molecules around

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and they're entrapping a single molecule

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and and the case of or in my the study

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the molecule we're looking at would be

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methane okay so imagine there's this

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molecule and now we have tens of

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kilometers of this these methane

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clathrides and we think that this could

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be very possible and very plausible for

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the Titan Photon conditions and I think

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I forgot to mention Titan surface is 94

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Kelvin so on the surface methane we have

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a hydrological cycle but it's a methane

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hydrological cycle

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um six percent or five or six percent of

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the atmosphere is methane and so we have

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instead of lakes of water lakes of

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hydrocarbons

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um and lakes of methane

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um

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and ice under Titan temperatures and

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pressures they will readily form these

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methane clathrates and this has been

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shown in the laboratory so it's thought

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that they're most likely will be lots of

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these methane clathrates on Titan

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um and so the models that we considered

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um were essentially they were all the

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same so we were looking at 100 kilometer

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thick ice shell and just varying the um

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the clathrated lid thickness so um the

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cloth rates were just at the surface so

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hence the cloth rate lid

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um and um yeah these are all spherically

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symmetric models they were generated

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with an open source code called Planet

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profile if you're interested in

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generating this it's on GitHub also you

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can I couldn't show you how to get it or

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you can just Google it

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um and there's a ton of other bodies you

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can look at there as well

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um and so we simulated a magnitude 3

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quick and then these were the data that

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we'll be looking at come from a three

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kilometer Source step so three

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so um

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the from the study

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um I this was led by Angela marusiak at

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um who is now professor at University of

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Arizona uh and so we actually saw some

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small differences in dispersion between

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two of the models in particular that

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we're looking at and in that paper so

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that was the 10 kilometer cloth rate lid

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and the

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um pure water is shell and so just for

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this is a primer about dispersion it's

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related to the material properties of

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the ice shell and particularly in the

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case of elastic waves that we're looking

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at here and so this wave speed depends

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on frequency and that's kind of like the

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meat of what dispersion is is seeing how

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the wave speed or the group velocities

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they change as a function of frequency

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and so we saw like about two percent

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difference a two percent difference

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between the dispersion so that's looking

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at this group velocity curve here it's

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very small differences but they're small

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enough that if you have a really high

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Precision seismometer you could actually

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detect that which is actually I found

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that quite intriguing so I was like well

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let's dig deeper and see what else we

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can find

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um so this brings me to the setup of the

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um on the project of this long period

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study that I'm leading now so

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um I take theoretical dispersion curves

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so it's all theoretical but these are

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extra theoretical

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um and I can explain what that means

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later

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um or if you if you ask um so

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theoretical this version curve they're

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generated with a code called minios and

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elaborate on that and then take these

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other axi Simmons it says that's another

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code so the different methods of doing

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these things

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um the seismograms to create these mock

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observational data of which I would go

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and pick and calculate by hand and with

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a computer the group velocities for each

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Titan input model

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I'm not sure that I'm across a range of

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distances um and frequencies so

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um now just I'll talk about the

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theoretical group velocities

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um and so these are looking at group

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velocity as a functional frequency so

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group velocity on the y-axis and

290
00:32:14,090 --> 00:32:12,539
frequency on the X axes and I'm looking

291
00:32:15,409 --> 00:32:14,100
at different modes so I'll talk about

292
00:32:17,149 --> 00:32:15,419
what the screw velocities and phase

293
00:32:19,730 --> 00:32:17,159
velocities are and or group velocities

294
00:32:22,070 --> 00:32:19,740
are and then what the modes are

295
00:32:24,950 --> 00:32:22,080
um so group velocity if we were to look

296
00:32:27,769 --> 00:32:24,960
if you look on the right hand side it's

297
00:32:30,529 --> 00:32:27,779
um the the actual velocity of the like

298
00:32:32,450 --> 00:32:30,539
wave packet that's encapsulating the

299
00:32:34,730 --> 00:32:32,460
like more the bigger larger scale

300
00:32:36,590 --> 00:32:34,740
structure of our seismograms and the

301
00:32:38,210 --> 00:32:36,600
phase velocities that's another measure

302
00:32:41,870 --> 00:32:38,220
of dispersion

303
00:32:43,970 --> 00:32:41,880
um it is the actual velocity of the

304
00:32:45,529 --> 00:32:43,980
Peaks and so when you have the groove

305
00:32:48,110 --> 00:32:45,539
velocity not equal to the phase velocity

306
00:32:49,730 --> 00:32:48,120
you you know you have dispersive wave

307
00:32:50,450 --> 00:32:49,740
um and so

308
00:32:54,049 --> 00:32:50,460
um

309
00:32:55,730 --> 00:32:54,059
the terminal information so mode so if

310
00:32:58,190 --> 00:32:55,740
if you remember from physics the like

311
00:33:00,830 --> 00:32:58,200
wave on the string analogy

312
00:33:02,630 --> 00:33:00,840
um or it's not analogy but the wave on a

313
00:33:04,430 --> 00:33:02,640
string representation of modes

314
00:33:06,889 --> 00:33:04,440
um the fundamental modes will be here

315
00:33:09,710 --> 00:33:06,899
there's no node first overturn one node

316
00:33:12,350 --> 00:33:09,720
second third second and two and three

317
00:33:13,909 --> 00:33:12,360
nodes uh accordingly or respectively and

318
00:33:16,970 --> 00:33:13,919
then you can go all the way up to I mean

319
00:33:18,529 --> 00:33:16,980
as many nodes and modes as you'd like to

320
00:33:21,529 --> 00:33:18,539
um so for this study we actually looked

321
00:33:24,710 --> 00:33:21,539
at up to three thousand uh overtones to

322
00:33:26,210 --> 00:33:24,720
create an entire seismogram but here

323
00:33:28,370 --> 00:33:26,220
um we know that most of the information

324
00:33:30,169 --> 00:33:28,380
of this surface wave that we're looking

325
00:33:31,610 --> 00:33:30,179
at and I forgot to mention that it's a

326
00:33:35,210 --> 00:33:31,620
Rayleigh wave

327
00:33:37,490 --> 00:33:35,220
um it was it would normally be in the

328
00:33:39,049 --> 00:33:37,500
fundamental mode but

329
00:33:40,850 --> 00:33:39,059
um there's a surprise that I'll show you

330
00:33:41,450 --> 00:33:40,860
in the next slide

331
00:33:44,210 --> 00:33:41,460
um

332
00:33:47,870 --> 00:33:44,220
and so essentially what we found was

333
00:33:49,669 --> 00:33:47,880
that when we're comparing

334
00:33:52,190 --> 00:33:49,679
um when we're looking at the data and I

335
00:33:53,389 --> 00:33:52,200
I went and used actually some this other

336
00:33:55,190 --> 00:33:53,399
data set

337
00:33:56,330 --> 00:33:55,200
um and took the seismograms themselves

338
00:33:57,710 --> 00:33:56,340
and

339
00:33:59,149 --> 00:33:57,720
um calculated the group velocities as

340
00:34:01,190 --> 00:33:59,159
opposed to just them being spit out from

341
00:34:03,649 --> 00:34:01,200
a code for me

342
00:34:05,930 --> 00:34:03,659
um consistently that

343
00:34:07,430 --> 00:34:05,940
um the dispersion profiles um they're

344
00:34:09,710 --> 00:34:07,440
when we look at the different interior

345
00:34:11,389 --> 00:34:09,720
structures they do like differ slightly

346
00:34:13,250 --> 00:34:11,399
but then when we lay them on top of each

347
00:34:15,169 --> 00:34:13,260
other essentially like there isn't

348
00:34:17,089 --> 00:34:15,179
various little differences and it's so

349
00:34:18,349 --> 00:34:17,099
small that you probably would not and

350
00:34:20,629 --> 00:34:18,359
not probably wouldn't they would be

351
00:34:23,089 --> 00:34:20,639
smaller than what we could observe

352
00:34:25,790 --> 00:34:23,099
um on Titan

353
00:34:27,409 --> 00:34:25,800
um so and then also the Israeli waves we

354
00:34:28,849 --> 00:34:27,419
thought that they would be the

355
00:34:30,530 --> 00:34:28,859
information would be in the fundamental

356
00:34:32,389 --> 00:34:30,540
mode but actually it was in the first

357
00:34:34,669 --> 00:34:32,399
overtone which is a little interesting

358
00:34:36,829 --> 00:34:34,679
and it's consistently so okay so there's

359
00:34:39,530 --> 00:34:36,839
this yellow line is the first overtone

360
00:34:42,290 --> 00:34:39,540
and so this blue little Cloud thing is

361
00:34:44,210 --> 00:34:42,300
the one Sigma standard deviation from

362
00:34:47,450 --> 00:34:44,220
these group velocity measurements which

363
00:34:49,250 --> 00:34:47,460
are taken over a range of this instances

364
00:34:51,770 --> 00:34:49,260
and frequencies

365
00:34:54,349 --> 00:34:51,780
um and so

366
00:34:56,690 --> 00:34:54,359
um yeah it's it's a pretty pretty strong

367
00:34:59,570 --> 00:34:56,700
uh thing that's happening or signal that

368
00:35:00,950 --> 00:34:59,580
we're seeing for it not being and the

369
00:35:03,349 --> 00:35:00,960
fundamental mode

370
00:35:04,310 --> 00:35:03,359
um and so then that just shows that this

371
00:35:07,250 --> 00:35:04,320
method

372
00:35:08,329 --> 00:35:07,260
um we wouldn't be able to use Body Waves

373
00:35:11,150 --> 00:35:08,339
to

374
00:35:13,190 --> 00:35:11,160
um this sorry the surface wave this

375
00:35:14,930 --> 00:35:13,200
particular surface wave as

376
00:35:18,650 --> 00:35:14,940
um to diagnose the thickness of Titan's

377
00:35:23,210 --> 00:35:18,660
eyeshadow so that's intriguing and so

378
00:35:25,609 --> 00:35:23,220
um I will dig deeper and and see

379
00:35:27,589 --> 00:35:25,619
um more about that in the future

380
00:35:29,690 --> 00:35:27,599
all right so a quick summary I use data

381
00:35:31,490 --> 00:35:29,700
driven models of Titan's Interiors or to

382
00:35:33,410 --> 00:35:31,500
compute Titan synthetic seismograms for

383
00:35:35,750 --> 00:35:33,420
comparison to real data that we'll get

384
00:35:37,849 --> 00:35:35,760
from dragonfly in the mid-2030s and in

385
00:35:38,930 --> 00:35:37,859
the study we investigate energy trapped

386
00:35:41,089 --> 00:35:38,940
in the eye shell to determine the

387
00:35:43,069 --> 00:35:41,099
structure of Titan and the presence of

388
00:35:45,589 --> 00:35:43,079
surface clathrates

389
00:35:47,990 --> 00:35:45,599
um and AKA long period seismology And

390
00:35:49,370 --> 00:35:48,000
while the surface waves observation that

391
00:35:50,990 --> 00:35:49,380
we saw in the study did not clearly

392
00:35:53,270 --> 00:35:51,000
determine eggshell thickness we can

393
00:35:54,890 --> 00:35:53,280
constrain it using body wave arrivals so

394
00:35:56,690 --> 00:35:54,900
pns waves and if you're interested in

395
00:35:58,550 --> 00:35:56,700
learning more about isolation seismology

396
00:36:01,130 --> 00:35:58,560
and then particularly about some of the

397
00:36:03,230 --> 00:36:01,140
methodology that we were implementing

398
00:36:06,710 --> 00:36:03,240
talk to me or also consult Simon

399
00:36:09,410 --> 00:36:06,720
staler's paper uh it's very looking also

400
00:36:11,390 --> 00:36:09,420
at other icy ocean worlds as well and

401
00:36:13,190 --> 00:36:11,400
then understanding the composition of

402
00:36:14,630 --> 00:36:13,200
Titan's interior especially the ice

403
00:36:16,910 --> 00:36:14,640
shell and ocean will have important

404
00:36:19,010 --> 00:36:16,920
implications for astrobiology and

405
00:36:23,690 --> 00:36:19,020
habitability studies so thank you so

406
00:36:23,700 --> 00:36:39,230
foreign

407
00:36:39,240 --> 00:36:44,690
yes good

408
00:36:49,670 --> 00:36:46,849
hi nice talk

409
00:36:50,630 --> 00:36:49,680
um so presumably like in the lab we

410
00:36:52,970 --> 00:36:50,640
don't have

411
00:36:55,670 --> 00:36:52,980
like kilometers of class rates so what

412
00:36:58,790 --> 00:36:55,680
does it take to extrapolate from just

413
00:37:00,589 --> 00:36:58,800
this lab made amount to how it'll behave

414
00:37:03,290 --> 00:37:00,599
when it's this much

415
00:37:05,870 --> 00:37:03,300
as a medium yeah so we use this paper

416
00:37:07,970 --> 00:37:05,880
called by calassova and soton

417
00:37:09,950 --> 00:37:07,980
um I think it's in like 20

418
00:37:12,230 --> 00:37:09,960
20.

419
00:37:14,690 --> 00:37:12,240
um but that was their paper is where we

420
00:37:17,390 --> 00:37:14,700
got the actual thermal thermal models to

421
00:37:28,250 --> 00:37:17,400
model to model this for the cloth raids

422
00:37:31,730 --> 00:37:29,870
thank you for the talk

423
00:37:35,030 --> 00:37:31,740
um I I have a question that may be

424
00:37:37,010 --> 00:37:35,040
outside of the scope of what you do but

425
00:37:40,010 --> 00:37:37,020
um I know that the eye shelf thickness

426
00:37:42,710 --> 00:37:40,020
can be a proxy for for heat loss and

427
00:37:43,970 --> 00:37:42,720
that can also kind of um

428
00:37:46,370 --> 00:37:43,980
uh

429
00:37:48,349 --> 00:37:46,380
provide clues as to whether the ocean

430
00:37:50,510 --> 00:37:48,359
may be like a transient feature like or

431
00:37:52,609 --> 00:37:50,520
a more long-lived feature is that

432
00:37:54,730 --> 00:37:52,619
anything you can determine using the

433
00:37:57,410 --> 00:37:54,740
data that may be

434
00:37:59,329 --> 00:37:57,420
collected by dragonfly or anything like

435
00:38:02,030 --> 00:37:59,339
that or is that outside of the scope of

436
00:38:04,250 --> 00:38:02,040
because I mean the the longevity of the

437
00:38:05,870 --> 00:38:04,260
ocean like if there is like a like a

438
00:38:07,730 --> 00:38:05,880
liquid water ocean

439
00:38:09,109 --> 00:38:07,740
um beneath the ice layers that could

440
00:38:10,609 --> 00:38:09,119
have implications in the habitability

441
00:38:12,650 --> 00:38:10,619
whether it's like persisted over

442
00:38:17,329 --> 00:38:12,660
geologic time scales

443
00:38:18,589 --> 00:38:17,339
yeah I mean I mean we can constrain the

444
00:38:23,750 --> 00:38:18,599
the

445
00:38:25,130 --> 00:38:23,760
but regarding

446
00:38:27,530 --> 00:38:25,140
yeah it's a little bit outside of my

447
00:38:36,890 --> 00:38:27,540
preview uh okay I apologize no it's okay

448
00:38:39,650 --> 00:38:38,930
uh so I'm curious

449
00:38:41,569 --> 00:38:39,660
um

450
00:38:43,370 --> 00:38:41,579
what is the amount of confidence we have

451
00:38:45,530 --> 00:38:43,380
that there's a high pressure ice layer

452
00:38:48,650 --> 00:38:45,540
on the bottom instead of you know a

453
00:38:51,109 --> 00:38:48,660
direct contact with the ocean yeah

454
00:38:52,510 --> 00:38:51,119
we don't have like any confidence to say

455
00:38:55,730 --> 00:38:52,520
I mean

456
00:38:56,569 --> 00:38:55,740
we think that there could be I think

457
00:38:58,849 --> 00:38:56,579
there's

458
00:39:00,829 --> 00:38:58,859
definitely a big Camp thinking that

459
00:39:02,810 --> 00:39:00,839
there is

460
00:39:05,510 --> 00:39:02,820
um but it's highly debatable so if I

461
00:39:07,550 --> 00:39:05,520
were to like look at that diagram

462
00:39:08,630 --> 00:39:07,560
um I could put a big sorry going way

463
00:39:11,150 --> 00:39:08,640
back

464
00:39:12,530 --> 00:39:11,160
um there

465
00:39:13,790 --> 00:39:12,540
um for the high pressure eyes you could

466
00:39:15,710 --> 00:39:13,800
put like a big question mark there

467
00:39:17,030 --> 00:39:15,720
because we don't know if it's there we

468
00:39:18,829 --> 00:39:17,040
don't know how thick it is it's like

469
00:39:22,069 --> 00:39:18,839
really deep down we know there's no

470
00:39:24,050 --> 00:39:22,079
molten core in Titan from some Casini

471
00:39:25,730 --> 00:39:24,060
measurements but high pressure rise we

472
00:39:28,370 --> 00:39:25,740
have a zero idea

473
00:39:30,170 --> 00:39:28,380
um but it could be there

474
00:39:31,670 --> 00:39:30,180
um and so especially because it's so

475
00:39:34,069 --> 00:39:31,680
cold but then

476
00:39:35,990 --> 00:39:34,079
yeah and if it is there there's

477
00:39:37,849 --> 00:39:36,000
different scenarios also that if we have

478
00:39:40,310 --> 00:39:37,859
porous high pressure eyes and it's

479
00:39:41,569 --> 00:39:40,320
really saline and then it could still we

480
00:39:43,310 --> 00:39:41,579
could still have some enrichment of the

481
00:39:45,470 --> 00:39:43,320
ocean so even if it is there depending

482
00:39:47,150 --> 00:39:45,480
on its composition they could still be

483
00:39:49,069 --> 00:39:47,160
in Richmond of the ocean

484
00:39:52,970 --> 00:39:49,079
um so it may not necessarily be a

485
00:40:06,349 --> 00:39:52,980
barrier to life also if it isn't thank

486
00:40:10,970 --> 00:40:09,050
hi nice store I would like to ask you if

487
00:40:13,130 --> 00:40:10,980
you have considered the influenza of the

488
00:40:15,530 --> 00:40:13,140
titleistic patient in your mothers

489
00:40:17,630 --> 00:40:15,540
always the title dissipation

490
00:40:19,550 --> 00:40:17,640
oh do I incorporate that if you have

491
00:40:21,890 --> 00:40:19,560
considered that influence in the

492
00:40:24,170 --> 00:40:21,900
generation of a Titanic earthquake Titan

493
00:40:26,750 --> 00:40:24,180
Quake sorry so have you considered the

494
00:40:28,370 --> 00:40:26,760
influences of the title dissipation

495
00:40:29,690 --> 00:40:28,380
um no we're not considering title

496
00:40:31,970 --> 00:40:29,700
dissipation

497
00:40:34,790 --> 00:40:31,980
um in the models or we're assuming

498
00:40:36,349 --> 00:40:34,800
there's a very perfect Titan but I also

499
00:40:38,089 --> 00:40:36,359
don't think

500
00:40:41,150 --> 00:40:38,099
um we're assuming we're considering

501
00:40:44,270 --> 00:40:41,160
attenuation within the ice shell but

502
00:40:48,470 --> 00:40:46,790
um we're not really thinking about I

503
00:40:53,050 --> 00:40:48,480
think and I don't think we need to yeah

504
00:40:56,990 --> 00:40:55,310
about earthquake

505
00:40:59,810 --> 00:40:57,000
if you

506
00:41:00,890 --> 00:40:59,820
um synthesize the sex meet analysis and

507
00:41:04,730 --> 00:41:00,900
the influencing of the technology

508
00:41:07,730 --> 00:41:04,740
patients I don't know how much is a

509
00:41:10,069 --> 00:41:07,740
contribution of the title so that's why

510
00:41:12,349 --> 00:41:10,079
I am asking you if you had considered

511
00:41:22,810 --> 00:41:12,359
this um we haven't considered this

512
00:41:27,589 --> 00:41:26,390
yeah I don't know if it has like a huge

513
00:41:29,630 --> 00:41:27,599
um

514
00:41:32,270 --> 00:41:29,640
so so the title

515
00:41:34,310 --> 00:41:32,280
I don't think that we'll have uh like a

516
00:41:36,770 --> 00:41:34,320
large effect which is why we've left it

517
00:41:38,930 --> 00:41:36,780
out yeah yeah also the bank of the

518
00:41:40,790 --> 00:41:38,940
distance between the Titan and Saturn so

519
00:41:46,370 --> 00:41:40,800
yeah I don't know that's why I was

520
00:41:46,380 --> 00:41:49,069
one more question

521
00:41:53,870 --> 00:41:50,690
so uh

522
00:41:56,210 --> 00:41:53,880
um I'm not a planetary geologist but I I

523
00:41:57,410 --> 00:41:56,220
do know that one of the limitations for

524
00:41:59,089 --> 00:41:57,420
our understanding of the interior of

525
00:42:02,510 --> 00:41:59,099
Mars with the Insight mission was that

526
00:42:05,210 --> 00:42:02,520
we only had a single seismometer yeah

527
00:42:07,310 --> 00:42:05,220
um in your data are you modeling uh

528
00:42:09,349 --> 00:42:07,320
basically seismology

529
00:42:11,450 --> 00:42:09,359
being measured by a single seismometer

530
00:42:13,069 --> 00:42:11,460
and you think having multiple

531
00:42:15,109 --> 00:42:13,079
seismometers on the surface of Titan

532
00:42:16,550 --> 00:42:15,119
would give you further resolution in

533
00:42:18,650 --> 00:42:16,560
terms of the thickness of methane

534
00:42:22,069 --> 00:42:18,660
clathrate lid

535
00:42:24,230 --> 00:42:22,079
um yeah 100 it would be amazing to have

536
00:42:27,170 --> 00:42:24,240
multiple seismometers

537
00:42:29,030 --> 00:42:27,180
um on Mars also on Titan but I think

538
00:42:31,310 --> 00:42:29,040
just with experimental Mission

539
00:42:34,849 --> 00:42:31,320
constraints like they can only have one

540
00:42:36,710 --> 00:42:34,859
have you done any modeling to see if you

541
00:42:39,349 --> 00:42:36,720
could get further resolution with

542
00:42:41,030 --> 00:42:39,359
multiple seismometers

543
00:42:44,150 --> 00:42:41,040
um so it's not so it's not really about

544
00:42:45,530 --> 00:42:44,160
like getting the resolution with

545
00:42:47,390 --> 00:42:45,540
um so we can generate perfect

546
00:42:49,849 --> 00:42:47,400
seismograms

547
00:42:51,170 --> 00:42:49,859
um it's just how well we'll be able to

548
00:42:52,490 --> 00:42:51,180
see

549
00:42:54,650 --> 00:42:52,500
um and detect

550
00:42:57,050 --> 00:42:54,660
um things I see it's easier to like

551
00:42:59,750 --> 00:42:57,060
triangulate events and things with

552
00:43:02,870 --> 00:42:59,760
um when you have multiple seismometers

553
00:43:05,030 --> 00:43:02,880
um but yeah we can essentially if we we

554
00:43:07,250 --> 00:43:05,040
could see like deeper events if we have

555
00:43:09,290 --> 00:43:07,260
more seismometers we'd have just greater

556
00:43:11,990 --> 00:43:09,300
sensitivity overall

557
00:43:14,450 --> 00:43:12,000
um but we unfortunately don't have that

558
00:43:18,230 --> 00:43:14,460
yeah so we have to do what we can with

559
00:43:28,370 --> 00:43:19,890
thank you Andrea yeah

560
00:43:43,809 --> 00:43:30,890
so our next speaker is Hector Delgado

561
00:43:49,250 --> 00:43:47,210
good morning oh God

562
00:43:51,109 --> 00:43:49,260
good morning everybody uh my name is

563
00:43:54,349 --> 00:43:51,119
Hector uh I'm gonna be talking about the

564
00:43:55,790 --> 00:43:54,359
climates of gl513b this is a work I've

565
00:43:57,710 --> 00:43:55,800
been doing with Rory Barnes from

566
00:43:59,690 --> 00:43:57,720
University of Washington and Russell

567
00:44:01,550 --> 00:43:59,700
Dietrich and Marina

568
00:44:03,230 --> 00:44:01,560
uh to give you an outline I'm gonna

569
00:44:06,950 --> 00:44:03,240
first give you an introduction and

570
00:44:08,870 --> 00:44:06,960
convince you why we study gl514b uh I'm

571
00:44:10,130 --> 00:44:08,880
gonna show you what are the factors that

572
00:44:12,109 --> 00:44:10,140
we consider that affect availability

573
00:44:14,569 --> 00:44:12,119
then I'll show you the methods that we

574
00:44:16,370 --> 00:44:14,579
use and then the results follow my

575
00:44:19,010 --> 00:44:16,380
conclusion and the Future Works that are

576
00:44:22,370 --> 00:44:19,020
deemed important to continue doing

577
00:44:24,470 --> 00:44:22,380
so we study this planet in 2022 uh Maria

578
00:44:25,510 --> 00:44:24,480
damaso and his collaborators they

579
00:44:28,370 --> 00:44:25,520
discover

580
00:44:30,829 --> 00:44:28,380
gl514b and what's particular about it

581
00:44:33,829 --> 00:44:30,839
it's that it has a high eccentricity

582
00:44:35,930 --> 00:44:33,839
eccentricity it's how circular the orbit

583
00:44:37,849 --> 00:44:35,940
is and when it's a higher centricity

584
00:44:40,670 --> 00:44:37,859
that means that the orbit is kind of

585
00:44:43,730 --> 00:44:40,680
like an oval shape and usually when we

586
00:44:46,609 --> 00:44:43,740
study exoplanets we look for planets

587
00:44:48,890 --> 00:44:46,619
that are within the habitable zone and

588
00:44:50,630 --> 00:44:48,900
this planet because it's very oval shape

589
00:44:51,890 --> 00:44:50,640
it kind of Falls in and out of the Habit

590
00:44:54,470 --> 00:44:51,900
also so that makes it a particular

591
00:44:56,150 --> 00:44:54,480
object to study it also as you can see

592
00:44:58,250 --> 00:44:56,160
from the properties it also orbits a

593
00:45:00,770 --> 00:44:58,260
Android star which is one of which is

594
00:45:04,190 --> 00:45:00,780
the most abundant star in our galaxy and

595
00:45:06,650 --> 00:45:04,200
universe and with that in mind uh when

596
00:45:08,809 --> 00:45:06,660
we look at the uh the multiple orbits

597
00:45:10,609 --> 00:45:08,819
that could happen in this planet uh

598
00:45:12,650 --> 00:45:10,619
these are just simulations of what are

599
00:45:16,370 --> 00:45:12,660
0.45 eccentricity or B would look like

600
00:45:18,050 --> 00:45:16,380
uh we see that they all go in in and out

601
00:45:19,370 --> 00:45:18,060
of this green shaded region which is the

602
00:45:22,190 --> 00:45:19,380
habitable zone that we can see that the

603
00:45:25,250 --> 00:45:22,200
habitable is one of the of the star and

604
00:45:27,290 --> 00:45:25,260
the dash line is just the the best fit

605
00:45:28,670 --> 00:45:27,300
orbit we still see it that all of them

606
00:45:30,950 --> 00:45:28,680
go through in and out so that's what

607
00:45:32,510 --> 00:45:30,960
makes it uh very important to study for

608
00:45:33,530 --> 00:45:32,520
habitability since we've never done that

609
00:45:35,770 --> 00:45:33,540
before

610
00:45:38,150 --> 00:45:35,780
and another reason why we want to study

611
00:45:40,490 --> 00:45:38,160
gl519b in this graph I'm showing you

612
00:45:43,370 --> 00:45:40,500
here a plot of the eccentricity over the

613
00:45:45,170 --> 00:45:43,380
orbital period of the planet so how long

614
00:45:48,290 --> 00:45:45,180
it takes the planet to go around the its

615
00:45:50,630 --> 00:45:48,300
Hoster the size of the of the bubbles it

616
00:45:52,069 --> 00:45:50,640
shows how much solar installation or how

617
00:45:54,770 --> 00:45:52,079
much of radiation from the start it's

618
00:45:56,630 --> 00:45:54,780
falling into into the planet uh on the

619
00:45:58,190 --> 00:45:56,640
top right corner you can see the bubble

620
00:46:00,710 --> 00:45:58,200
for what would be like an earth

621
00:46:02,510 --> 00:46:00,720
installation so how much uh sunlight we

622
00:46:05,150 --> 00:46:02,520
receive the bigger the bubble the more

623
00:46:07,309 --> 00:46:05,160
radiation the planet is receiving uh

624
00:46:09,890 --> 00:46:07,319
gray gray dots represents we don't have

625
00:46:13,309 --> 00:46:09,900
data for for the installation so they

626
00:46:15,650 --> 00:46:13,319
don't show any any uh any information

627
00:46:18,230 --> 00:46:15,660
about that but in particular when we

628
00:46:19,490 --> 00:46:18,240
look at gl514b which is in the middle uh

629
00:46:21,710 --> 00:46:19,500
in the middle of these graphs on the top

630
00:46:24,470 --> 00:46:21,720
side we see that it's almost unique to

631
00:46:26,930 --> 00:46:24,480
it and when we have an orbital period

632
00:46:30,890 --> 00:46:26,940
that long around an mdorf it gives us a

633
00:46:32,150 --> 00:46:30,900
uh an idea uh a better view to use Next

634
00:46:34,790 --> 00:46:32,160
Generation telescopes such as ground

635
00:46:36,530 --> 00:46:34,800
telescopes to to putting them and be

636
00:46:38,150 --> 00:46:36,540
able to directly observe them if the

637
00:46:39,650 --> 00:46:38,160
planet is too close to the star the

638
00:46:42,170 --> 00:46:39,660
planet would be really hard to to see

639
00:46:43,550 --> 00:46:42,180
with with direct observation uh there's

640
00:46:46,010 --> 00:46:43,560
another planet that is really far away

641
00:46:47,569 --> 00:46:46,020
which we see it at 250 orbital periods

642
00:46:49,130 --> 00:46:47,579
on the right side but it has a lower

643
00:46:50,809 --> 00:46:49,140
eccentricity so that way that's why we

644
00:46:53,390 --> 00:46:50,819
don't care much to study that one there

645
00:46:55,730 --> 00:46:53,400
is a planet with 0.5 uh greater than 0.5

646
00:46:58,730 --> 00:46:55,740
x in 360 but it has a shorter orbital

647
00:47:00,349 --> 00:46:58,740
period uh than gl514me so it might be

648
00:47:02,030 --> 00:47:00,359
really hard to direct observe and we

649
00:47:03,890 --> 00:47:02,040
want a planet that we can study in the

650
00:47:05,809 --> 00:47:03,900
future

651
00:47:08,630 --> 00:47:05,819
and with that in mind the Next

652
00:47:10,790 --> 00:47:08,640
Generation telescope such as the uh such

653
00:47:14,030 --> 00:47:10,800
as the oh my God uh the extremely large

654
00:47:17,089 --> 00:47:14,040
telescope uh it it would be a telescope

655
00:47:19,849 --> 00:47:17,099
that should be able to observe uh gl514b

656
00:47:21,650 --> 00:47:19,859
this graph is just showing uh what is

657
00:47:23,390 --> 00:47:21,660
the maximum angular separation that the

658
00:47:25,609 --> 00:47:23,400
planet needs in order to be observed and

659
00:47:27,950 --> 00:47:25,619
the planet to start flux ratio uh

660
00:47:29,569 --> 00:47:27,960
meaning that the bigger planet to start

661
00:47:31,910 --> 00:47:29,579
fluctuation that means we can observe it

662
00:47:33,829 --> 00:47:31,920
better and in the Dutch line that

663
00:47:35,750 --> 00:47:33,839
represents the boundary to be observed

664
00:47:37,730 --> 00:47:35,760
uh to to the planets that could be

665
00:47:39,890 --> 00:47:37,740
observed with the elt the extremely

666
00:47:42,170 --> 00:47:39,900
large telescope and we expect that

667
00:47:45,950 --> 00:47:42,180
gl514me will fall fall within that

668
00:47:47,870 --> 00:47:45,960
boundary so we will plan to use elt to

669
00:47:50,750 --> 00:47:47,880
observe this planet

670
00:47:53,210 --> 00:47:50,760
now I hope I convinced you why study Geo

671
00:47:54,470 --> 00:47:53,220
514b so now uh I want to talk about like

672
00:47:56,030 --> 00:47:54,480
what are some factors affecting

673
00:47:57,829 --> 00:47:56,040
habitability

674
00:47:59,030 --> 00:47:57,839
um so there's many factors when we talk

675
00:48:02,390 --> 00:47:59,040
about habitability there's so many

676
00:48:04,370 --> 00:48:02,400
things that we can think of uh but I we

677
00:48:07,190 --> 00:48:04,380
focus on the ones that we've seen that

678
00:48:09,589 --> 00:48:07,200
in other papers that have shown that uh

679
00:48:11,809 --> 00:48:09,599
these are the most that affect an impact

680
00:48:13,309 --> 00:48:11,819
the availability and these are the

681
00:48:15,410 --> 00:48:13,319
eccentricity that I mentioned is how

682
00:48:17,150 --> 00:48:15,420
oval or secular that orbit is the

683
00:48:19,550 --> 00:48:17,160
obliquity in which is that tilt of the

684
00:48:22,550 --> 00:48:19,560
rotational axis from the plane of of

685
00:48:25,130 --> 00:48:22,560
orbit from the star system the Precision

686
00:48:27,530 --> 00:48:25,140
angle is the angle of wobbling of that

687
00:48:30,109 --> 00:48:27,540
rotation axis and the partial pressure

688
00:48:31,990 --> 00:48:30,119
of CO2 which is how much CO2 is built up

689
00:48:35,630 --> 00:48:32,000
in the in the atmosphere of the planet

690
00:48:37,069 --> 00:48:35,640
and uh difficulties I told me to talk I

691
00:48:39,170 --> 00:48:37,079
don't go into much details as to why

692
00:48:41,750 --> 00:48:39,180
them but those are the papers that we

693
00:48:43,250 --> 00:48:41,760
mostly Focus uh show the uh these are

694
00:48:46,609 --> 00:48:43,260
the factors affecting habitability that

695
00:48:50,569 --> 00:48:46,619
we want to use for gl514me

696
00:48:53,450 --> 00:48:50,579
we use uh software called V Planet which

697
00:48:55,370 --> 00:48:53,460
is an open source code that has 11 11

698
00:48:57,650 --> 00:48:55,380
physical processes that simulate

699
00:49:00,950 --> 00:48:57,660
habitability for our planet uh it

700
00:49:03,470 --> 00:49:00,960
includes uh binary systems or includes

701
00:49:05,150 --> 00:49:03,480
the the radiation for the star the or

702
00:49:07,069 --> 00:49:05,160
the disturbances in the Orbee the

703
00:49:09,050 --> 00:49:07,079
services in the rotation many others but

704
00:49:11,329 --> 00:49:09,060
they want the one part that we use from

705
00:49:13,790 --> 00:49:11,339
the planet is the one called Poise which

706
00:49:15,470 --> 00:49:13,800
is an energy balance model and what it

707
00:49:19,450 --> 00:49:15,480
essentially means this graph is a good

708
00:49:22,849 --> 00:49:19,460
explanation I did not do this graph uh

709
00:49:25,190 --> 00:49:22,859
facilitated and what an idea in in

710
00:49:27,410 --> 00:49:25,200
essence what it is it's a balance of all

711
00:49:29,210 --> 00:49:27,420
the incoming solar radiation that comes

712
00:49:30,829 --> 00:49:29,220
to the planet and how much is that it's

713
00:49:34,250 --> 00:49:30,839
either absorbed by the planet or

714
00:49:37,370 --> 00:49:34,260
reflected back to the two space uh Poise

715
00:49:38,750 --> 00:49:37,380
does now is a cloud-free cloud-free uh

716
00:49:42,470 --> 00:49:38,760
energy balance model so that we don't

717
00:49:44,329 --> 00:49:42,480
take into account the the reflected uh

718
00:49:46,190 --> 00:49:44,339
sunlight by the by clouds in the

719
00:49:48,230 --> 00:49:46,200
atmosphere so that means that we mostly

720
00:49:49,550 --> 00:49:48,240
focus in in two parts of the of the

721
00:49:52,010 --> 00:49:49,560
energy balance model which is how much

722
00:49:53,930 --> 00:49:52,020
is absorbed by the by the by the surface

723
00:49:55,309 --> 00:49:53,940
of the planet and on the right side top

724
00:49:57,650 --> 00:49:55,319
side you can see that it says are going

725
00:50:00,410 --> 00:49:57,660
along with radiation how much of that is

726
00:50:04,130 --> 00:50:00,420
being radiated by by the atmosphere

727
00:50:07,250 --> 00:50:04,140
itself in in longer wavelengths

728
00:50:10,910 --> 00:50:07,260
uh in in essence this is the the

729
00:50:14,089 --> 00:50:10,920
equation that we use uh to explain it to

730
00:50:16,550 --> 00:50:14,099
explain it in a in a easy way I would

731
00:50:18,170 --> 00:50:16,560
say that the first term is it represents

732
00:50:20,569 --> 00:50:18,180
that absorption of the heat from the

733
00:50:22,670 --> 00:50:20,579
surface uh the second term represents

734
00:50:24,109 --> 00:50:22,680
how much is being dissipated throughout

735
00:50:26,210 --> 00:50:24,119
the atmosphere so atmospheric

736
00:50:29,030 --> 00:50:26,220
circulation of the heat uh the third

737
00:50:29,990 --> 00:50:29,040
term is just shows the irradiation to

738
00:50:32,329 --> 00:50:30,000
space

739
00:50:33,589 --> 00:50:32,339
and that should all of that although all

740
00:50:35,150 --> 00:50:33,599
of that should balance to the fourth

741
00:50:36,650 --> 00:50:35,160
term which is how much of income in

742
00:50:37,849 --> 00:50:36,660
solar radiation is falling into the

743
00:50:40,849 --> 00:50:37,859
planet

744
00:50:43,609 --> 00:50:40,859
um so another thing that Poise does and

745
00:50:45,109 --> 00:50:43,619
this is good to know is that it not it's

746
00:50:48,710 --> 00:50:45,119
not only an energy balance model but it

747
00:50:50,630 --> 00:50:48,720
also calculates uh the ice sheets or how

748
00:50:52,849 --> 00:50:50,640
much ice it's flowing around the planet

749
00:50:54,650 --> 00:50:52,859
so is the planet covering full eyes is

750
00:50:56,569 --> 00:50:54,660
the planet it's just ice free meaning

751
00:50:59,329 --> 00:50:56,579
that it's all water or is the planet has

752
00:51:01,490 --> 00:50:59,339
a combination of polar caps or other

753
00:51:03,589 --> 00:51:01,500
types of ice configurations which are

754
00:51:05,809 --> 00:51:03,599
really important for habitability since

755
00:51:08,450 --> 00:51:05,819
uh Earth uh Earth we've seen Earth

756
00:51:10,670 --> 00:51:08,460
throughout time has how much the ice has

757
00:51:13,549 --> 00:51:10,680
changed in that surface

758
00:51:15,530 --> 00:51:13,559
um and another part of the of the

759
00:51:17,630 --> 00:51:15,540
v-planet uh that we think of is that

760
00:51:20,030 --> 00:51:17,640
outgoing longer variation there are many

761
00:51:21,890 --> 00:51:20,040
many ways there are many theories on how

762
00:51:24,290 --> 00:51:21,900
do we calculate that how much of that

763
00:51:26,030 --> 00:51:24,300
radiation is being dissipated to space

764
00:51:29,870 --> 00:51:26,040
um there's uh in the planet there's

765
00:51:32,150 --> 00:51:29,880
three of them uh from spigo 2009 and

766
00:51:34,609 --> 00:51:32,160
Williams and casting 1997 and Northern

767
00:51:38,990 --> 00:51:34,619
googly 1979.

768
00:51:40,730 --> 00:51:39,000
so spigo and and north and Coakley those

769
00:51:42,410 --> 00:51:40,740
two are going along with radiation

770
00:51:45,170 --> 00:51:42,420
they're just as a function of

771
00:51:47,270 --> 00:51:45,180
temperature and and Williamson Casino

772
00:51:49,609 --> 00:51:47,280
includes a component of partial pressure

773
00:51:51,710 --> 00:51:49,619
of CO2 and we can see in this graph how

774
00:51:55,670 --> 00:51:51,720
much of that outgoing normal radiation

775
00:51:57,770 --> 00:51:55,680
over surface temperature it changes uh

776
00:51:59,690 --> 00:51:57,780
um Hing is a functional temperature but

777
00:52:01,790 --> 00:51:59,700
with the difference that Williams and

778
00:52:04,190 --> 00:52:01,800
casting when we change the partial

779
00:52:06,490 --> 00:52:04,200
pressure of CO2 in this case I'm having

780
00:52:08,049 --> 00:52:06,500
a partial pressure of simulating Earth's

781
00:52:10,849 --> 00:52:08,059
CO2

782
00:52:12,849 --> 00:52:10,859
abundance in the atmosphere and we see

783
00:52:15,530 --> 00:52:12,859
that it kind of it gives a more

784
00:52:17,210 --> 00:52:15,540
realistic version of how much of that

785
00:52:20,390 --> 00:52:17,220
radiation is being dissipated to to

786
00:52:22,790 --> 00:52:20,400
space so that means for our purpose of

787
00:52:25,309 --> 00:52:22,800
this of this study we use uh Williams

788
00:52:28,370 --> 00:52:25,319
and casting 1997 model to simulate how

789
00:52:31,670 --> 00:52:28,380
much radiation is being dissipated

790
00:52:33,650 --> 00:52:31,680
yeah oh and and to say the uh to say

791
00:52:36,010 --> 00:52:33,660
that this William and casting model is

792
00:52:39,410 --> 00:52:36,020
only valid from uh negative

793
00:52:41,690 --> 00:52:39,420
83.15 degrees Celsius to 86.85 degrees

794
00:52:44,210 --> 00:52:41,700
Celsius meaning that anything that goes

795
00:52:47,030 --> 00:52:44,220
if the planet gets too cold or too hot

796
00:52:48,650 --> 00:52:47,040
from those boundaries that means that uh

797
00:52:51,650 --> 00:52:48,660
our calculations of the outgoing lower

798
00:52:53,870 --> 00:52:51,660
radiation are not exactly

799
00:52:55,370 --> 00:52:53,880
um accurate So within them as if it's

800
00:52:57,770 --> 00:52:55,380
too cold that the planet is just

801
00:52:59,390 --> 00:52:57,780
completely as Noble and if it's too hot

802
00:53:02,510 --> 00:52:59,400
we just demean as a planet completely

803
00:53:07,069 --> 00:53:05,089
in terms of the of many other parameters

804
00:53:09,829 --> 00:53:07,079
so we're talking about partial pressure

805
00:53:11,329 --> 00:53:09,839
CO2 eccentricity obliquity uh and

806
00:53:13,069 --> 00:53:11,339
precision angle there's other other

807
00:53:15,589 --> 00:53:13,079
parameters that go into an energy

808
00:53:18,530 --> 00:53:15,599
balance model and an ice sheet flow

809
00:53:20,930 --> 00:53:18,540
diagram so uh here I am just showing you

810
00:53:23,450 --> 00:53:20,940
most of the other parameters some some

811
00:53:25,970 --> 00:53:23,460
of them are arbitrary others are Earth's

812
00:53:27,290 --> 00:53:25,980
value uh so you know as every model we

813
00:53:29,750 --> 00:53:27,300
had to make assumptions and these are

814
00:53:31,430 --> 00:53:29,760
some of the assumptions for example uh

815
00:53:33,230 --> 00:53:31,440
the ebm meaning the energy balance model

816
00:53:36,109 --> 00:53:33,240
we run it seasonally instead of annually

817
00:53:38,390 --> 00:53:36,119
so every season we check uh that we

818
00:53:41,210 --> 00:53:38,400
check that energy balance we run it

819
00:53:43,069 --> 00:53:41,220
every for four years uh so it's run for

820
00:53:45,710 --> 00:53:43,079
four years and we run it every 500 years

821
00:53:47,870 --> 00:53:45,720
to calculate it and uh we use the

822
00:53:50,809 --> 00:53:47,880
Wheelhouse in casein olr model which is

823
00:53:52,849 --> 00:53:50,819
outgoing radiation the initial Global

824
00:53:55,309 --> 00:53:52,859
temperature we use 14.85 degrees Celsius

825
00:53:57,410 --> 00:53:55,319
which represents a pretty pre-industrial

826
00:53:59,270 --> 00:53:57,420
Earth's temperature

827
00:54:01,910 --> 00:53:59,280
we have the deposition rate of snow

828
00:54:03,290 --> 00:54:01,920
which is that's from Earth's value uh

829
00:54:05,329 --> 00:54:03,300
and then the heat capacity of the land

830
00:54:07,730 --> 00:54:05,339
of the water and the albedos they all

831
00:54:10,010 --> 00:54:07,740
come also from Earth's value

832
00:54:13,730 --> 00:54:10,020
um now the land fraction is analogous is

833
00:54:16,849 --> 00:54:13,740
similar to it so uh so we use a 25 Lan

834
00:54:19,730 --> 00:54:16,859
and the 75 is just water cover uh it's

835
00:54:26,630 --> 00:54:23,210
to outdo our uh our our simulations we

836
00:54:29,809 --> 00:54:26,640
divide it into four simulations uh we

837
00:54:31,910 --> 00:54:29,819
first wanted to find values of CO2 uh

838
00:54:33,470 --> 00:54:31,920
eccentricity obliquity and precision

839
00:54:34,790 --> 00:54:33,480
angle that meet the affiliate protocol

840
00:54:37,130 --> 00:54:34,800
I'll explain to you what the filet

841
00:54:38,750 --> 00:54:37,140
protocol is uh the second simulation we

842
00:54:41,270 --> 00:54:38,760
studied the latitudinal temperature for

843
00:54:42,829 --> 00:54:41,280
various eccentricities the third one we

844
00:54:44,690 --> 00:54:42,839
did a parameter sweep of eccentricity

845
00:54:47,270 --> 00:54:44,700
and obligories and therefore one with

846
00:54:49,309 --> 00:54:47,280
the parameter sweep of CO2 and obliquity

847
00:54:51,230 --> 00:54:49,319
uh all of this we run all the

848
00:54:54,829 --> 00:54:51,240
simulations for one million years and I

849
00:54:58,069 --> 00:54:54,839
did a total of 960 simulations why 960.

850
00:54:59,870 --> 00:54:58,079
just because no specific reason

851
00:55:01,430 --> 00:54:59,880
um and all of these are just static

852
00:55:02,990 --> 00:55:01,440
simulations meaning that the obliquity

853
00:55:04,910 --> 00:55:03,000
eccentricity and precision angle of the

854
00:55:06,770 --> 00:55:04,920
planet are not evolving over time so

855
00:55:08,809 --> 00:55:06,780
that means that for future work just uh

856
00:55:10,609 --> 00:55:08,819
spoiler we want to do a dynamic

857
00:55:12,349 --> 00:55:10,619
evolution of how we see this

858
00:55:14,089 --> 00:55:12,359
eccentricity of liquidum precision angle

859
00:55:15,950 --> 00:55:14,099
evolve because we see that on Earth we

860
00:55:18,710 --> 00:55:15,960
see those values changes

861
00:55:20,450 --> 00:55:18,720
for the first one the the filet protocol

862
00:55:23,030 --> 00:55:20,460
is just a functionality of ice

863
00:55:24,589 --> 00:55:23,040
latitudinal ABM tenacity so it's a

864
00:55:28,190 --> 00:55:24,599
protocol an intern comparison project

865
00:55:29,809 --> 00:55:28,200
from the Cuisines uh project and and

866
00:55:32,569 --> 00:55:29,819
what they want is to do an intern

867
00:55:34,490 --> 00:55:32,579
comparison on the different EVMS and the

868
00:55:37,730 --> 00:55:34,500
first Benchmark case is to achieve

869
00:55:39,589 --> 00:55:37,740
Global mean surface of 288 Cummins and

870
00:55:41,390 --> 00:55:39,599
that's what we did and we look for what

871
00:55:43,190 --> 00:55:41,400
are those values and we found many

872
00:55:45,470 --> 00:55:43,200
possibilities but this one I'm showing

873
00:55:47,329 --> 00:55:45,480
you here is just the centricity of 0.45

874
00:55:49,130 --> 00:55:47,339
and obliquity of three degrees a

875
00:55:50,870 --> 00:55:49,140
Precision angle of 90 degrees and a

876
00:55:53,270 --> 00:55:50,880
partial pressure of CO2 or seven seven

877
00:55:56,690 --> 00:55:53,280
bars we noticed that 7 bar CO2 is the

878
00:55:58,309 --> 00:55:56,700
one that gives the most uh uh the most

879
00:56:01,549 --> 00:55:58,319
stable climates throughout the different

880
00:56:04,609 --> 00:56:01,559
bars uh uh pressure pressure of CO2 in

881
00:56:06,950 --> 00:56:04,619
here uh I'm just showing you how those

882
00:56:10,130 --> 00:56:06,960
the in the first panel is the insulation

883
00:56:11,809 --> 00:56:10,140
is being received per latitude on the

884
00:56:13,370 --> 00:56:11,819
say on the top right panel is the

885
00:56:16,430 --> 00:56:13,380
surface temperature how it varies on the

886
00:56:18,890 --> 00:56:16,440
bottom left is a is the ice melon ice

887
00:56:21,290 --> 00:56:18,900
mass balance meaning that a clear color

888
00:56:23,569 --> 00:56:21,300
ice is being deposited dark color is

889
00:56:25,309 --> 00:56:23,579
being lost and on the right we have the

890
00:56:27,530 --> 00:56:25,319
outgoing lower radiation and what we see

891
00:56:29,030 --> 00:56:27,540
is that all of this uh correlates so we

892
00:56:31,490 --> 00:56:29,040
have a validation of our code that is

893
00:56:32,930 --> 00:56:31,500
working as issue uh so that's why we

894
00:56:35,870 --> 00:56:32,940
wanted to do this as our first

895
00:56:37,309 --> 00:56:35,880
simulation we're just trying to like uh

896
00:56:38,109 --> 00:56:37,319
do kind of like a sanity shake for a

897
00:56:40,670 --> 00:56:38,119
code

898
00:56:42,950 --> 00:56:40,680
we then did a studio latitudinal

899
00:56:44,930 --> 00:56:42,960
temperature for various eccentricities

900
00:56:47,930 --> 00:56:44,940
and in here I'm just showing remember

901
00:56:50,450 --> 00:56:47,940
that eccentricity is 0.45 but if we look

902
00:56:53,870 --> 00:56:50,460
at the error value of of their

903
00:56:56,210 --> 00:56:53,880
calculation is plus minus 0.4.15 to 0.14

904
00:56:57,950 --> 00:56:56,220
so if we want to study this to three

905
00:57:01,430 --> 00:56:57,960
sigma confidence that means we have to

906
00:57:03,470 --> 00:57:01,440
do a range of of 0.03 eccentricity to

907
00:57:04,670 --> 00:57:03,480
0.9 eccentricity so that's what I'm

908
00:57:07,190 --> 00:57:04,680
showing here how the different

909
00:57:08,690 --> 00:57:07,200
temperatures uh of the planet vary

910
00:57:10,609 --> 00:57:08,700
through the one million year calculation

911
00:57:12,470 --> 00:57:10,619
on the top one it looks weird yes it is

912
00:57:15,650 --> 00:57:12,480
weird and it's because the simulation

913
00:57:17,569 --> 00:57:15,660
gets too cold and it goes out of

914
00:57:19,910 --> 00:57:17,579
boundary for our simulation of the

915
00:57:22,849 --> 00:57:19,920
Williams and casting so that means the

916
00:57:25,010 --> 00:57:22,859
plan is just really cool and it doesn't

917
00:57:26,089 --> 00:57:25,020
um it doesn't get to to run anymore

918
00:57:28,670 --> 00:57:26,099
because it just fell out of the

919
00:57:30,109 --> 00:57:28,680
boundaries so for that one uh the planet

920
00:57:32,990 --> 00:57:30,119
falls out of boundaries as a noble State

921
00:57:34,609 --> 00:57:33,000
the second one is uh we get a global

922
00:57:36,710 --> 00:57:34,619
mean surface temperature of 26 degrees

923
00:57:39,170 --> 00:57:36,720
so it's really hot meaning it's a nice

924
00:57:41,870 --> 00:57:39,180
free state and for the last one we have

925
00:57:42,890 --> 00:57:41,880
a 0.9 eccentricity but the planet gets

926
00:57:46,430 --> 00:57:42,900
too close to the star of the beginning

927
00:57:47,450 --> 00:57:46,440
so it's it's so hot that it's just for a

928
00:57:50,210 --> 00:57:47,460
lot of boundaries from the other side

929
00:57:52,010 --> 00:57:50,220
however because the planet eccentricity

930
00:57:53,930 --> 00:57:52,020
is so long that means its Winters are

931
00:57:56,089 --> 00:57:53,940
very long so when we're able to lower

932
00:57:57,770 --> 00:57:56,099
the eccentricity so that the code could

933
00:57:59,329 --> 00:57:57,780
run we see that the global mean

934
00:58:01,609 --> 00:57:59,339
temperature is about six degrees so it's

935
00:58:03,410 --> 00:58:01,619
not that warm so it's a we get as a

936
00:58:05,390 --> 00:58:03,420
noble State even though it's a global

937
00:58:08,329 --> 00:58:05,400
temperature of six degrees

938
00:58:09,530 --> 00:58:08,339
solution simulation 3 and Amazon uh this

939
00:58:10,970 --> 00:58:09,540
is just a parameter sweep of

940
00:58:14,510 --> 00:58:10,980
eccentricities and obliquities how those

941
00:58:16,309 --> 00:58:14,520
eccentricity obliquity affects the uh

942
00:58:18,470 --> 00:58:16,319
the state of the planet we see ice

943
00:58:20,569 --> 00:58:18,480
freeze the dark blue uh snowball will be

944
00:58:22,309 --> 00:58:20,579
the gray part purple is a polar ice cup

945
00:58:23,510 --> 00:58:22,319
ice caps and the outer boundaries is a

946
00:58:26,210 --> 00:58:23,520
region whether it's too hot or too cold

947
00:58:27,290 --> 00:58:26,220
and we see that at least polar ice caps

948
00:58:29,030 --> 00:58:27,300
are formed this is important because

949
00:58:30,950 --> 00:58:29,040
Earth has ice caps so that's what we're

950
00:58:33,410 --> 00:58:30,960
trying to achieve if we can see ice caps

951
00:58:34,670 --> 00:58:33,420
in the planet uh so this shows up for

952
00:58:36,349 --> 00:58:34,680
different accents region of obliquity

953
00:58:38,210 --> 00:58:36,359
that happens

954
00:58:39,289 --> 00:58:38,220
and we look at the global mean

955
00:58:41,990 --> 00:58:39,299
temperature for those different

956
00:58:45,770 --> 00:58:42,000
centricities and obliquities and in we

957
00:58:48,589 --> 00:58:45,780
get a 14.85 degree celsius at Atomic

958
00:58:50,030 --> 00:58:48,599
Century 0.4 2.5 regardless of the

959
00:58:51,589 --> 00:58:50,040
obliquity so we get kind of like a

960
00:58:53,690 --> 00:58:51,599
stable Clement irregardless of

961
00:58:56,150 --> 00:58:53,700
obligatory for different eccentricities

962
00:58:57,829 --> 00:58:56,160
lastly we did a primary sweep of this

963
00:58:59,809 --> 00:58:57,839
time instead of changing eccentricity we

964
00:59:01,849 --> 00:58:59,819
change the CO2 and we also see that

965
00:59:04,309 --> 00:59:01,859
polar ice caps are formed and on the

966
00:59:05,809 --> 00:59:04,319
right side we get uh we see that how

967
00:59:09,049 --> 00:59:05,819
many of those simulations are either

968
00:59:10,549 --> 00:59:09,059
polar cups uh ice free or Noble and we

969
00:59:12,770 --> 00:59:10,559
see that a lot of them are ice free and

970
00:59:14,690 --> 00:59:12,780
snowball uh there's very little of polar

971
00:59:17,089 --> 00:59:14,700
caps but there is still a glimmer of

972
00:59:20,210 --> 00:59:17,099
hope because they still form so that's a

973
00:59:21,950 --> 00:59:20,220
good thing that happens and and then

974
00:59:24,170 --> 00:59:21,960
I'll leave you to the conclusions so I

975
00:59:28,730 --> 00:59:24,180
just want to cut it there but in essence

976
00:59:30,589 --> 00:59:28,740
we did find uh temperature uh conditions

977
00:59:33,410 --> 00:59:30,599
that can give a temporary climate such

978
00:59:35,030 --> 00:59:33,420
as pre-industrial Earth 7 bar CO2 would

979
00:59:37,730 --> 00:59:35,040
be suggest that is the most stable one

980
00:59:39,230 --> 00:59:37,740
for to create those polar ice caps most

981
00:59:41,990 --> 00:59:39,240
of the planet states are funny they're

982
00:59:44,390 --> 00:59:42,000
iceable or snowball and precision angle

983
00:59:46,130 --> 00:59:44,400
does not impact much the eye state of

984
00:59:47,930 --> 00:59:46,140
the planet and we don't need direct

985
00:59:50,510 --> 00:59:47,940
observations to assess the habitability

986
00:59:51,280 --> 00:59:50,520
of gl5 for Timmy and I'll leave you

987
00:59:57,230 --> 00:59:51,290
there thank you

988
00:59:59,809 --> 00:59:57,240
[Applause]

989
01:00:03,349 --> 00:59:59,819
okay sorry so we have time for one quick

990
01:00:06,950 --> 01:00:05,089
uh great talk

991
01:00:08,930 --> 01:00:06,960
um so it seems like you're suggesting

992
01:00:11,390 --> 01:00:08,940
that uh snowball state is a is a

993
01:00:14,170 --> 01:00:11,400
permanent State and I'm curious as to

994
01:00:16,309 --> 01:00:14,180
whether or not your simulation show any

995
01:00:18,770 --> 01:00:16,319
deviation from that

996
01:00:21,710 --> 01:00:18,780
um because you know we know that that's

997
01:00:23,390 --> 01:00:21,720
a state that has been influxing our

998
01:00:25,130 --> 01:00:23,400
planet so I just I wonder

999
01:00:27,650 --> 01:00:25,140
if your simulations can account for

1000
01:00:31,069 --> 01:00:27,660
coming out of a snowball State yeah so

1001
01:00:33,410 --> 01:00:31,079
this so at least the simulation what so

1002
01:00:34,730 --> 01:00:33,420
what is showing is that the uh what I'm

1003
01:00:37,130 --> 01:00:34,740
showing here on the on this histogram

1004
01:00:40,370 --> 01:00:37,140
plot is the last state at the at the end

1005
01:00:42,049 --> 01:00:40,380
of the simulation uh but uh papers have

1006
01:00:45,950 --> 01:00:42,059
shown that one million year is a good

1007
01:00:48,829 --> 01:00:45,960
enough time for c for uh simulations uh

1008
01:00:50,030 --> 01:00:48,839
for climates to stabilize the thing is

1009
01:00:51,770 --> 01:00:50,040
that because we're doing a static

1010
01:00:53,750 --> 01:00:51,780
Evolution we don't expect it to change

1011
01:00:55,069 --> 01:00:53,760
but if we add the dynamic part which is

1012
01:00:56,750 --> 01:00:55,079
like changing in obliquity and

1013
01:00:58,730 --> 01:00:56,760
eccentricity and precision I go while

1014
01:01:00,589 --> 01:00:58,740
we're evolving the planet then that

1015
01:01:01,970 --> 01:01:00,599
could that could change uh and it could

1016
01:01:03,589 --> 01:01:01,980
be it could have been like a snowball

1017
01:01:05,210 --> 01:01:03,599
State at one point and then change to

1018
01:01:06,770 --> 01:01:05,220
something else but for this for the

1019
01:01:08,870 --> 01:01:06,780
static ones we're not we're not

1020
01:01:17,480 --> 01:01:08,880
expecting this to change since there's

1021
01:01:17,490 --> 01:01:26,630
[Applause]

1022
01:01:37,250 --> 01:01:28,490
Karen next speaker is Evelyn McDonald

1023
01:01:39,829 --> 01:01:38,430
foreign

1024
01:01:42,829 --> 01:01:39,839
[Music]

1025
01:01:45,410 --> 01:01:42,839
thank you uh can everyone hear me

1026
01:01:47,089 --> 01:01:45,420
excellent all right Hi I'm Evelyn I'm a

1027
01:01:48,589 --> 01:01:47,099
PhD candidate at the University of

1028
01:01:50,150 --> 01:01:48,599
Toronto and I'd like to talk about some

1029
01:01:52,609 --> 01:01:50,160
simulation work that I've been doing

1030
01:01:54,049 --> 01:01:52,619
with my collaborators they're funded by

1031
01:01:57,530 --> 01:01:54,059
answer

1032
01:01:59,829 --> 01:01:57,540
so I work on Emirates which for the

1033
01:02:03,049 --> 01:01:59,839
purposes of this talk I'm defining as

1034
01:02:05,930 --> 01:02:03,059
roughly earth-sized rocky planets in the

1035
01:02:08,390 --> 01:02:05,940
habitable zone of an M dwarf star and so

1036
01:02:09,890 --> 01:02:08,400
because because the star is small the

1037
01:02:11,930 --> 01:02:09,900
planet is close to the star so we assume

1038
01:02:14,990 --> 01:02:11,940
it's totally locked

1039
01:02:17,390 --> 01:02:15,000
um so this this diagram over here just

1040
01:02:20,930 --> 01:02:17,400
kind of shows what that looks like

1041
01:02:22,730 --> 01:02:20,940
so we have the star somewhere over here

1042
01:02:24,710 --> 01:02:22,740
um light from the Star hitting the

1043
01:02:25,849 --> 01:02:24,720
planet at the sub Starlet point which is

1044
01:02:27,170 --> 01:02:25,859
always at the same place because the

1045
01:02:30,410 --> 01:02:27,180
planet has a permanent day and night

1046
01:02:32,030 --> 01:02:30,420
side and the Terminator is kind of a

1047
01:02:33,890 --> 01:02:32,040
cool word for the divining line between

1048
01:02:35,750 --> 01:02:33,900
the day side and the night side so just

1049
01:02:37,309 --> 01:02:35,760
kind of keep that in mind I'll be using

1050
01:02:39,230 --> 01:02:37,319
some of these terms

1051
01:02:40,970 --> 01:02:39,240
now the base assumption is that these

1052
01:02:44,870 --> 01:02:40,980
planets have what we call an eyeball

1053
01:02:46,670 --> 01:02:44,880
climate so again we have the star here

1054
01:02:49,309 --> 01:02:46,680
the assumption is that the night side is

1055
01:02:51,589 --> 01:02:49,319
frozen and part of the day side is

1056
01:02:53,450 --> 01:02:51,599
unfrozen near the sub Stellar point

1057
01:02:55,130 --> 01:02:53,460
where it receives the most radiation and

1058
01:02:57,470 --> 01:02:55,140
you would assume that's a circle this is

1059
01:03:00,650 --> 01:02:57,480
actually an oversimplification but it's

1060
01:03:02,030 --> 01:03:00,660
kind of a good starting point

1061
01:03:04,490 --> 01:03:02,040
so

1062
01:03:06,109 --> 01:03:04,500
I have a few questions that I'd like to

1063
01:03:07,910 --> 01:03:06,119
be trying to answer today

1064
01:03:10,490 --> 01:03:07,920
first of all how does Lan configuration

1065
01:03:11,690 --> 01:03:10,500
affect Emirates climates how does the

1066
01:03:14,450 --> 01:03:11,700
mass of the atmosphere affect their

1067
01:03:16,849 --> 01:03:14,460
climates I'll be answering those using a

1068
01:03:20,569 --> 01:03:16,859
3D GCM General circulation model called

1069
01:03:22,010 --> 01:03:20,579
exoplasm and then the next part is can

1070
01:03:24,109 --> 01:03:22,020
we tell these climates apart and

1071
01:03:26,930 --> 01:03:24,119
observations I'll be using a radiative

1072
01:03:30,770 --> 01:03:26,940
transfer model based on my exoplasm

1073
01:03:35,210 --> 01:03:33,289
so to start I'd like to talk about land

1074
01:03:37,609 --> 01:03:35,220
configuration

1075
01:03:39,710 --> 01:03:37,619
and so if the recall the eyeball climate

1076
01:03:43,190 --> 01:03:39,720
we kind of have a cartoon of this here

1077
01:03:46,190 --> 01:03:43,200
the idea is what happens if we put land

1078
01:03:48,349 --> 01:03:46,200
in that warm deglaciated region because

1079
01:03:49,490 --> 01:03:48,359
that's the region that's probably the

1080
01:03:52,190 --> 01:03:49,500
most interesting

1081
01:03:52,970 --> 01:03:52,200
but what's going on in the surface there

1082
01:03:59,510 --> 01:03:52,980
um

1083
01:04:01,430 --> 01:03:59,520
so I've done this in a systematic way

1084
01:04:04,250 --> 01:04:01,440
as I'm showing over here

1085
01:04:06,710 --> 01:04:04,260
basically we have two opposite continent

1086
01:04:08,329 --> 01:04:06,720
configurations where either all of the

1087
01:04:10,130 --> 01:04:08,339
land is in a circle at the substellar

1088
01:04:13,069 --> 01:04:10,140
point so that's the substellar continent

1089
01:04:16,490 --> 01:04:13,079
over here with ocean everywhere else and

1090
01:04:18,829 --> 01:04:16,500
if if the ocean is cold there's ice

1091
01:04:21,289 --> 01:04:18,839
instead of open water and then the

1092
01:04:23,270 --> 01:04:21,299
opposite sub Cellar ocean putting land

1093
01:04:26,930 --> 01:04:23,280
everywhere except for a circle at the

1094
01:04:29,150 --> 01:04:26,940
substellar point where there's water

1095
01:04:31,490 --> 01:04:29,160
we vary the size of the circle in all of

1096
01:04:32,390 --> 01:04:31,500
these simulations going from zero to 100

1097
01:04:34,250 --> 01:04:32,400
percent

1098
01:04:49,789 --> 01:04:34,260
so

1099
01:04:51,829 --> 01:04:49,799
when we run the climate model with these

1100
01:04:54,710 --> 01:04:51,839
there's a lot going on here so let's

1101
01:04:56,150 --> 01:04:54,720
let's just take it slowly on the on the

1102
01:04:59,990 --> 01:04:56,160
left here we have substellar continent

1103
01:05:03,130 --> 01:05:00,000
models with different land fractions

1104
01:05:05,210 --> 01:05:03,140
so this First Column is the land map

1105
01:05:06,710 --> 01:05:05,220
just looking straight down at the center

1106
01:05:08,750 --> 01:05:06,720
of the day side with the night side not

1107
01:05:10,430 --> 01:05:08,760
shown

1108
01:05:13,069 --> 01:05:10,440
and the second column here shows the

1109
01:05:15,589 --> 01:05:13,079
precipitation and evaporation so red is

1110
01:05:18,349 --> 01:05:15,599
evaporation blue is precipitation you'll

1111
01:05:19,970 --> 01:05:18,359
notice it always rains at the substellar

1112
01:05:22,010 --> 01:05:19,980
point and water evaporates from the

1113
01:05:24,289 --> 01:05:22,020
ocean everywhere else on the day side

1114
01:05:26,510 --> 01:05:24,299
and this is true for these ones these

1115
01:05:28,609 --> 01:05:26,520
substellar Ocean Models as well you get

1116
01:05:30,130 --> 01:05:28,619
clouds and precipitation in the middle

1117
01:05:32,690 --> 01:05:30,140
of the day side and over ocean

1118
01:05:36,230 --> 01:05:32,700
regardless of where the land is

1119
01:05:38,450 --> 01:05:36,240
so the water comes toward the center of

1120
01:05:40,910 --> 01:05:38,460
the planet where it's warmest Rises it

1121
01:05:43,190 --> 01:05:40,920
condenses out and you get rain

1122
01:05:48,349 --> 01:05:43,200
so

1123
01:05:50,750 --> 01:05:48,359
temperatures depending on how much land

1124
01:05:53,089 --> 01:05:50,760
there is with high land fraction planets

1125
01:05:54,829 --> 01:05:53,099
having hot and dry day sides which is

1126
01:05:56,030 --> 01:05:54,839
what's shown in this column here so

1127
01:05:57,950 --> 01:05:56,040
these are some pretty significant

1128
01:05:59,930 --> 01:05:57,960
climate differences

1129
01:06:02,390 --> 01:05:59,940
um

1130
01:06:04,549 --> 01:06:02,400
like on a spatially resolved level

1131
01:06:06,470 --> 01:06:04,559
this is what this looks like globally

1132
01:06:09,410 --> 01:06:06,480
on the x-axis we have dayside land

1133
01:06:12,349 --> 01:06:09,420
fraction so the size of of the circle

1134
01:06:14,329 --> 01:06:12,359
for these two landmap types and on the

1135
01:06:16,250 --> 01:06:14,339
y-axis we have temperature on the left

1136
01:06:16,970 --> 01:06:16,260
and water vapor on the right

1137
01:06:18,710 --> 01:06:16,980
um

1138
01:06:20,930 --> 01:06:18,720
you'll notice that there's the largest

1139
01:06:22,370 --> 01:06:20,940
discrepancy between the two partial

1140
01:06:23,510 --> 01:06:22,380
dayside land cover

1141
01:06:26,210 --> 01:06:23,520
so

1142
01:06:27,829 --> 01:06:26,220
when it when it's not an aquaplanet or a

1143
01:06:29,809 --> 01:06:27,839
land Planet somewhere in between it

1144
01:06:31,970 --> 01:06:29,819
really matters a lot where the land is

1145
01:06:33,829 --> 01:06:31,980
because that influences the amount of

1146
01:06:35,329 --> 01:06:33,839
ice-free ocean that's available on the

1147
01:06:37,250 --> 01:06:35,339
planet for evaporation and putting

1148
01:06:39,410 --> 01:06:37,260
moisture into the atmosphere and these

1149
01:06:40,609 --> 01:06:39,420
curves kind of follow each other

1150
01:06:42,589 --> 01:06:40,619
so

1151
01:06:45,710 --> 01:06:42,599
this is already a climate uncertainty

1152
01:06:46,970 --> 01:06:45,720
that we need to kind of think about

1153
01:06:49,010 --> 01:06:46,980
um

1154
01:06:51,349 --> 01:06:49,020
now let's make it more complicated by

1155
01:06:52,609 --> 01:06:51,359
changing another parameter the mass of

1156
01:06:54,470 --> 01:06:52,619
the atmosphere so like land

1157
01:06:55,849 --> 01:06:54,480
configuration that's not necessarily

1158
01:06:56,809 --> 01:06:55,859
something we can know about a planet in

1159
01:06:59,990 --> 01:06:56,819
advance

1160
01:07:01,549 --> 01:07:00,000
so I varied it in my simulations the

1161
01:07:03,289 --> 01:07:01,559
idea is

1162
01:07:04,609 --> 01:07:03,299
basically make the atmosphere thicker or

1163
01:07:05,569 --> 01:07:04,619
smaller that's what I've tried to show

1164
01:07:07,370 --> 01:07:05,579
over here

1165
01:07:10,190 --> 01:07:07,380
and

1166
01:07:12,370 --> 01:07:10,200
these are the same curves that were on

1167
01:07:15,230 --> 01:07:12,380
the previous slide but this time

1168
01:07:17,809 --> 01:07:15,240
for a range of pressures

1169
01:07:19,190 --> 01:07:17,819
so increasing the amount of N2 in the

1170
01:07:19,849 --> 01:07:19,200
atmosphere

1171
01:07:21,770 --> 01:07:19,859
um

1172
01:07:23,630 --> 01:07:21,780
and again you get

1173
01:07:25,490 --> 01:07:23,640
the same land fraction and land

1174
01:07:27,589 --> 01:07:25,500
configuration dependence

1175
01:07:29,510 --> 01:07:27,599
but in addition to that the curves are

1176
01:07:32,630 --> 01:07:29,520
shifted up or down depending on the

1177
01:07:35,930 --> 01:07:32,640
pressure so they overlap it's very

1178
01:07:37,490 --> 01:07:35,940
confusing we

1179
01:07:39,349 --> 01:07:37,500
like there's clearly some climate

1180
01:07:42,589 --> 01:07:39,359
effects here that need to be paid

1181
01:07:44,630 --> 01:07:42,599
attention to and so then the next thing

1182
01:07:46,190 --> 01:07:44,640
we want to know is can we ever know this

1183
01:07:47,809 --> 01:07:46,200
stuff can we tell these apart in

1184
01:07:49,910 --> 01:07:47,819
observations

1185
01:07:52,370 --> 01:07:49,920
so the way these planets will be

1186
01:07:56,029 --> 01:07:52,380
observed is with Transit spectroscopy

1187
01:07:58,430 --> 01:07:56,039
which is what jwst will do

1188
01:07:59,930 --> 01:07:58,440
um I have a kind of image of what that

1189
01:08:01,970 --> 01:07:59,940
looks like basically when the planet

1190
01:08:04,010 --> 01:08:01,980
passes between the Observer and the star

1191
01:08:06,770 --> 01:08:04,020
it blocks out some of the Stars light

1192
01:08:08,510 --> 01:08:06,780
which is measurable and there's a

1193
01:08:10,430 --> 01:08:08,520
wavelength dependent contribution to the

1194
01:08:12,410 --> 01:08:10,440
amount of light blocked depending on the

1195
01:08:14,150 --> 01:08:12,420
molecules in the atmosphere and where

1196
01:08:17,150 --> 01:08:14,160
they scatter and absorb

1197
01:08:18,829 --> 01:08:17,160
So based on what wavelengths block the

1198
01:08:20,570 --> 01:08:18,839
most light we can tell what's in the

1199
01:08:22,789 --> 01:08:20,580
atmosphere this is really hard to do for

1200
01:08:24,169 --> 01:08:22,799
small planets but this is like the

1201
01:08:25,430 --> 01:08:24,179
theory of it

1202
01:08:27,110 --> 01:08:25,440
so

1203
01:08:29,390 --> 01:08:27,120
the question then because most of the

1204
01:08:31,010 --> 01:08:29,400
water if you'll recall was at the sub

1205
01:08:33,530 --> 01:08:31,020
Stellar point is how much water is

1206
01:08:35,150 --> 01:08:33,540
making it to the Terminator because the

1207
01:08:36,890 --> 01:08:35,160
Terminator

1208
01:08:39,410 --> 01:08:36,900
um sorry

1209
01:08:40,789 --> 01:08:39,420
the the Terminator is where

1210
01:08:42,050 --> 01:08:40,799
like we're getting actually the photons

1211
01:08:43,370 --> 01:08:42,060
from we can't directly image the

1212
01:08:48,050 --> 01:08:43,380
substellar point so we're getting the

1213
01:08:53,030 --> 01:08:51,349
so I have some profiles here of specific

1214
01:08:55,189 --> 01:08:53,040
humidity for the two different types of

1215
01:08:56,329 --> 01:08:55,199
land map this is just all at the same

1216
01:09:01,010 --> 01:08:56,339
pressure

1217
01:09:03,890 --> 01:09:01,020
upward in the atmosphere on the y-axis

1218
01:09:06,410 --> 01:09:03,900
and specific humidity on the x-axis

1219
01:09:08,630 --> 01:09:06,420
for near the substellar point and near

1220
01:09:10,849 --> 01:09:08,640
the Terminator so looking

1221
01:09:13,490 --> 01:09:10,859
her relationship between

1222
01:09:15,950 --> 01:09:13,500
the amount of water in the Rainy Zone

1223
01:09:18,050 --> 01:09:15,960
and the amount of water we can see

1224
01:09:19,370 --> 01:09:18,060
um subcellular Ocean Models

1225
01:09:21,050 --> 01:09:19,380
all look pretty much the same which

1226
01:09:23,090 --> 01:09:21,060
makes sense there's water there

1227
01:09:25,249 --> 01:09:23,100
there's a bit less at the Terminator but

1228
01:09:26,689 --> 01:09:25,259
it's still there for the substellar

1229
01:09:29,329 --> 01:09:26,699
continent models the ones with a lot of

1230
01:09:31,130 --> 01:09:29,339
land have much less water at the

1231
01:09:33,650 --> 01:09:31,140
Terminator but still some

1232
01:09:35,630 --> 01:09:33,660
so maybe we can tell the difference

1233
01:09:38,329 --> 01:09:35,640
so now I've I'd like to show some

1234
01:09:41,630 --> 01:09:38,339
synthetic Transit Spectra I've made

1235
01:09:44,150 --> 01:09:41,640
using only water so I've ignored all

1236
01:09:46,849 --> 01:09:44,160
other possible things that could

1237
01:09:49,490 --> 01:09:46,859
contribute to this so on the x-axis we

1238
01:09:52,189 --> 01:09:49,500
have wavelength that the instrument is

1239
01:09:54,830 --> 01:09:52,199
observing at and on the y-axis we have

1240
01:09:57,890 --> 01:09:54,840
what I've defined as amplitude so

1241
01:10:00,229 --> 01:09:57,900
basically the difference between the

1242
01:10:03,229 --> 01:10:00,239
transit depth that you get so the amount

1243
01:10:05,390 --> 01:10:03,239
of light block from the star and the the

1244
01:10:08,150 --> 01:10:05,400
minimum amount so either the amount just

1245
01:10:10,970 --> 01:10:08,160
by the rocky planet itself or the lowest

1246
01:10:12,530 --> 01:10:10,980
cloud deck or the lowest part that that

1247
01:10:14,330 --> 01:10:12,540
would be visible

1248
01:10:16,310 --> 01:10:14,340
because it's really this difference that

1249
01:10:18,530 --> 01:10:16,320
we're looking to measure more so than

1250
01:10:20,750 --> 01:10:18,540
the actual size of the planet itself so

1251
01:10:24,050 --> 01:10:20,760
these are just for a few selected

1252
01:10:27,229 --> 01:10:24,060
simulations from my parameter space

1253
01:10:28,070 --> 01:10:27,239
and so varying only the land and the

1254
01:10:30,350 --> 01:10:28,080
pressure

1255
01:10:32,810 --> 01:10:30,360
we get quite a sizable difference in

1256
01:10:34,070 --> 01:10:32,820
these water vapor spectral features

1257
01:10:36,169 --> 01:10:34,080
so these could

1258
01:10:39,229 --> 01:10:36,179
these are kind of a range of what a

1259
01:10:41,090 --> 01:10:39,239
specific Planet might produce

1260
01:10:43,250 --> 01:10:41,100
um then on the bottom we have the Cloudy

1261
01:10:44,689 --> 01:10:43,260
version so these same ones but with

1262
01:10:47,090 --> 01:10:44,699
clouds included in the radiative

1263
01:10:48,950 --> 01:10:47,100
transfer and

1264
01:10:51,110 --> 01:10:48,960
you'll notice that the features are

1265
01:10:53,890 --> 01:10:51,120
smaller but also they're not all

1266
01:10:56,750 --> 01:10:53,900
affected the same way depending on

1267
01:10:59,450 --> 01:10:56,760
where like how many how many clouds are

1268
01:11:02,030 --> 01:10:59,460
at the Terminator which varies depending

1269
01:11:03,830 --> 01:11:02,040
on different factors so it's a bit

1270
01:11:06,530 --> 01:11:03,840
confusing

1271
01:11:11,390 --> 01:11:08,870
I'd like to just focus on on this

1272
01:11:14,209 --> 01:11:11,400
feature though so

1273
01:11:19,430 --> 01:11:14,219
I'd like to show like basically the top

1274
01:11:21,470 --> 01:11:19,440
of this feature for a variety of models

1275
01:11:23,390 --> 01:11:21,480
and that's what this looks like on the

1276
01:11:27,530 --> 01:11:23,400
left we have the cloud free version on

1277
01:11:31,250 --> 01:11:29,510
again these curves kind of follow the

1278
01:11:33,290 --> 01:11:31,260
same shape as the temperature and water

1279
01:11:34,850 --> 01:11:33,300
vapor from a few slides ago

1280
01:11:38,530 --> 01:11:34,860
but

1281
01:11:42,169 --> 01:11:38,540
when you add clouds it gets a lot worse

1282
01:11:43,729 --> 01:11:42,179
unfortunately basically

1283
01:11:46,130 --> 01:11:43,739
there's there's like some correlations

1284
01:11:49,189 --> 01:11:46,140
in a cloud-free version these high

1285
01:11:51,110 --> 01:11:49,199
pressure low land models have much

1286
01:11:53,330 --> 01:11:51,120
taller spectral features so you might be

1287
01:11:54,709 --> 01:11:53,340
able to detect that or tell the

1288
01:11:57,110 --> 01:11:54,719
difference but then when we add clouds

1289
01:11:58,970 --> 01:11:57,120
what happens is that these Waters these

1290
01:12:02,209 --> 01:11:58,980
models with the most water vapor are

1291
01:12:03,830 --> 01:12:02,219
also the cloudiest of the Terminator and

1292
01:12:05,270 --> 01:12:03,840
consequently

1293
01:12:10,070 --> 01:12:05,280
the

1294
01:12:12,290 --> 01:12:10,080
spectrum is much higher so

1295
01:12:14,450 --> 01:12:12,300
like that it gets like artificially

1296
01:12:17,390 --> 01:12:14,460
subdued so it looks like these dry

1297
01:12:19,370 --> 01:12:17,400
models over here have the most water but

1298
01:12:21,050 --> 01:12:19,380
that's not actually true

1299
01:12:22,250 --> 01:12:21,060
so observing this

1300
01:12:23,810 --> 01:12:22,260
it's going to be very hard to tell

1301
01:12:24,950 --> 01:12:23,820
what's going on on the surface of the

1302
01:12:28,970 --> 01:12:24,960
planet

1303
01:12:33,410 --> 01:12:31,550
try to end on a happy note

1304
01:12:36,050 --> 01:12:33,420
um there's a huge range of climates here

1305
01:12:37,970 --> 01:12:36,060
we can't necessarily tell them apart but

1306
01:12:40,070 --> 01:12:37,980
a lot of them could be habitable and we

1307
01:12:41,090 --> 01:12:40,080
might be able to detect water in some of

1308
01:12:42,890 --> 01:12:41,100
them

1309
01:12:44,630 --> 01:12:42,900
so

1310
01:12:47,450 --> 01:12:44,640
like I'm still like cautiously

1311
01:12:50,330 --> 01:12:47,460
optimistic I guess but

1312
01:12:51,649 --> 01:12:50,340
it's it's more important I think to

1313
01:12:54,410 --> 01:12:51,659
account for the fact that there are

1314
01:12:55,729 --> 01:12:54,420
these unknowns instead of just trying to

1315
01:12:58,010 --> 01:12:55,739
make assumptions about what's going on

1316
01:12:59,930 --> 01:12:58,020
on the surface of the planet based on

1317
01:13:01,970 --> 01:12:59,940
its Transit Spectrum

1318
01:13:04,100 --> 01:13:01,980
I'll stop here and I'm happy to take any

1319
01:13:18,830 --> 01:13:04,110
questions

1320
01:13:22,970 --> 01:13:20,870
hi uh great talk

1321
01:13:25,010 --> 01:13:22,980
um really interesting stuff so I'm

1322
01:13:28,250 --> 01:13:25,020
wondering about you have these simulated

1323
01:13:31,610 --> 01:13:28,260
Transit Spectra I'm

1324
01:13:34,490 --> 01:13:31,620
and it looks a little uh pessimistic

1325
01:13:36,530 --> 01:13:34,500
based on how close those lines are but

1326
01:13:39,830 --> 01:13:36,540
jwst has been delivering some

1327
01:13:42,950 --> 01:13:39,840
exquisitely Precision precise Spectra so

1328
01:13:45,110 --> 01:13:42,960
I'm wondering if you have plans to model

1329
01:13:46,970 --> 01:13:45,120
like the noise properties and stuff and

1330
01:13:48,770 --> 01:13:46,980
it like actually simulate jwst

1331
01:13:50,090 --> 01:13:48,780
observations of these kind of things to

1332
01:13:52,370 --> 01:13:50,100
see if you can actually distinguish

1333
01:13:54,649 --> 01:13:52,380
maybe a few things because the trans

1334
01:13:56,390 --> 01:13:54,659
inspector are so precise

1335
01:13:57,590 --> 01:13:56,400
um because of this incredible instrument

1336
01:13:59,209 --> 01:13:57,600
that we have

1337
01:14:00,950 --> 01:13:59,219
yeah it would be good to add some

1338
01:14:03,590 --> 01:14:00,960
instrumental noise to them it's also

1339
01:14:05,209 --> 01:14:03,600
really hard to do that accurately

1340
01:14:07,250 --> 01:14:05,219
um there's like

1341
01:14:09,290 --> 01:14:07,260
it's it's harder to get precise Spectra

1342
01:14:11,390 --> 01:14:09,300
for these smaller stars like most of

1343
01:14:13,490 --> 01:14:11,400
what's been coming so far is or sorry

1344
01:14:16,729 --> 01:14:13,500
smaller planets bigger bigger planets

1345
01:14:18,410 --> 01:14:16,739
are easier to get like good data from

1346
01:14:20,689 --> 01:14:18,420
but yeah there's

1347
01:14:22,610 --> 01:14:20,699
um there's more Photon noise in the far

1348
01:14:24,169 --> 01:14:22,620
or mid infrared compared to the near

1349
01:14:25,910 --> 01:14:24,179
infrared so I think it'd be good to

1350
01:14:28,310 --> 01:14:25,920
focus on that but

1351
01:14:30,050 --> 01:14:28,320
yeah it would be

1352
01:14:31,850 --> 01:14:30,060
like it might be possible to tell some

1353
01:14:32,990 --> 01:14:31,860
of them apart but it would be a good

1354
01:14:38,209 --> 01:14:33,000
thing to look into thanks for the

1355
01:14:42,950 --> 01:14:41,330
Taylor plattner at Georgia Tech great

1356
01:14:44,450 --> 01:14:42,960
talk also just wanted to say all the

1357
01:14:45,590 --> 01:14:44,460
other talks were very interesting this

1358
01:14:47,510 --> 01:14:45,600
morning

1359
01:14:49,310 --> 01:14:47,520
um and it's super cool I used to do

1360
01:14:51,590 --> 01:14:49,320
exoplanet stuff when I was in undergrad

1361
01:14:53,570 --> 01:14:51,600
so you're taking me back to I guess my

1362
01:14:57,410 --> 01:14:53,580
old days sounds like I'm an old person

1363
01:14:59,390 --> 01:14:57,420
um but uh I had a question on you know I

1364
01:15:01,669 --> 01:14:59,400
know you're doing simulations but are

1365
01:15:06,709 --> 01:15:01,679
you going to eventually like

1366
01:15:08,570 --> 01:15:06,719
look at specific planets and if so do

1367
01:15:11,030 --> 01:15:08,580
you have like a I don't know there's

1368
01:15:13,130 --> 01:15:11,040
kind of like I used to do this like uh

1369
01:15:15,290 --> 01:15:13,140
development like a prototype instrument

1370
01:15:17,330 --> 01:15:15,300
to put on ground-based telescope to like

1371
01:15:18,290 --> 01:15:17,340
vet out interesting planets so I didn't

1372
01:15:21,350 --> 01:15:18,300
know if you

1373
01:15:23,209 --> 01:15:21,360
had like a I don't know anything to like

1374
01:15:25,310 --> 01:15:23,219
vet out interesting planets to you like

1375
01:15:26,930 --> 01:15:25,320
with jwst or with any other like

1376
01:15:28,310 --> 01:15:26,940
telescope

1377
01:15:30,709 --> 01:15:28,320
um sorry if that's a terrible question

1378
01:15:33,649 --> 01:15:30,719
but just curious no it's an interesting

1379
01:15:35,330 --> 01:15:33,659
point I'm not an observer I'm mostly

1380
01:15:38,930 --> 01:15:35,340
just waiting excitedly for other people

1381
01:15:40,310 --> 01:15:38,940
to get data and like I would say the one

1382
01:15:43,550 --> 01:15:40,320
I'm most excited about is probably

1383
01:15:45,350 --> 01:15:43,560
Trappist 20 but excited and apprehensive

1384
01:15:46,910 --> 01:15:45,360
at the same time because it'll be really

1385
01:15:49,850 --> 01:15:46,920
sad if they don't find an atmosphere on

1386
01:15:52,130 --> 01:15:49,860
it but yeah ground ground-based

1387
01:15:54,229 --> 01:15:52,140
observations would be like another

1388
01:15:55,430 --> 01:15:54,239
good way to to look at these planets

1389
01:15:59,750 --> 01:15:55,440
because you can get such a bigger

1390
01:16:01,970 --> 01:15:59,760
telescope okay it is with jwst how often

1391
01:16:03,169 --> 01:16:01,980
is it like looking at like if you had

1392
01:16:05,450 --> 01:16:03,179
some planner that you're really

1393
01:16:07,790 --> 01:16:05,460
interested in how often it is it like

1394
01:16:09,590 --> 01:16:07,800
looking at that planet or would you like

1395
01:16:11,330 --> 01:16:09,600
I don't know I know Tess was another one

1396
01:16:13,310 --> 01:16:11,340
that people like were really excited

1397
01:16:16,430 --> 01:16:13,320
about so I didn't know if that was

1398
01:16:19,669 --> 01:16:16,440
easier to like get

1399
01:16:21,169 --> 01:16:19,679
data like to see that same Planet more

1400
01:16:24,470 --> 01:16:21,179
and I know yeah like you were saying

1401
01:16:27,110 --> 01:16:24,480
it's not as great everybody loves JW wst

1402
01:16:29,990 --> 01:16:27,120
for a reason yeah well Tess is a planet

1403
01:16:31,729 --> 01:16:30,000
finder so it it's found a bunch of

1404
01:16:34,550 --> 01:16:31,739
candidates

1405
01:16:36,649 --> 01:16:34,560
um so like anything that starts with toi

1406
01:16:38,209 --> 01:16:36,659
I mean tests object of interest is what

1407
01:16:40,490 --> 01:16:38,219
they're called

1408
01:16:42,290 --> 01:16:40,500
um and then jwst is kind of needed or

1409
01:16:43,310 --> 01:16:42,300
that's like some large telescope is

1410
01:16:44,810 --> 01:16:43,320
needed for follow-up to actually

1411
01:16:46,550 --> 01:16:44,820
characterize their atmospheres because

1412
01:16:48,770 --> 01:16:46,560
it's much easier to find the planets

1413
01:16:51,350 --> 01:16:48,780
than to see what's in their atmospheres

1414
01:16:53,390 --> 01:16:51,360
especially with such thin ones

1415
01:16:55,310 --> 01:16:53,400
did that answer the question

1416
01:16:58,370 --> 01:16:55,320
yeah yeah

1417
01:17:03,709 --> 01:16:58,380
good talk thank you thank you so much

1418
01:17:08,209 --> 01:17:06,530
all right that was also super I'm pretty

1419
01:17:10,669 --> 01:17:08,219
far removed from this exoplanet stuff

1420
01:17:12,229 --> 01:17:10,679
because this is sick so um I I have a

1421
01:17:13,729 --> 01:17:12,239
question that I apologize for my

1422
01:17:15,410 --> 01:17:13,739
inability to ask a more specific

1423
01:17:18,530 --> 01:17:15,420
question about your work that's just a

1424
01:17:20,930 --> 01:17:18,540
lack of my understanding but um I'm

1425
01:17:23,930 --> 01:17:20,940
curious that they were talking about how

1426
01:17:27,050 --> 01:17:23,940
like this Exquisite Precision with jwst

1427
01:17:29,930 --> 01:17:27,060
and and all this stuff and so is how far

1428
01:17:32,450 --> 01:17:29,940
off well I'll preface by by saying

1429
01:17:34,070 --> 01:17:32,460
um the past couple of decades as I'm

1430
01:17:35,570 --> 01:17:34,080
sure you're aware our understanding of

1431
01:17:38,270 --> 01:17:35,580
planetary habitability has really

1432
01:17:39,770 --> 01:17:38,280
shifted with the uh our increased

1433
01:17:41,750 --> 01:17:39,780
understanding of these icy moons in our

1434
01:17:46,970 --> 01:17:41,760
solar system and things like that

1435
01:17:47,590 --> 01:17:46,980
um how far off is our ability to examine

1436
01:17:50,570 --> 01:17:47,600
um

1437
01:17:52,910 --> 01:17:50,580
moons of exoplanets given like a small

1438
01:17:54,890 --> 01:17:52,920
enough star or something like that or is

1439
01:17:56,810 --> 01:17:54,900
that just like so far off from reality

1440
01:17:59,770 --> 01:17:56,820
given their technological abilities at

1441
01:18:02,450 --> 01:17:59,780
the moment I would say it's it's far off

1442
01:18:03,950 --> 01:18:02,460
unfortunate like yeah the problem is

1443
01:18:05,450 --> 01:18:03,960
that you have to like detect the planet

1444
01:18:08,090 --> 01:18:05,460
and then the moon going around the

1445
01:18:09,890 --> 01:18:08,100
planet and it's they're just really hard

1446
01:18:10,910 --> 01:18:09,900
to find and they'll be even harder to

1447
01:18:12,410 --> 01:18:10,920
observe

1448
01:18:15,050 --> 01:18:12,420
which is unfortunate because I bet

1449
01:18:16,850 --> 01:18:15,060
xomoons are really cool

1450
01:18:18,110 --> 01:18:16,860
and that would also deal with the tidal

1451
01:18:23,090 --> 01:18:18,120
locking problem

1452
01:18:25,250 --> 01:18:23,100
like like if an axumun was orbiting

1453
01:18:27,350 --> 01:18:25,260
tidally locked Planet the moon will not

1454
01:18:28,729 --> 01:18:27,360
be tidally locked to the star so it

1455
01:18:31,130 --> 01:18:28,739
could have day night cycles but they're

1456
01:18:32,930 --> 01:18:31,140
just really hard to observe

1457
01:18:34,729 --> 01:18:32,940
yeah thanks for that that would be

1458
01:18:36,290 --> 01:18:34,739
really cool

1459
01:18:37,080 --> 01:18:36,300
thank you for the talk everything well

1460
01:18:44,570 --> 01:18:37,090
thank you

1461
01:18:46,790 --> 01:18:44,580
[Applause]

1462
01:18:54,649 --> 01:18:46,800
okay our next speaker is Zachary Fred

1463
01:18:54,659 --> 01:18:59,450
thank you

1464
01:19:04,610 --> 01:19:02,149
hello can everyone hear me

1465
01:19:06,169 --> 01:19:04,620
so my name's Zach and I'm really excited

1466
01:19:08,930 --> 01:19:06,179
today to present on some of the work

1467
01:19:11,390 --> 01:19:08,940
I've done so far during my PhD which is

1468
01:19:12,770 --> 01:19:11,400
mostly looking into machine learning of

1469
01:19:14,750 --> 01:19:12,780
the chemical inventory and rare

1470
01:19:20,149 --> 01:19:14,760
isotopologues of the protostellar source

1471
01:19:22,130 --> 01:19:20,159
IRAs excuse me 16293 2422b

1472
01:19:24,590 --> 01:19:22,140
so first of all Let me give just a very

1473
01:19:26,689 --> 01:19:24,600
high level overview of what supervised

1474
01:19:29,930 --> 01:19:26,699
machine learning for regression is so

1475
01:19:32,870 --> 01:19:29,940
the overall goal in this process is to

1476
01:19:35,270 --> 01:19:32,880
learn a set of model parameters that can

1477
01:19:37,610 --> 01:19:35,280
be best used to map some input features

1478
01:19:40,130 --> 01:19:37,620
some X values to some relevant

1479
01:19:42,550 --> 01:19:40,140
properties some y values just the

1480
01:19:45,050 --> 01:19:42,560
simplest and oversimplified possible

1481
01:19:46,490 --> 01:19:45,060
example of this process is just 2D

1482
01:19:49,610 --> 01:19:46,500
linear regressions something that could

1483
01:19:51,350 --> 01:19:49,620
be modeled by y equals MX plus b and

1484
01:19:54,050 --> 01:19:51,360
what you do in this process is you

1485
01:19:57,530 --> 01:19:54,060
provide the model with training data in

1486
01:19:59,930 --> 01:19:57,540
the form of X Y Pairs and what it does

1487
01:20:02,149 --> 01:19:59,940
is it learns the model parameters in

1488
01:20:04,550 --> 01:20:02,159
this case the m and the B that can best

1489
01:20:06,890 --> 01:20:04,560
map those inputs to those outputs in a

1490
01:20:09,410 --> 01:20:06,900
way that minimizes some sort of loss

1491
01:20:11,030 --> 01:20:09,420
function and while this is a very

1492
01:20:13,370 --> 01:20:11,040
oversimplified view of this whole

1493
01:20:15,350 --> 01:20:13,380
approach it can also be very effective

1494
01:20:17,990 --> 01:20:15,360
for high dimensional inputs and also

1495
01:20:20,090 --> 01:20:18,000
include very complex non-linear models

1496
01:20:21,770 --> 01:20:20,100
as well so

1497
01:20:25,130 --> 01:20:21,780
now getting into the problem that I'm

1498
01:20:26,689 --> 01:20:25,140
trying to tackle with this approach so

1499
01:20:28,970 --> 01:20:26,699
the overarching goal behind most the

1500
01:20:31,070 --> 01:20:28,980
work I've done so far is suggesting

1501
01:20:33,770 --> 01:20:31,080
likely molecular candidates for

1502
01:20:35,270 --> 01:20:33,780
detection in various regions of space so

1503
01:20:37,070 --> 01:20:35,280
let's first take a step back and ask the

1504
01:20:39,649 --> 01:20:37,080
question why do we even care about

1505
01:20:41,270 --> 01:20:39,659
Interstellar molecules so because we're

1506
01:20:42,950 --> 01:20:41,280
looking all the way out in space we're

1507
01:20:45,229 --> 01:20:42,960
not fortunate to be able to throw a

1508
01:20:46,790 --> 01:20:45,239
thermometer and a reaction Beaker easily

1509
01:20:49,430 --> 01:20:46,800
observe some sort of physical change

1510
01:20:50,990 --> 01:20:49,440
during a reaction instead in order to

1511
01:20:52,729 --> 01:20:51,000
trace the physical properties and

1512
01:20:54,770 --> 01:20:52,739
evolutionary history of interstellar

1513
01:20:57,290 --> 01:20:54,780
sources we oftentimes rely on the

1514
01:20:59,270 --> 01:20:57,300
molecules that we detect along with the

1515
01:21:02,030 --> 01:20:59,280
properties of said molecules and just a

1516
01:21:04,209 --> 01:21:02,040
couple of examples D to H ratios provide

1517
01:21:06,830 --> 01:21:04,219
information about the temperatures

1518
01:21:09,410 --> 01:21:06,840
of the environments during molecular

1519
01:21:11,810 --> 01:21:09,420
formation and the detection of sio can

1520
01:21:14,090 --> 01:21:11,820
trace things like Stellar outflows or

1521
01:21:16,189 --> 01:21:14,100
shocks so in the past

1522
01:21:17,810 --> 01:21:16,199
if we wanted to model molecular

1523
01:21:19,250 --> 01:21:17,820
abundances and use us to predict new

1524
01:21:21,530 --> 01:21:19,260
molecules for detection we relied

1525
01:21:23,390 --> 01:21:21,540
heavily on astrochemical models and

1526
01:21:25,070 --> 01:21:23,400
these as can be seen on the screen are

1527
01:21:27,410 --> 01:21:25,080
vast networks of interconnected

1528
01:21:29,630 --> 01:21:27,420
reactions each reaction having its own

1529
01:21:32,330 --> 01:21:29,640
rate constant and ultimately they can be

1530
01:21:35,450 --> 01:21:32,340
used to derive the time-dependent

1531
01:21:37,550 --> 01:21:35,460
molecular abundances of these species

1532
01:21:39,169 --> 01:21:37,560
and while these are excellent tools to

1533
01:21:40,910 --> 01:21:39,179
gauge our current understanding of the

1534
01:21:43,729 --> 01:21:40,920
specific chemical processes in space

1535
01:21:46,370 --> 01:21:43,739
there's a couple of drawbacks first of

1536
01:21:47,990 --> 01:21:46,380
all in order to add a new molecule or

1537
01:21:50,390 --> 01:21:48,000
reaction to the network we oftentimes

1538
01:21:52,030 --> 01:21:50,400
rely very heavily on chemical intuition

1539
01:21:54,709 --> 01:21:52,040
additionally the

1540
01:21:56,810 --> 01:21:54,719
rate constants that are inputted into

1541
01:21:59,510 --> 01:21:56,820
the networks are oftentimes either

1542
01:22:00,950 --> 01:21:59,520
extrapolated or approximated and the

1543
01:22:02,630 --> 01:22:00,960
uncertainty that comes along with this

1544
01:22:03,950 --> 01:22:02,640
when you propagate it through the whole

1545
01:22:06,290 --> 01:22:03,960
network can result in some very

1546
01:22:08,149 --> 01:22:06,300
uncertain or inaccurate modeled

1547
01:22:10,430 --> 01:22:08,159
abundances and finally it's just

1548
01:22:11,810 --> 01:22:10,440
difficult to include new molecules in

1549
01:22:13,729 --> 01:22:11,820
order to add a new molecule to the

1550
01:22:15,830 --> 01:22:13,739
network you have to include every single

1551
01:22:17,330 --> 01:22:15,840
reaction and I could create the molecule

1552
01:22:19,070 --> 01:22:17,340
as well as everyone that could

1553
01:22:22,250 --> 01:22:19,080
subsequently destroy it so that's a

1554
01:22:24,770 --> 01:22:22,260
difficult and often times inefficient

1555
01:22:26,390 --> 01:22:24,780
process so in response to these

1556
01:22:28,370 --> 01:22:26,400
predictive shortcomings uh previous

1557
01:22:30,290 --> 01:22:28,380
postdoc in our group Dr Kelvin Lee

1558
01:22:32,030 --> 01:22:30,300
developed a machine learning method

1559
01:22:34,130 --> 01:22:32,040
that's able to predict and model

1560
01:22:36,709 --> 01:22:34,140
molecular abundances in space without

1561
01:22:38,450 --> 01:22:36,719
requiring these complete networks and

1562
01:22:40,430 --> 01:22:38,460
instead molecular abundances are

1563
01:22:43,430 --> 01:22:40,440
expressed purely in terms of a chemical

1564
01:22:45,950 --> 01:22:43,440
Vector space so in this process the

1565
01:22:47,990 --> 01:22:45,960
first step is you need to collect

1566
01:22:50,750 --> 01:22:48,000
telescope data toward a specific

1567
01:22:53,149 --> 01:22:50,760
Interstellar source from this line

1568
01:22:55,729 --> 01:22:53,159
survey you'll be able to decipher which

1569
01:22:58,189 --> 01:22:55,739
molecules are present along with the

1570
01:23:02,030 --> 01:22:58,199
abundances or column densities of said

1571
01:23:03,830 --> 01:23:02,040
molecules following this for any machine

1572
01:23:05,630 --> 01:23:03,840
learning application you need to

1573
01:23:07,910 --> 01:23:05,640
vectorize your input so we have to make

1574
01:23:11,090 --> 01:23:07,920
molecular feature vectors out of the

1575
01:23:13,490 --> 01:23:11,100
molecules we're detecting to do this we

1576
01:23:15,530 --> 01:23:13,500
utilize the multivac algorithm which is

1577
01:23:17,750 --> 01:23:15,540
an unsupervised algorithm that creates

1578
01:23:19,850 --> 01:23:17,760
context aware substructure Vector

1579
01:23:22,490 --> 01:23:19,860
representations that can be subsequently

1580
01:23:24,950 --> 01:23:22,500
summed to form molecular feature vectors

1581
01:23:27,590 --> 01:23:24,960
so at this point we have our molecular

1582
01:23:29,450 --> 01:23:27,600
feature vectors our inputs as well as

1583
01:23:31,430 --> 01:23:29,460
our relevant column densities our

1584
01:23:34,610 --> 01:23:31,440
outputs and what we do as mentioned

1585
01:23:36,770 --> 01:23:34,620
previously we input this into a machine

1586
01:23:39,470 --> 01:23:36,780
learning model that learns the best way

1587
01:23:41,270 --> 01:23:39,480
the model parameters to map those

1588
01:23:43,850 --> 01:23:41,280
molecular features to the relevant

1589
01:23:46,610 --> 01:23:43,860
column densities and this is just a

1590
01:23:49,430 --> 01:23:46,620
figure from the initial paper and what

1591
01:23:51,649 --> 01:23:49,440
it shows is that a very simple right

1592
01:23:53,689 --> 01:23:51,659
regularize linear regression machine

1593
01:23:56,149 --> 01:23:53,699
learning method a ridge regression model

1594
01:23:57,709 --> 01:23:56,159
is able to far out compete even the

1595
01:24:01,310 --> 01:23:57,719
state-of-the-art Gotham Nautilus

1596
01:24:04,310 --> 01:24:01,320
astrochemical model in reproducing and

1597
01:24:07,850 --> 01:24:04,320
predicting the chemical abundances in

1598
01:24:09,709 --> 01:24:07,860
the tmc-1 dark molecular cloud so while

1599
01:24:12,290 --> 01:24:09,719
kelvin's initial work was a fantastic

1600
01:24:14,149 --> 01:24:12,300
proof of concept that this method can in

1601
01:24:16,490 --> 01:24:14,159
fact effectively model and predict

1602
01:24:18,530 --> 01:24:16,500
molecular abundances in space there's a

1603
01:24:21,350 --> 01:24:18,540
number of things that just remain simply

1604
01:24:23,810 --> 01:24:21,360
untested first of all untested outside

1605
01:24:25,910 --> 01:24:23,820
of dark molecular cloud so the initial

1606
01:24:27,950 --> 01:24:25,920
work was focused on the tmc1 dark

1607
01:24:30,709 --> 01:24:27,960
molecular cloud chemical inventory and

1608
01:24:33,110 --> 01:24:30,719
this is a very cold and quiescent region

1609
01:24:34,669 --> 01:24:33,120
of interstellar space so we also want to

1610
01:24:37,729 --> 01:24:34,679
ensure that these same methods can also

1611
01:24:39,950 --> 01:24:37,739
apply to warmer more turbulent protostar

1612
01:24:43,010 --> 01:24:39,960
sources

1613
01:24:46,790 --> 01:24:43,020
and for this we looked at the class 0

1614
01:24:48,229 --> 01:24:46,800
protostar binary IRAs 16293 B this is an

1615
01:24:50,330 --> 01:24:48,239
especially attractive Source because it

1616
01:24:51,770 --> 01:24:50,340
has a very dense molecular line survey

1617
01:24:54,290 --> 01:24:51,780
and it's been studied extensively with

1618
01:24:56,390 --> 01:24:54,300
interferometric data it's also vital

1619
01:24:58,370 --> 01:24:56,400
that we can model the abundances in both

1620
01:25:00,169 --> 01:24:58,380
these cold dark clouds and the warmer

1621
01:25:02,330 --> 01:25:00,179
protostellar sources because

1622
01:25:04,430 --> 01:25:02,340
understanding the chemical inventories

1623
01:25:05,810 --> 01:25:04,440
of these two different sources allows us

1624
01:25:08,689 --> 01:25:05,820
to investigate how the chemistry

1625
01:25:11,090 --> 01:25:08,699
actually evolves as a star is forming

1626
01:25:12,950 --> 01:25:11,100
additionally in part due to the

1627
01:25:15,470 --> 01:25:12,960
shortcomings of the multivac algorithm

1628
01:25:18,590 --> 01:25:15,480
there were initially no isotopologues

1629
01:25:22,070 --> 01:25:18,600
included in the data set however ira6

1630
01:25:24,470 --> 01:25:22,080
and 293b consistently shows very high

1631
01:25:26,090 --> 01:25:24,480
levels of isotopic substitution as a

1632
01:25:28,130 --> 01:25:26,100
result in order to fill out the data set

1633
01:25:30,470 --> 01:25:28,140
we felt the need to include these

1634
01:25:32,810 --> 01:25:30,480
molecules additionally as mentioned

1635
01:25:35,330 --> 01:25:32,820
previously isotopologues provide

1636
01:25:37,070 --> 01:25:35,340
information about the temperatures and

1637
01:25:39,110 --> 01:25:37,080
time scales of molecular formation in

1638
01:25:41,570 --> 01:25:39,120
space and therefore being able to model

1639
01:25:43,250 --> 01:25:41,580
these ratios effectively with this

1640
01:25:44,930 --> 01:25:43,260
machine learning method would provide a

1641
01:25:48,169 --> 01:25:44,940
straightforward and efficient way to

1642
01:25:50,810 --> 01:25:48,179
gain additional astrochemical Insight so

1643
01:25:53,510 --> 01:25:50,820
in order to include these isotopologues

1644
01:25:55,030 --> 01:25:53,520
we added hand-picked isotope descriptors

1645
01:25:57,410 --> 01:25:55,040
at the end of our multivac

1646
01:25:59,870 --> 01:25:57,420
representations and more specifically we

1647
01:26:02,870 --> 01:25:59,880
added 19 extra Vector Dimensions that

1648
01:26:05,390 --> 01:26:02,880
denoted which specific minor Isotopes

1649
01:26:07,250 --> 01:26:05,400
are substituted into the molecule along

1650
01:26:10,010 --> 01:26:07,260
with the chemical environment of said

1651
01:26:11,930 --> 01:26:10,020
isotopic substitution so just as an

1652
01:26:14,689 --> 01:26:11,940
example three of the vector Dimensions

1653
01:26:17,270 --> 01:26:14,699
denote whether the 13 carbon is sp sb2

1654
01:26:19,129 --> 01:26:17,280
or sp3 hybridized and we chose this

1655
01:26:21,649 --> 01:26:19,139
feature because as you can see it has a

1656
01:26:25,250 --> 01:26:21,659
notable impact on the mean 12C to 13c

1657
01:26:27,110 --> 01:26:25,260
ratio of the molecules in this source so

1658
01:26:28,669 --> 01:26:27,120
now getting into some results we train

1659
01:26:31,070 --> 01:26:28,679
both a gaussian process regression and

1660
01:26:32,510 --> 01:26:31,080
Bayesian Ridge regression model to map

1661
01:26:34,970 --> 01:26:32,520
the molecular features of the column

1662
01:26:37,550 --> 01:26:34,980
densities and what we're ultimately able

1663
01:26:40,910 --> 01:26:37,560
to see is that the models are able to

1664
01:26:43,370 --> 01:26:40,920
both effectively model the molecules

1665
01:26:45,709 --> 01:26:43,380
provided to it in the training set but

1666
01:26:48,770 --> 01:26:45,719
also extrapolate quite well to yet

1667
01:26:51,350 --> 01:26:48,780
unseen molecules in the testing set

1668
01:26:52,910 --> 01:26:51,360
additionally because we included isotope

1669
01:26:55,270 --> 01:26:52,920
logs in our data set we wanted to see

1670
01:26:57,530 --> 01:26:55,280
how well these models were able to

1671
01:26:59,689 --> 01:26:57,540
reproduce the column densities and

1672
01:27:02,149 --> 01:26:59,699
isotopic ratios of the molecules in the

1673
01:27:05,209 --> 01:27:02,159
source so what you can see on the top

1674
01:27:07,610 --> 01:27:05,219
row of the deuterium and 13c substituted

1675
01:27:09,410 --> 01:27:07,620
isotopolog the using five-fold

1676
01:27:12,470 --> 01:27:09,420
cross-validation the column band these

1677
01:27:14,810 --> 01:27:12,480
are very accurately modeled once you

1678
01:27:16,490 --> 01:27:14,820
extrapolate this out to actual isotopic

1679
01:27:18,709 --> 01:27:16,500
ratio predictions these are much more

1680
01:27:22,370 --> 01:27:18,719
sensitive to small changes in column

1681
01:27:23,990 --> 01:27:22,380
densities as a result a small error in

1682
01:27:26,750 --> 01:27:24,000
the column density prediction can result

1683
01:27:29,750 --> 01:27:26,760
in a large isotopic ratio error so the

1684
01:27:32,450 --> 01:27:29,760
bottom row of actual isotopic ratios is

1685
01:27:34,970 --> 01:27:32,460
slightly less precise however just

1686
01:27:36,890 --> 01:27:34,980
because of how nuanced the process of

1687
01:27:39,229 --> 01:27:36,900
isotopic fractionation is in space and

1688
01:27:40,910 --> 01:27:39,239
how simple our encoding is we're very

1689
01:27:43,370 --> 01:27:40,920
encouraged by these results that we're

1690
01:27:44,870 --> 01:27:43,380
able to very accurately model the column

1691
01:27:47,330 --> 01:27:44,880
densities of these isotopically

1692
01:27:49,729 --> 01:27:47,340
substituted species

1693
01:27:51,890 --> 01:27:49,739
so as mentioned previously due to the

1694
01:27:53,390 --> 01:27:51,900
strong performance on the testing set we

1695
01:27:55,750 --> 01:27:53,400
have some sort of confidence that these

1696
01:27:59,390 --> 01:27:55,760
models can extrapolate to yet unseen

1697
01:28:01,729 --> 01:27:59,400
species and as a result we proceeded to

1698
01:28:03,770 --> 01:28:01,739
input about 90 000 astrochemically

1699
01:28:06,050 --> 01:28:03,780
relevant molecules into the train models

1700
01:28:07,910 --> 01:28:06,060
to see which undetected species are

1701
01:28:09,590 --> 01:28:07,920
likely the most abundant in this source

1702
01:28:12,350 --> 01:28:09,600
and on the bar chart on the screen you

1703
01:28:15,709 --> 01:28:12,360
can see the top 10 predicted abundance

1704
01:28:17,030 --> 01:28:15,719
molecules toward IRS 6 and 293 B and

1705
01:28:18,890 --> 01:28:17,040
there's two things to point out here

1706
01:28:21,110 --> 01:28:18,900
first of all three of these molecules

1707
01:28:22,790 --> 01:28:21,120
namely hydrogen peroxide ethane and

1708
01:28:24,490 --> 01:28:22,800
carbon dioxide have all been previously

1709
01:28:27,649 --> 01:28:24,500
detected in different regions of space

1710
01:28:29,330 --> 01:28:27,659
additionally something you may notice in

1711
01:28:32,689 --> 01:28:29,340
the bar chart is that many of these

1712
01:28:35,450 --> 01:28:32,699
molecules are very oxygenated and fairly

1713
01:28:37,910 --> 01:28:35,460
saturated hydrocarbons and this is also

1714
01:28:39,410 --> 01:28:37,920
a good sign because when looking at the

1715
01:28:41,629 --> 01:28:39,420
actual chemical inventory of these

1716
01:28:44,450 --> 01:28:41,639
sources or this specific Source sorry

1717
01:28:46,910 --> 01:28:44,460
the most abundant detected molecules are

1718
01:28:50,090 --> 01:28:46,920
also these very oxygenated hydrocarbons

1719
01:28:52,430 --> 01:28:50,100
so not only is it learning to predict

1720
01:28:54,169 --> 01:28:52,440
known Interstellar molecules but at the

1721
01:28:55,550 --> 01:28:54,179
same time it's narrowing down to the

1722
01:28:57,770 --> 01:28:55,560
correct region of chemical space

1723
01:29:00,410 --> 01:28:57,780
relevant to this source

1724
01:29:02,450 --> 01:29:00,420
so as I mentioned these 10 molecules

1725
01:29:04,490 --> 01:29:02,460
have not been previously detected in

1726
01:29:06,590 --> 01:29:04,500
this source and the reason for that in

1727
01:29:08,510 --> 01:29:06,600
many cases is just simply a lack of

1728
01:29:12,290 --> 01:29:08,520
rotational Spectra being taken in the

1729
01:29:13,910 --> 01:29:12,300
lab so now next steps is we want to take

1730
01:29:16,189 --> 01:29:13,920
that next step forward and collect the

1731
01:29:17,990 --> 01:29:16,199
rotational Spectra of some of these

1732
01:29:19,129 --> 01:29:18,000
predicted high abundance molecules that

1733
01:29:20,870 --> 01:29:19,139
they can be searched for in these

1734
01:29:22,910 --> 01:29:20,880
protestalar sources one of particular

1735
01:29:25,970 --> 01:29:22,920
interest is circled on the screen

1736
01:29:27,830 --> 01:29:25,980
methoxy ethanol and methoxyethanol is in

1737
01:29:29,810 --> 01:29:27,840
the same chemical family as both methoxy

1738
01:29:31,729 --> 01:29:29,820
methanol and methoxyethane which have

1739
01:29:34,610 --> 01:29:31,739
been detected in high abundance toward

1740
01:29:36,649 --> 01:29:34,620
IRS 16 293 B

1741
01:29:38,450 --> 01:29:36,659
but not only is this molecule chemically

1742
01:29:39,770 --> 01:29:38,460
similar to several that have been seen

1743
01:29:41,330 --> 01:29:39,780
before but we also have some sort of

1744
01:29:44,149 --> 01:29:41,340
mechanistic reason to believe it may be

1745
01:29:46,970 --> 01:29:44,159
present so methoxy methanol has been

1746
01:29:50,990 --> 01:29:46,980
shown to form via reaction of the ch3o

1747
01:29:53,590 --> 01:29:51,000
the methoxy radical with ch2oh on grain

1748
01:29:56,390 --> 01:29:53,600
services so the high abundance of

1749
01:29:58,430 --> 01:29:56,400
methoxymethanol also suggests that in

1750
01:30:00,470 --> 01:29:58,440
the pre-stellar phase of the source that

1751
01:30:02,750 --> 01:30:00,480
the methoxy radical was highly abundant

1752
01:30:05,330 --> 01:30:02,760
on these grain services as a result it

1753
01:30:07,370 --> 01:30:05,340
could feasibly react with the other high

1754
01:30:08,930 --> 01:30:07,380
abundance organic radicals in this

1755
01:30:10,790 --> 01:30:08,940
source and we therefore believe that the

1756
01:30:12,590 --> 01:30:10,800
methoxylated versions of these high

1757
01:30:15,590 --> 01:30:12,600
abundance Organics in this Source may be

1758
01:30:17,990 --> 01:30:15,600
strong targets for astrochemical study

1759
01:30:19,729 --> 01:30:18,000
so next step is to use chirp pulse

1760
01:30:21,410 --> 01:30:19,739
Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy

1761
01:30:23,810 --> 01:30:21,420
to study the rotational spectrum of this

1762
01:30:26,330 --> 01:30:23,820
molecule subsequently use the laboratory

1763
01:30:28,490 --> 01:30:26,340
Spectrum to search for this molecule in

1764
01:30:30,790 --> 01:30:28,500
various protestalar sources and upon its

1765
01:30:35,930 --> 01:30:30,800
detection learn more about the chemistry

1766
01:30:37,610 --> 01:30:35,940
of this highly abundant masoxy radical

1767
01:30:39,050 --> 01:30:37,620
so that's all the work I've done so far

1768
01:30:41,390 --> 01:30:39,060
as well as what I'm working towards I'd

1769
01:30:42,830 --> 01:30:41,400
like to say a big thank you to my group

1770
01:30:43,729 --> 01:30:42,840
shown on the screen the picture on the

1771
01:30:45,470 --> 01:30:43,739
right is just in the green Bank

1772
01:30:47,750 --> 01:30:45,480
telescope which is a very cool

1773
01:30:49,430 --> 01:30:47,760
experience I definitely recommend if you

1774
01:30:51,229 --> 01:30:49,440
have the opportunity to travel there but

1775
01:30:59,450 --> 01:30:51,239
thank you for listening and I'd be happy

1776
01:31:04,550 --> 01:31:02,330
thank you Zachary so we are running a

1777
01:31:06,410 --> 01:31:04,560
little behind so I suggest we use the

1778
01:31:08,330 --> 01:31:06,420
brake and you can find sakuri entering

1779
01:31:10,490 --> 01:31:08,340
in the break room to ask questions and

1780
01:31:39,290 --> 01:31:10,500
we'll meet again at 10 30 for the icy

1781
01:31:39,300 --> 01:31:45,370
foreign

1782
01:32:48,050 --> 01:31:58,760
[Music]

1783
01:32:56,370 --> 01:32:48,060
thank you

1784
01:33:49,530 --> 01:33:22,070
[Music]

1785
01:33:54,720 --> 01:33:49,540
thank you

1786
01:33:54,730 --> 01:34:00,050
[Music]

1787
01:34:00,060 --> 01:34:03,810
foreign

1788
01:34:59,629 --> 01:34:17,200
[Music]

1789
01:34:59,639 --> 01:35:03,060
foreign

1790
01:35:03,070 --> 01:35:11,990
[Music]

1791
01:35:26,890 --> 01:35:14,370
foreign

1792
01:36:22,729 --> 01:35:44,350
[Music]

1793
01:36:22,739 --> 01:36:28,670
foreign

1794
01:37:56,350 --> 01:37:05,420
[Music]

1795
01:38:24,830 --> 01:37:57,980
thank you

1796
01:38:58,810 --> 01:38:24,840
[Music]

1797
01:39:02,020 --> 01:39:00,770
thank you

1798
01:39:19,460 --> 01:39:02,030
foreign

1799
01:39:37,390 --> 01:39:30,850
[Music]

1800
01:39:37,400 --> 01:39:40,830
thank you

1801
01:40:08,400 --> 01:39:45,950
[Music]

1802
01:40:45,950 --> 01:40:08,410
foreign

1803
01:41:15,950 --> 01:41:01,730
[Music]

1804
01:41:15,960 --> 01:41:19,460
foreign

1805
01:41:25,810 --> 01:41:23,450
[Music]

1806
01:41:40,830 --> 01:41:25,820
foreign

1807
01:41:55,820 --> 01:41:45,940
[Music]

1808
01:42:15,920 --> 01:41:55,830
foreign

1809
01:42:15,930 --> 01:42:26,450
[Music]

1810
01:42:45,920 --> 01:42:28,250
foreign

1811
01:43:51,950 --> 01:43:19,450
[Music]

1812
01:43:53,070 --> 01:43:51,960
thank you

1813
01:44:15,970 --> 01:43:53,080
foreign

1814
01:44:19,470 --> 01:44:18,470
[Music]

1815
01:44:47,510 --> 01:44:19,480
foreign

1816
01:44:49,460 --> 01:44:47,520
[Music]

1817
01:45:15,900 --> 01:44:49,470
foreign

1818
01:46:19,480 --> 01:45:43,550
[Music]

1819
01:46:23,570 --> 01:46:19,490
foreign

1820
01:46:25,830 --> 01:46:23,580
[Music]

1821
01:46:41,660 --> 01:46:25,840
foreign

1822
01:46:55,830 --> 01:46:53,629
[Music]

1823
01:47:48,020 --> 01:46:55,840
foreign

1824
01:48:43,490 --> 01:47:57,580
[Music]

1825
01:48:56,470 --> 01:48:45,960
foreign

1826
01:49:10,800 --> 01:48:58,690
thank you

1827
01:49:19,450 --> 01:49:17,330
[Music]

1828
01:49:31,740 --> 01:49:19,460
foreign

1829
01:52:09,390 --> 01:49:40,800
[Music]

1830
01:52:16,630 --> 01:52:09,400
thank you

1831
01:52:40,129 --> 01:52:31,690
[Music]

1832
01:52:40,139 --> 01:52:43,710
foreign

1833
01:53:12,890 --> 01:53:03,780
[Music]

1834
01:53:23,960 --> 01:53:14,650
thank you

1835
01:53:23,970 --> 01:53:43,450
[Music]

1836
01:53:51,129 --> 01:53:46,490
our first speaker will be Sarah Miller

1837
01:53:54,430 --> 01:53:52,280
all right

1838
01:53:57,350 --> 01:53:54,440
[Music]

1839
01:53:59,090 --> 01:53:57,360
thank you uh so yeah I'm Sarah Miller

1840
01:54:01,729 --> 01:53:59,100
I'm working with Professor Brittany

1841
01:54:03,890 --> 01:54:01,739
Schmidt at Cornell University and I am

1842
01:54:06,770 --> 01:54:03,900
working to build a global circulation

1843
01:54:08,510 --> 01:54:06,780
model for the ocean at Europa

1844
01:54:10,070 --> 01:54:08,520
um so before we move on I wanted to kind

1845
01:54:12,290 --> 01:54:10,080
of point out the cover image I chose

1846
01:54:13,790 --> 01:54:12,300
which is primarily because I thought the

1847
01:54:16,370 --> 01:54:13,800
colors made for a pretty PowerPoint

1848
01:54:18,770 --> 01:54:16,380
theme and secondarily because it shows

1849
01:54:20,870 --> 01:54:18,780
some interesting kind of structures that

1850
01:54:22,490 --> 01:54:20,880
exist on the ice crust on Europa so as

1851
01:54:24,890 --> 01:54:22,500
you can see it's not a smooth ice

1852
01:54:27,770 --> 01:54:24,900
skating rink it's a very interesting and

1853
01:54:30,050 --> 01:54:27,780
geologically active Zone which hints

1854
01:54:31,490 --> 01:54:30,060
that probably the interior is a dynamic

1855
01:54:33,830 --> 01:54:31,500
and very interesting place to study

1856
01:54:36,470 --> 01:54:33,840
which is what I'm going to talk about

1857
01:54:38,149 --> 01:54:36,480
next before I dive into the science I do

1858
01:54:39,590 --> 01:54:38,159
want to take a moment to thank my team

1859
01:54:41,870 --> 01:54:39,600
and kind of the people who have helped

1860
01:54:43,430 --> 01:54:41,880
me bring my understanding

1861
01:54:44,750 --> 01:54:43,440
um in this field up so I have a

1862
01:54:46,370 --> 01:54:44,760
background in fluid dynamics and

1863
01:54:47,629 --> 01:54:46,380
aerospace engineering which I'll talk a

1864
01:54:49,129 --> 01:54:47,639
little bit about throughout this talk

1865
01:54:51,410 --> 01:54:49,139
but these people have been really

1866
01:54:53,209 --> 01:54:51,420
instrumental in kind of working with me

1867
01:54:56,209 --> 01:54:53,219
on the planetary aspect as well as my

1868
01:54:58,129 --> 01:54:56,219
funding sources through an NSF grfp and

1869
01:55:00,350 --> 01:54:58,139
a NASA finest and an Amelia Earhart

1870
01:55:01,729 --> 01:55:00,360
fellowship and some wonderful people who

1871
01:55:04,250 --> 01:55:01,739
support this work

1872
01:55:05,930 --> 01:55:04,260
okay so as I mentioned uh Europa has a

1873
01:55:09,950 --> 01:55:05,940
very interesting surface and it hints

1874
01:55:12,050 --> 01:55:09,960
that there is a dynamic ocean interior

1875
01:55:13,910 --> 01:55:12,060
and I think that the ocean circulation

1876
01:55:15,709 --> 01:55:13,920
the physical oceanography piece of this

1877
01:55:17,390 --> 01:55:15,719
puzzle is a really interesting one in

1878
01:55:18,950 --> 01:55:17,400
terms of habitability because when we

1879
01:55:20,870 --> 01:55:18,960
look at Earth's ocean

1880
01:55:22,970 --> 01:55:20,880
um the transport of heat and salt and

1881
01:55:24,890 --> 01:55:22,980
nutrients throughout the ocean column is

1882
01:55:25,850 --> 01:55:24,900
really what sustains our biosphere so I

1883
01:55:27,410 --> 01:55:25,860
think it has really interesting

1884
01:55:30,410 --> 01:55:27,420
habitability implications on other

1885
01:55:31,970 --> 01:55:30,420
planets as well and specifically I want

1886
01:55:35,090 --> 01:55:31,980
to narrow this down even further the

1887
01:55:37,609 --> 01:55:35,100
region of our ocean that separates the

1888
01:55:40,250 --> 01:55:37,619
glacial glacially covered parts of our

1889
01:55:42,169 --> 01:55:40,260
ocean from the liquid layer that ice

1890
01:55:44,330 --> 01:55:42,179
ocean boundary layer is really

1891
01:55:46,609 --> 01:55:44,340
instrumental in setting far-field ocean

1892
01:55:47,990 --> 01:55:46,619
properties so that tiny boundary layer

1893
01:55:50,570 --> 01:55:48,000
region between the ice and the ocean

1894
01:55:52,910 --> 01:55:50,580
actually has an outsized effect on

1895
01:55:55,609 --> 01:55:52,920
affecting Global Mass Water mass

1896
01:55:57,950 --> 01:55:55,619
transport and so I think that's very

1897
01:56:00,350 --> 01:55:57,960
much worthy of intense study in the

1898
01:56:02,390 --> 01:56:00,360
modeling realm for Europa

1899
01:56:04,490 --> 01:56:02,400
so I'm not the first person to attempt

1900
01:56:05,750 --> 01:56:04,500
to build a global circulation model for

1901
01:56:07,490 --> 01:56:05,760
Europa

1902
01:56:10,669 --> 01:56:07,500
um but the the state of the field is

1903
01:56:12,410 --> 01:56:10,679
really kind of Divergent so um models of

1904
01:56:14,930 --> 01:56:12,420
Europa generally fall into one of two

1905
01:56:16,550 --> 01:56:14,940
categories depending on kind of how you

1906
01:56:18,609 --> 01:56:16,560
set your boundary conditions and really

1907
01:56:21,229 --> 01:56:18,619
how you set up this ice ocean interface

1908
01:56:22,850 --> 01:56:21,239
mathematically so usually there's kind

1909
01:56:26,030 --> 01:56:22,860
of an outsized effect of either the

1910
01:56:27,709 --> 01:56:26,040
rotation driven or buoyancy driven so

1911
01:56:30,890 --> 01:56:27,719
kind of temperature salinity gradients

1912
01:56:33,530 --> 01:56:30,900
in the model and the results are very

1913
01:56:35,149 --> 01:56:33,540
different so Global circulation models

1914
01:56:36,649 --> 01:56:35,159
exist they usually fall into one of

1915
01:56:38,870 --> 01:56:36,659
these two categories and they do not

1916
01:56:40,430 --> 01:56:38,880
agree with each other now if we look at

1917
01:56:42,470 --> 01:56:40,440
terrestrial Ocean Models on the other

1918
01:56:43,609 --> 01:56:42,480
hand they look very different and that's

1919
01:56:46,250 --> 01:56:43,619
because they've had a lot more

1920
01:56:49,490 --> 01:56:46,260
scientific Manpower in years of study

1921
01:56:52,430 --> 01:56:49,500
and actual data so how nice for them so

1922
01:56:54,169 --> 01:56:52,440
their models are very sophisticated

1923
01:56:55,850 --> 01:56:54,179
compared to what we see in planetary

1924
01:56:57,770 --> 01:56:55,860
Ocean Models

1925
01:56:59,090 --> 01:56:57,780
that being said there are still kind of

1926
01:57:01,729 --> 01:56:59,100
parts of Earth's ocean that we don't

1927
01:57:03,530 --> 01:57:01,739
understand so it's very much ocean

1928
01:57:05,450 --> 01:57:03,540
modeling is an active area of research

1929
01:57:07,129 --> 01:57:05,460
and there's still some mechanisms that

1930
01:57:09,050 --> 01:57:07,139
remain poorly constrained which is

1931
01:57:11,510 --> 01:57:09,060
really humbling to think about doing

1932
01:57:14,510 --> 01:57:11,520
this on a body that we have zero data

1933
01:57:17,209 --> 01:57:14,520
for and know a lot less about

1934
01:57:18,470 --> 01:57:17,219
but I'm going to try anyway

1935
01:57:20,089 --> 01:57:18,480
um so let me introduce you to the tool

1936
01:57:23,169 --> 01:57:20,099
that I'm using so I'm using the MIT

1937
01:57:26,709 --> 01:57:23,179
General circulation model so it's a 3D

1938
01:57:29,089 --> 01:57:26,719
circulation model that employs the full

1939
01:57:30,830 --> 01:57:29,099
non-hydrostatic incompressible navier

1940
01:57:32,570 --> 01:57:30,840
Stokes equations

1941
01:57:34,910 --> 01:57:32,580
it also has some really interesting and

1942
01:57:36,649 --> 01:57:34,920
very useful packages for Europa so an

1943
01:57:37,250 --> 01:57:36,659
ice shelf package

1944
01:57:39,290 --> 01:57:37,260
um

1945
01:57:41,510 --> 01:57:39,300
a deep convection package which is

1946
01:57:43,609 --> 01:57:41,520
really helpful because Europa unlike

1947
01:57:46,430 --> 01:57:43,619
Earth has a really deep ocean compared

1948
01:57:47,629 --> 01:57:46,440
to its planetary radius and that is

1949
01:57:50,570 --> 01:57:47,639
important when you're talking about

1950
01:57:52,310 --> 01:57:50,580
large scale flow features so I won't

1951
01:57:55,070 --> 01:57:52,320
kind of dive into the nitty-gritty it's

1952
01:57:57,350 --> 01:57:55,080
written in Fortran so if you're a

1953
01:57:59,450 --> 01:57:57,360
modeler you're probably just cringed uh

1954
01:58:01,729 --> 01:57:59,460
but yeah it's a it's a very powerful

1955
01:58:03,290 --> 01:58:01,739
very useful tool

1956
01:58:05,209 --> 01:58:03,300
so there's lots of knobs that you can

1957
01:58:06,890 --> 01:58:05,219
turn within this model and I'm working

1958
01:58:08,689 --> 01:58:06,900
on turning kind of all of these through

1959
01:58:10,609 --> 01:58:08,699
sensitivity studies throughout my PhD

1960
01:58:13,010 --> 01:58:10,619
but what I want to focus on in this talk

1961
01:58:15,410 --> 01:58:13,020
is the role of topography underneath the

1962
01:58:17,750 --> 01:58:15,420
ice shelf so in this case I'm talking

1963
01:58:19,910 --> 01:58:17,760
about both the small scale topography so

1964
01:58:22,310 --> 01:58:19,920
surfness roughness surface roughness of

1965
01:58:25,370 --> 01:58:22,320
the ice which affects things like

1966
01:58:28,250 --> 01:58:25,380
turbulence in the boundary layer as well

1967
01:58:30,530 --> 01:58:28,260
as large scale features on the ice that

1968
01:58:32,030 --> 01:58:30,540
can form large scale flow features now

1969
01:58:34,310 --> 01:58:32,040
you might be thinking like why would a

1970
01:58:35,870 --> 01:58:34,320
turbulent boundary layer affect global

1971
01:58:39,169 --> 01:58:35,880
ocean circulation

1972
01:58:41,570 --> 01:58:39,179
and specifically habitability for this

1973
01:58:43,430 --> 01:58:41,580
interest and I want you to remember that

1974
01:58:46,490 --> 01:58:43,440
the ocean time scales operate a lot

1975
01:58:48,229 --> 01:58:46,500
faster than planetary time scales and

1976
01:58:50,629 --> 01:58:48,239
that could be an important link for a

1977
01:58:52,550 --> 01:58:50,639
habitability argument

1978
01:58:54,530 --> 01:58:52,560
so a quick review of kind of boundary

1979
01:58:56,030 --> 01:58:54,540
layer of physics

1980
01:58:57,410 --> 01:58:56,040
um I took out the full equations because

1981
01:58:59,649 --> 01:58:57,420
they're pretty ugly and I just have

1982
01:59:02,270 --> 01:58:59,659
these like nice kind of simplified

1983
01:59:04,089 --> 01:59:02,280
relationships that I want to discuss

1984
01:59:05,810 --> 01:59:04,099
um so I'm using kind of a widely adopted

1985
01:59:08,030 --> 01:59:05,820
parameterization called the three

1986
01:59:10,490 --> 01:59:08,040
equation parameterization it's very

1987
01:59:12,410 --> 01:59:10,500
creatively named and essentially it's

1988
01:59:15,589 --> 01:59:12,420
just looking at this fluxes those are

1989
01:59:19,010 --> 01:59:15,599
those Q values between a solid ice shelf

1990
01:59:21,589 --> 01:59:19,020
which is fresh water or fresh ice a

1991
01:59:23,870 --> 01:59:21,599
mixed boundary layer region and then the

1992
01:59:25,490 --> 01:59:23,880
mixed layer the liquid ocean

1993
01:59:27,470 --> 01:59:25,500
so we're looking at kind of the three

1994
01:59:28,790 --> 01:59:27,480
unknowns in these equations are the

1995
01:59:31,910 --> 01:59:28,800
temperature and salinity of the boundary

1996
01:59:33,530 --> 01:59:31,920
layer as well as a melt rate or MDOT

1997
01:59:36,530 --> 01:59:33,540
which is negative if it's melting

1998
01:59:38,570 --> 01:59:36,540
positive if it's freezing and that's

1999
01:59:41,990 --> 01:59:38,580
kind of how we're constraining the phase

2000
01:59:44,510 --> 01:59:42,000
change that's happening at this region

2001
01:59:47,030 --> 01:59:44,520
so I'm using a model that's um

2002
01:59:51,229 --> 01:59:47,040
kind of an ongoing International effort

2003
01:59:54,109 --> 01:59:51,239
within the MIT GCM Community to uh

2004
01:59:56,149 --> 01:59:54,119
model this kind of physics

2005
01:59:58,550 --> 01:59:56,159
um for Earth's ocean and so this is a

2006
02:00:00,589 --> 01:59:58,560
simplified version of that map so it's a

2007
02:00:02,570 --> 02:00:00,599
two equation parameterization that's

2008
02:00:05,330 --> 02:00:02,580
assuming the salinity of the boundary

2009
02:00:07,189 --> 02:00:05,340
layer and the mixed layer is the same

2010
02:00:09,169 --> 02:00:07,199
um current research and kind of more

2011
02:00:11,089 --> 02:00:09,179
recent results since submitting this

2012
02:00:12,830 --> 02:00:11,099
abstract I've been able to like use the

2013
02:00:15,350 --> 02:00:12,840
three equation parameterization but

2014
02:00:17,570 --> 02:00:15,360
those graphs are still pretty ugly so

2015
02:00:18,890 --> 02:00:17,580
maybe next at gradcon

2016
02:00:20,810 --> 02:00:18,900
um

2017
02:00:22,609 --> 02:00:20,820
yeah and kind of one other thing that's

2018
02:00:25,070 --> 02:00:22,619
very common on Earth but not a great

2019
02:00:28,330 --> 02:00:25,080
approximation for Europa is that often

2020
02:00:31,010 --> 02:00:28,340
in Ocean Models the pressure dependence

2021
02:00:33,109 --> 02:00:31,020
of density is approximated by depth

2022
02:00:35,689 --> 02:00:33,119
dependence I mentioned that europa's

2023
02:00:37,070 --> 02:00:35,699
ocean is a lot deeper than Earth's so

2024
02:00:38,330 --> 02:00:37,080
this is something that I've removed as

2025
02:00:41,750 --> 02:00:38,340
well because I think

2026
02:00:44,089 --> 02:00:41,760
no longer holds for europa's ocean

2027
02:00:46,669 --> 02:00:44,099
um so I mentioned it's probably not like

2028
02:00:47,870 --> 02:00:46,679
a flat ice skating rink under europa's

2029
02:00:49,609 --> 02:00:47,880
eye shell we don't know what it looks

2030
02:00:51,050 --> 02:00:49,619
like but it's probably not that

2031
02:00:52,669 --> 02:00:51,060
beautiful and simple

2032
02:00:54,410 --> 02:00:52,679
um it's probably not this beautiful and

2033
02:00:56,390 --> 02:00:54,420
simple either but to start with to kind

2034
02:00:57,589 --> 02:00:56,400
of demonstrate some of the flow features

2035
02:00:59,629 --> 02:00:57,599
that might develop with ice shelf

2036
02:01:03,109 --> 02:00:59,639
topography here's like a very simple

2037
02:01:05,530 --> 02:01:03,119
ramp that I'm introducing so it's not a

2038
02:01:08,390 --> 02:01:05,540
global model quite yet it's just a

2039
02:01:09,350 --> 02:01:08,400
rectangular domain starting at a fixed

2040
02:01:10,910 --> 02:01:09,360
initial

2041
02:01:11,570 --> 02:01:10,920
temperature

2042
02:01:13,910 --> 02:01:11,580
um

2043
02:01:17,089 --> 02:01:13,920
and we're going to introduce a heat

2044
02:01:19,850 --> 02:01:17,099
gradient and a flow through ice melting

2045
02:01:21,890 --> 02:01:19,860
and see what develops

2046
02:01:24,229 --> 02:01:21,900
so we're seeing some already just with

2047
02:01:26,089 --> 02:01:24,239
very simple geometry interesting and

2048
02:01:28,070 --> 02:01:26,099
kind of recognizable flow features so we

2049
02:01:29,510 --> 02:01:28,080
see the development of what looks kind

2050
02:01:31,550 --> 02:01:29,520
of like a western boundary current on

2051
02:01:33,290 --> 02:01:31,560
the left and an ocean gyre on the right

2052
02:01:36,589 --> 02:01:33,300
and these are happening because there is

2053
02:01:37,970 --> 02:01:36,599
melting happening at depth so if you

2054
02:01:39,589 --> 02:01:37,980
remember the phase diagram of water

2055
02:01:42,410 --> 02:01:39,599
there is a pressure dependence on the

2056
02:01:44,149 --> 02:01:42,420
melting point of ice and so we see

2057
02:01:46,550 --> 02:01:44,159
melting happening on the bottom of this

2058
02:01:49,490 --> 02:01:46,560
ramp and then as the fresh waters Rising

2059
02:01:51,169 --> 02:01:49,500
along the Melt water the ramp it's

2060
02:01:54,770 --> 02:01:51,179
circulating and that's creating a

2061
02:01:57,290 --> 02:01:54,780
circular flow feature this dryer

2062
02:01:59,510 --> 02:01:57,300
so we have on the left these are just

2063
02:02:01,550 --> 02:01:59,520
stream functions the barotropic stream

2064
02:02:03,290 --> 02:02:01,560
function and then the right and

2065
02:02:04,970 --> 02:02:03,300
overturning stream function just in a

2066
02:02:07,370 --> 02:02:04,980
couple different directions

2067
02:02:09,770 --> 02:02:07,380
so maybe more importantly uh

2068
02:02:11,450 --> 02:02:09,780
the Melt rate what's happening so we're

2069
02:02:13,550 --> 02:02:11,460
seeing both regions of melting and

2070
02:02:14,990 --> 02:02:13,560
freezing The Contours got a little dense

2071
02:02:16,910 --> 02:02:15,000
for the melting so I just kind of

2072
02:02:20,209 --> 02:02:16,920
outlined that where that's happening

2073
02:02:22,310 --> 02:02:20,219
there but that's happening um kind of as

2074
02:02:25,729 --> 02:02:22,320
the warmer Ocean mixed layer water is

2075
02:02:28,129 --> 02:02:25,739
interacting with this Frozen ramp

2076
02:02:30,350 --> 02:02:28,139
and so we see that kind of

2077
02:02:32,030 --> 02:02:30,360
um already just very simple geometry

2078
02:02:33,950 --> 02:02:32,040
there's lots of Dynamics happening

2079
02:02:35,689 --> 02:02:33,960
there's freezing there's melting there's

2080
02:02:36,530 --> 02:02:35,699
flow features

2081
02:02:39,770 --> 02:02:36,540
um

2082
02:02:41,570 --> 02:02:39,780
but this is probably not very realistic

2083
02:02:44,450 --> 02:02:41,580
maybe more realistic is something like

2084
02:02:47,510 --> 02:02:44,460
this so

2085
02:02:48,109 --> 02:02:47,520
this is a almost Global

2086
02:02:50,750 --> 02:02:48,119
um

2087
02:02:52,910 --> 02:02:50,760
topography that I stole from what

2088
02:02:54,410 --> 02:02:52,920
Earth's ice shelves look like I could

2089
02:02:56,629 --> 02:02:54,420
have the poles because of convergence

2090
02:02:58,669 --> 02:02:56,639
issues and it's a pretty coarse

2091
02:03:00,290 --> 02:02:58,679
resolution but it still captures a lot

2092
02:03:03,109 --> 02:03:00,300
of the large-scale flow features that we

2093
02:03:05,450 --> 02:03:03,119
see on Earth as well as some turbulence

2094
02:03:09,229 --> 02:03:05,460
and mixing events effects from small

2095
02:03:10,669 --> 02:03:09,239
scale features that are missing and so

2096
02:03:12,770 --> 02:03:10,679
I think it's really important to think

2097
02:03:13,550 --> 02:03:12,780
that like when you're modeling

2098
02:03:16,070 --> 02:03:13,560
um

2099
02:03:18,830 --> 02:03:16,080
heat transfer like your grid resolution

2100
02:03:21,290 --> 02:03:18,840
is really important so the size of your

2101
02:03:23,149 --> 02:03:21,300
grid cell in your model affects kind of

2102
02:03:25,070 --> 02:03:23,159
how quickly heat is transferred through

2103
02:03:26,750 --> 02:03:25,080
your ocean and so this is really too

2104
02:03:27,530 --> 02:03:26,760
course to understand

2105
02:03:29,270 --> 02:03:27,540
um

2106
02:03:32,270 --> 02:03:29,280
what's happening in turbulence and

2107
02:03:33,830 --> 02:03:32,280
Boundary layer effects so I'm

2108
02:03:36,050 --> 02:03:33,840
kind of

2109
02:03:39,169 --> 02:03:36,060
accommodating that in the model by

2110
02:03:41,689 --> 02:03:39,179
modifying the MIT GCM to have like

2111
02:03:43,310 --> 02:03:41,699
spatial grid remeshing so I'm slicing up

2112
02:03:45,290 --> 02:03:43,320
the grid cells

2113
02:03:47,209 --> 02:03:45,300
so that I can have melting and freezing

2114
02:03:48,770 --> 02:03:47,219
happening within a single model run

2115
02:03:50,050 --> 02:03:48,780
which is not kind of the standard

2116
02:03:52,669 --> 02:03:50,060
configuration

2117
02:03:54,530 --> 02:03:52,679
within the boundary layer so this has

2118
02:03:55,729 --> 02:03:54,540
been kind of very helpful in

2119
02:03:56,510 --> 02:03:55,739
understanding

2120
02:03:58,729 --> 02:03:56,520
um

2121
02:04:03,410 --> 02:03:58,739
turbulence and more quick time scale

2122
02:04:06,709 --> 02:04:05,270
now this is kind of one of several

2123
02:04:08,870 --> 02:04:06,719
things that needs to happen to have a

2124
02:04:10,729 --> 02:04:08,880
more realistic ice shells like greater

2125
02:04:11,930 --> 02:04:10,739
spatial grid density in the boundary

2126
02:04:12,589 --> 02:04:11,940
layer

2127
02:04:14,990 --> 02:04:12,599
um

2128
02:04:17,089 --> 02:04:15,000
there's also but even so you know it's

2129
02:04:17,750 --> 02:04:17,099
not going to be a simple ramp

2130
02:04:19,669 --> 02:04:17,760
um

2131
02:04:21,830 --> 02:04:19,679
there's other things to introduce like

2132
02:04:23,629 --> 02:04:21,840
salt different heat and salt transfer

2133
02:04:25,129 --> 02:04:23,639
coefficients

2134
02:04:26,930 --> 02:04:25,139
um

2135
02:04:29,030 --> 02:04:26,940
a mushy layer there's interesting work

2136
02:04:30,649 --> 02:04:29,040
that's being done by this on this by

2137
02:04:31,850 --> 02:04:30,659
Jacob buffo if you want to look at his

2138
02:04:32,450 --> 02:04:31,860
work

2139
02:04:34,669 --> 02:04:32,460
um

2140
02:04:36,109 --> 02:04:34,679
so in my model currently the ice is

2141
02:04:38,689 --> 02:04:36,119
assumed as a completely fresh water

2142
02:04:41,209 --> 02:04:38,699
layer that's probably not the case there

2143
02:04:44,750 --> 02:04:41,219
might be zones of brines and interesting

2144
02:04:48,410 --> 02:04:44,760
kind of pockets of heterogeneities that

2145
02:04:50,209 --> 02:04:48,420
will affect these processes but this is

2146
02:04:52,910 --> 02:04:50,219
kind of all just taking steps to like

2147
02:04:55,310 --> 02:04:52,920
introduce more realistic features into

2148
02:04:57,649 --> 02:04:55,320
an ice shell model and then look at the

2149
02:04:59,689 --> 02:04:57,659
global circulation effects of those

2150
02:05:01,430 --> 02:04:59,699
features

2151
02:05:04,189 --> 02:05:01,440
so kind of to kind of wrap up this

2152
02:05:05,990 --> 02:05:04,199
little bit that I've discussed um

2153
02:05:08,350 --> 02:05:06,000
terrestrial models I think can be very

2154
02:05:10,970 --> 02:05:08,360
valuable in the planetary Community

2155
02:05:12,169 --> 02:05:10,980
within those models specifically I think

2156
02:05:14,149 --> 02:05:12,179
there still needs to be a lot of work

2157
02:05:16,310 --> 02:05:14,159
done on the ice ocean boundary layer

2158
02:05:18,050 --> 02:05:16,320
which is what I've been focusing on this

2159
02:05:19,970 --> 02:05:18,060
past year of my PhD

2160
02:05:22,689 --> 02:05:19,980
and the potential impacts for

2161
02:05:25,189 --> 02:05:22,699
habitability of this kind of great

2162
02:05:27,290 --> 02:05:25,199
resolution on an ISO student boundary

2163
02:05:30,109 --> 02:05:27,300
layer could be very important for

2164
02:05:32,970 --> 02:05:31,729
all right and I'm happy to take

2165
02:05:44,089 --> 02:05:32,980
questions

2166
02:05:51,709 --> 02:05:48,890
so if you are assuming uh so with the

2167
02:05:55,010 --> 02:05:51,719
mushy layer you know like a slurry for

2168
02:05:58,550 --> 02:05:55,020
instance is the Assumption of uh

2169
02:06:01,430 --> 02:05:58,560
incompressible fluid still valid and

2170
02:06:04,129 --> 02:06:01,440
does that change that makes never Stokes

2171
02:06:07,189 --> 02:06:04,139
much more complicated right so how would

2172
02:06:09,350 --> 02:06:07,199
that really affect the your modeling

2173
02:06:12,109 --> 02:06:09,360
would you have to change some things or

2174
02:06:15,169 --> 02:06:12,119
yeah no that's a really good question so

2175
02:06:17,390 --> 02:06:15,179
um realistically yes you would change uh

2176
02:06:19,550 --> 02:06:17,400
the kind of forcing equations so the

2177
02:06:21,050 --> 02:06:19,560
model as it currently runs it assumes

2178
02:06:22,609 --> 02:06:21,060
that um

2179
02:06:24,169 --> 02:06:22,619
kind of backing up a little bit the

2180
02:06:25,790 --> 02:06:24,179
equation of state of seawater is a

2181
02:06:27,910 --> 02:06:25,800
linear function of salinity so if you

2182
02:06:30,350 --> 02:06:27,920
introduce something like a brine

2183
02:06:32,510 --> 02:06:30,360
it's removing that kind of linear

2184
02:06:34,430 --> 02:06:32,520
assumption that said like the model as

2185
02:06:36,050 --> 02:06:34,440
it currently stands it does have a solid

2186
02:06:38,689 --> 02:06:36,060
ice layer so it doesn't look at brine

2187
02:06:41,570 --> 02:06:38,699
Pockets or mushy layers yet

2188
02:06:44,390 --> 02:06:41,580
um if you wanted to do that I do think

2189
02:06:46,729 --> 02:06:44,400
that yeah you'd need to change the

2190
02:06:49,070 --> 02:06:46,739
equation of State at seawater locally

2191
02:06:51,589 --> 02:06:49,080
yeah to accommodate those and what about

2192
02:06:53,450 --> 02:06:51,599
the incompressibility assumption

2193
02:06:55,129 --> 02:06:53,460
I think that's a small enough one where

2194
02:06:57,350 --> 02:06:55,139
if you're looking at the effects on

2195
02:06:58,490 --> 02:06:57,360
overturning in flow it wouldn't have an

2196
02:07:00,229 --> 02:06:58,500
effect but it would be a very cool

2197
02:07:09,109 --> 02:07:00,239
sensitivity study so it's a good

2198
02:07:14,689 --> 02:07:12,589
sorry a really ignorant question so

2199
02:07:16,370 --> 02:07:14,699
Europa it seems like there's a

2200
02:07:20,450 --> 02:07:16,380
very kind of noticeable temperature

2201
02:07:22,970 --> 02:07:20,460
gradient is that just due to pressure

2202
02:07:26,149 --> 02:07:22,980
like what's the middle of Europa oh

2203
02:07:28,490 --> 02:07:26,159
interesting question okay I think I have

2204
02:07:30,649 --> 02:07:28,500
um a backup slide that might help

2205
02:07:33,290 --> 02:07:30,659
so yeah so the mechanisms that are kind

2206
02:07:35,089 --> 02:07:33,300
of important for Europa Heating and

2207
02:07:37,729 --> 02:07:35,099
what's sustaining the ocean are like

2208
02:07:39,350 --> 02:07:37,739
tidal heating that it have bottom

2209
02:07:42,410 --> 02:07:39,360
heating from residual heat of formation

2210
02:07:44,089 --> 02:07:42,420
internal heat if there is this Dynamic

2211
02:07:46,550 --> 02:07:44,099
eye shell that's freezing and melting

2212
02:07:49,189 --> 02:07:46,560
like I think it is then you have heat

2213
02:07:49,850 --> 02:07:49,199
fluxes from freezing and melting

2214
02:07:52,070 --> 02:07:49,860
um

2215
02:07:53,870 --> 02:07:52,080
yeah so there's a lot going on

2216
02:07:56,270 --> 02:07:53,880
um the kind of Weights of these effects

2217
02:07:57,350 --> 02:07:56,280
is still very much unknown and so that's

2218
02:07:59,990 --> 02:07:57,360
why I'm really trying to use

2219
02:08:01,850 --> 02:08:00,000
observations from Earth so for instance

2220
02:08:03,709 --> 02:08:01,860
I'm using like turbulent turbulent

2221
02:08:05,750 --> 02:08:03,719
transfer coefficients of freezing and

2222
02:08:08,450 --> 02:08:05,760
melting from Antarctic field studies to

2223
02:08:10,129 --> 02:08:08,460
kind of influence this model but yeah

2224
02:08:12,109 --> 02:08:10,139
it's really like there's a lot going on

2225
02:08:13,370 --> 02:08:12,119
so it's really kind of the challenge is

2226
02:08:14,930 --> 02:08:13,380
trying to figure out which one is

2227
02:08:17,990 --> 02:08:14,940
driving

2228
02:08:22,250 --> 02:08:18,000
um yeah the thermal gradient

2229
02:08:22,260 --> 02:08:30,530
yeah we have time for one more question

2230
02:08:33,950 --> 02:08:32,689
Taylor planner at Georgia Tech great

2231
02:08:35,990 --> 02:08:33,960
talk Sarah

2232
02:08:38,530 --> 02:08:36,000
um you were talking about Brian Pockets

2233
02:08:41,990 --> 02:08:38,540
to like make it the model more realistic

2234
02:08:45,109 --> 02:08:42,000
did you have do you plan on doing that

2235
02:08:47,390 --> 02:08:45,119
with your model and have they done it on

2236
02:08:49,970 --> 02:08:47,400
earth like with like Earth models have

2237
02:08:51,709 --> 02:08:49,980
they even thought of like incorporating

2238
02:08:53,510 --> 02:08:51,719
bride pockets

2239
02:08:55,370 --> 02:08:53,520
yeah it's a good question so the answer

2240
02:08:57,109 --> 02:08:55,380
is like no most

2241
02:08:59,870 --> 02:08:57,119
um like

2242
02:09:01,970 --> 02:08:59,880
glacial models and Earth Global ocean

2243
02:09:03,649 --> 02:09:01,980
circulation models don't include brine

2244
02:09:05,870 --> 02:09:03,659
Pockets because on Earth those are more

2245
02:09:08,689 --> 02:09:05,880
seen in like Lake environments or kind

2246
02:09:10,189 --> 02:09:08,699
of like the like hyper saline lakes and

2247
02:09:11,930 --> 02:09:10,199
Flash bows and lakes that like Jacob

2248
02:09:14,149 --> 02:09:11,940
works on um

2249
02:09:15,530 --> 02:09:14,159
they might Europe as a yeah different

2250
02:09:16,250 --> 02:09:15,540
conditions though

2251
02:09:18,290 --> 02:09:16,260
um

2252
02:09:20,990 --> 02:09:18,300
and so they could exist there so at most

2253
02:09:22,910 --> 02:09:21,000
I think I would do a like a case study

2254
02:09:24,589 --> 02:09:22,920
on what would happen if Brian pocket

2255
02:09:25,910 --> 02:09:24,599
Pockets exist so it's something I'm

2256
02:09:27,290 --> 02:09:25,920
working on now

2257
02:09:28,910 --> 02:09:27,300
um but it's not something I'd include in

2258
02:09:31,430 --> 02:09:28,920
every run because it's just still very

2259
02:09:32,570 --> 02:09:31,440
much an unknown yeah I was going to say

2260
02:09:34,669 --> 02:09:32,580
that was kind of like a loaded question

2261
02:09:38,689 --> 02:09:34,679
but I was curious no it's a good

2262
02:09:49,850 --> 02:09:40,850
thank you so much for the toxic thank

2263
02:09:59,030 --> 02:09:52,550
okay our next speaker is Sam nesraldine

2264
02:10:02,870 --> 02:10:01,129
hello

2265
02:10:06,050 --> 02:10:02,880
pleasure to be here

2266
02:10:08,390 --> 02:10:06,060
uh so I'm in the program in Applied

2267
02:10:10,250 --> 02:10:08,400
Mathematics at the University of Arizona

2268
02:10:13,669 --> 02:10:10,260
um but I work with Professor Regis

2269
02:10:16,550 --> 02:10:13,679
farrier who's an ecologist and uh

2270
02:10:19,370 --> 02:10:16,560
postdoc antenna affolder who is also an

2271
02:10:22,669 --> 02:10:19,380
ecologist and a planetary scientist

2272
02:10:25,129 --> 02:10:22,679
um so we developed these Global models

2273
02:10:27,830 --> 02:10:25,139
of Europa and so what you see right here

2274
02:10:29,689 --> 02:10:27,840
is the Euro Europa Clipper Mission which

2275
02:10:32,209 --> 02:10:29,699
is going to launch next year in October

2276
02:10:35,930 --> 02:10:32,219
hopefully and I believe it's the largest

2277
02:10:37,729 --> 02:10:35,940
in terms of size spacecraft that NASA's

2278
02:10:39,470 --> 02:10:37,739
ever built because of those massive

2279
02:10:41,330 --> 02:10:39,480
solar panels

2280
02:10:45,350 --> 02:10:41,340
um because we're when we're five times

2281
02:10:47,750 --> 02:10:45,360
away from the Sun at Jupiter I think the

2282
02:10:54,530 --> 02:10:47,760
brightness scales like inverse Square

2283
02:11:00,350 --> 02:10:57,290
so why do we care about Europa

2284
02:11:02,510 --> 02:11:00,360
so beneath the ice crust we have an

2285
02:11:04,550 --> 02:11:02,520
ocean which potentially contains two to

2286
02:11:07,370 --> 02:11:04,560
three times the amount of water as on

2287
02:11:09,709 --> 02:11:07,380
Earth which is when I first discovered

2288
02:11:11,089 --> 02:11:09,719
that fact I was just so blown away by

2289
02:11:13,250 --> 02:11:11,099
that

2290
02:11:16,370 --> 02:11:13,260
um and we have an energy source from

2291
02:11:18,589 --> 02:11:16,380
tidal heating namely we may have

2292
02:11:21,050 --> 02:11:18,599
hydrothermal venting as a result of that

2293
02:11:23,570 --> 02:11:21,060
we saw that on Enceladus because we saw

2294
02:11:25,250 --> 02:11:23,580
silicates in the plumes we haven't

2295
02:11:27,770 --> 02:11:25,260
confirmed that yet in Europa but it's

2296
02:11:30,229 --> 02:11:27,780
very likely based on the amount of tidal

2297
02:11:32,950 --> 02:11:30,239
energy that we expect

2298
02:11:36,830 --> 02:11:32,960
um and we also have a rock ocean

2299
02:11:38,570 --> 02:11:36,840
interface so that's very essential for

2300
02:11:39,470 --> 02:11:38,580
you know cycling chemicals needed for

2301
02:11:42,410 --> 02:11:39,480
life

2302
02:11:44,390 --> 02:11:42,420
uh and we have a lot of convection as

2303
02:11:46,669 --> 02:11:44,400
Sarah talked about

2304
02:11:49,850 --> 02:11:46,679
um which is very essential also for

2305
02:11:54,649 --> 02:11:52,850
so as a result we need these models to

2306
02:11:57,410 --> 02:11:54,659
constrain what we're going to see from

2307
02:11:59,570 --> 02:11:57,420
the mission so we had juice also the esa

2308
02:12:00,470 --> 02:11:59,580
Mission let's not forget about that

2309
02:12:02,390 --> 02:12:00,480
um

2310
02:12:03,649 --> 02:12:02,400
uh so we need to model all these

2311
02:12:04,310 --> 02:12:03,659
different layers

2312
02:12:06,589 --> 02:12:04,320
um

2313
02:12:09,530 --> 02:12:06,599
so working off what we did for install

2314
02:12:11,570 --> 02:12:09,540
it is to analyze the Cassini data we're

2315
02:12:15,530 --> 02:12:11,580
going to do that here specifically

2316
02:12:18,109 --> 02:12:15,540
focusing on the ecosystem aspect

2317
02:12:19,910 --> 02:12:18,119
and so what we want to do with that is

2318
02:12:21,169 --> 02:12:19,920
provide clear constraints on what kind

2319
02:12:22,970 --> 02:12:21,179
of biosynitaries we're going to expect

2320
02:12:27,229 --> 02:12:22,980
based on a number of different

2321
02:12:30,169 --> 02:12:27,239
hypotheses of abiotic

2322
02:12:35,629 --> 02:12:30,179
possibilities biotic possibilities and

2323
02:12:41,149 --> 02:12:38,030
so as I said our approach is very

2324
02:12:43,189 --> 02:12:41,159
multi-level uh we are going to first

2325
02:12:46,609 --> 02:12:43,199
look at the bottom layer which is the

2326
02:12:48,169 --> 02:12:46,619
mixing of the core in the ocean uh to

2327
02:12:49,669 --> 02:12:48,179
assess you know the chemical structure

2328
02:12:52,550 --> 02:12:49,679
coming out of you know coming out

2329
02:12:54,290 --> 02:12:52,560
through through the water passing

2330
02:12:56,149 --> 02:12:54,300
through the core

2331
02:12:57,950 --> 02:12:56,159
uh and what chemicals are going to come

2332
02:12:59,870 --> 02:12:57,960
through that we're going to have to

2333
02:13:02,450 --> 02:12:59,880
assess what how that mixes in the water

2334
02:13:04,790 --> 02:13:02,460
to assess how much uh chemicals we're

2335
02:13:07,370 --> 02:13:04,800
going to see coming out of the plumes

2336
02:13:10,129 --> 02:13:07,380
and then we also need to take some model

2337
02:13:12,550 --> 02:13:10,139
organisms from Earth to understand the

2338
02:13:15,350 --> 02:13:12,560
metabolisms that we might expect

2339
02:13:18,050 --> 02:13:15,360
along with the ecological and possible

2340
02:13:20,510 --> 02:13:18,060
evolutionary dynamics of the life that

2341
02:13:22,790 --> 02:13:20,520
we're modeling

2342
02:13:25,310 --> 02:13:22,800
so with this framework we're going to

2343
02:13:27,649 --> 02:13:25,320
estimate the likelihoods of certain data

2344
02:13:31,609 --> 02:13:27,659
sets that we're going to see via a

2345
02:13:36,410 --> 02:13:33,649
so to intimidate you a little bit we're

2346
02:13:38,209 --> 02:13:36,420
going to have some math

2347
02:13:41,270 --> 02:13:38,219
um so let's talk about the mixing we

2348
02:13:43,430 --> 02:13:41,280
look at the dimensionless mixing ratio X

2349
02:13:45,470 --> 02:13:43,440
and the temperature T so we have a

2350
02:13:47,689 --> 02:13:45,480
partial differential equation which with

2351
02:13:49,490 --> 02:13:47,699
spatial and time variables

2352
02:13:52,310 --> 02:13:49,500
solving this partial differential

2353
02:13:53,930 --> 02:13:52,320
equation gives us this steady state

2354
02:13:56,870 --> 02:13:53,940
composition

2355
02:13:59,930 --> 02:13:56,880
and temperature of the mixing layer with

2356
02:14:03,770 --> 02:13:59,940
the mass flux density

2357
02:14:08,930 --> 02:14:06,229
we can compute what we're going to see

2358
02:14:12,109 --> 02:14:08,940
coming out of the plumes by integrating

2359
02:14:14,629 --> 02:14:12,119
over the entire space uh so we we

2360
02:14:17,390 --> 02:14:14,639
integrate the integrand contains this

2361
02:14:19,729 --> 02:14:17,400
Mass flux density and the concentration

2362
02:14:22,189 --> 02:14:19,739
of a specific chemical component that

2363
02:14:26,089 --> 02:14:22,199
we're looking at so whether that be a

2364
02:14:28,129 --> 02:14:26,099
glycine or other amino acids or you know

2365
02:14:31,850 --> 02:14:28,139
cells potentially

2366
02:14:34,370 --> 02:14:31,860
so the concentration of this compound at

2367
02:14:37,189 --> 02:14:34,380
the base of the ocean plume assuming

2368
02:14:38,810 --> 02:14:37,199
that the buoyant mixing layer mixes

2369
02:14:40,370 --> 02:14:38,820
together as we described from the

2370
02:14:42,950 --> 02:14:40,380
previous model

2371
02:14:46,430 --> 02:14:42,960
is given by this quotient of these

2372
02:14:51,229 --> 02:14:48,350
so then we want to look at the cell

2373
02:14:53,030 --> 02:14:51,239
metabolism and output and there's a very

2374
02:14:56,209 --> 02:14:53,040
large variety of possibilities we could

2375
02:14:58,129 --> 02:14:56,219
be working with here so we kind of run

2376
02:15:01,270 --> 02:14:58,139
the model for tons and tons of

2377
02:15:03,169 --> 02:15:01,280
possibilities of Earth analogs

2378
02:15:06,050 --> 02:15:03,179
depending on these environmental

2379
02:15:09,050 --> 02:15:06,060
conditions so we model this catabolic

2380
02:15:12,410 --> 02:15:09,060
reaction rate of a specific organism

2381
02:15:14,390 --> 02:15:12,420
using the Arrhenius law I know that came

2382
02:15:16,250 --> 02:15:14,400
up yesterday Arrhenius in one of the

2383
02:15:16,990 --> 02:15:16,260
trivia questions

2384
02:15:19,069 --> 02:15:17,000
um

2385
02:15:21,310 --> 02:15:19,079
uh so

2386
02:15:25,729 --> 02:15:21,320
and that's so the Arrhenius lie is

2387
02:15:28,189 --> 02:15:25,739
specifically this quotient here and we

2388
02:15:31,850 --> 02:15:28,199
use the catabolic energy constant for

2389
02:15:34,550 --> 02:15:31,860
given by this term and it goes in here

2390
02:15:39,649 --> 02:15:34,560
to understand the ratio of inactivated

2391
02:15:42,050 --> 02:15:39,659
to activated enzymes for the reaction

2392
02:15:45,050 --> 02:15:42,060
now critically we assess the ecological

2393
02:15:47,510 --> 02:15:45,060
dynamics of the system so

2394
02:15:49,430 --> 02:15:47,520
in this case we are dealing with one

2395
02:15:53,689 --> 02:15:49,440
population

2396
02:15:58,430 --> 02:15:55,310
ode model

2397
02:15:59,770 --> 02:15:58,440
describing the Dynamics but we've been

2398
02:16:02,270 --> 02:15:59,780
thinking about incorporating

2399
02:16:04,189 --> 02:16:02,280
multi-species into this because there's

2400
02:16:05,750 --> 02:16:04,199
actually a significant dynamical

2401
02:16:09,169 --> 02:16:05,760
difference when you have competition

2402
02:16:10,910 --> 02:16:09,179
between species in the environment and

2403
02:16:14,209 --> 02:16:10,920
that would seriously affect what we'll

2404
02:16:15,050 --> 02:16:14,219
see when we go there so we have to we

2405
02:16:17,410 --> 02:16:15,060
have to

2406
02:16:19,490 --> 02:16:17,420
have multiple different ecosystem

2407
02:16:21,169 --> 02:16:19,500
Dynamics models

2408
02:16:24,729 --> 02:16:21,179
and so we solve this and get a steady

2409
02:16:29,030 --> 02:16:24,739
state concentration of a specific uh

2410
02:16:33,830 --> 02:16:31,250
so what can we learn from specifically

2411
02:16:35,690 --> 02:16:33,840
the Europa Clipper Mission uh so the

2412
02:16:38,209 --> 02:16:35,700
Europa Clipper Mission has some very

2413
02:16:41,030 --> 02:16:38,219
interesting instruments we have a

2414
02:16:43,190 --> 02:16:41,040
mapping Imaging spectrometer so it will

2415
02:16:45,589 --> 02:16:43,200
map the surface and conduct the

2416
02:16:47,750 --> 02:16:45,599
spectroscopy of the surface and the

2417
02:16:49,610 --> 02:16:47,760
distribution of the Organics so as

2418
02:16:52,310 --> 02:16:49,620
things come out of the plumes they'll

2419
02:16:54,110 --> 02:16:52,320
they fall onto the surface and we should

2420
02:16:55,669 --> 02:16:54,120
expect to see an interesting chemical

2421
02:16:58,790 --> 02:16:55,679
composition I know they're already doing

2422
02:17:01,370 --> 02:16:58,800
this with jwst from the from a distance

2423
02:17:03,049 --> 02:17:01,380
they haven't analyzed that data yet but

2424
02:17:07,089 --> 02:17:03,059
uh should be interesting

2425
02:17:10,549 --> 02:17:07,099
and then to sort of sniff the exosphere

2426
02:17:13,790 --> 02:17:10,559
of Europa we have a mass spectrometer

2427
02:17:16,190 --> 02:17:13,800
Mass specs it'll determine the the

2428
02:17:18,589 --> 02:17:16,200
composition of the of the ocean beneath

2429
02:17:20,810 --> 02:17:18,599
by sniffing that exosphere

2430
02:17:23,330 --> 02:17:20,820
and then we have a surface dust analyzer

2431
02:17:27,950 --> 02:17:23,340
uh it'll have it'll measure like the

2432
02:17:31,629 --> 02:17:30,349
and so in this image you can see kind of

2433
02:17:38,150 --> 02:17:31,639
a remote

2434
02:17:43,190 --> 02:17:40,610
so let's focus on this slide a little

2435
02:17:46,190 --> 02:17:43,200
bit so this is the overall framework so

2436
02:17:47,929 --> 02:17:46,200
at the top we have those mechanistic

2437
02:17:50,509 --> 02:17:47,939
models for the geochemistry and the

2438
02:17:52,910 --> 02:17:50,519
biology that we discussed earlier

2439
02:17:56,509 --> 02:17:52,920
and so the flow of information goes from

2440
02:17:58,190 --> 02:17:56,519
the top as prior probability probability

2441
02:18:02,150 --> 02:17:58,200
densities

2442
02:18:03,469 --> 02:18:02,160
that flow into s-parameters into the

2443
02:18:06,349 --> 02:18:03,479
general model

2444
02:18:08,690 --> 02:18:06,359
then we pass those parameters into the

2445
02:18:10,250 --> 02:18:08,700
biological model for physiology and

2446
02:18:12,230 --> 02:18:10,260
evolution

2447
02:18:14,810 --> 02:18:12,240
which then goes to our habitability

2448
02:18:17,690 --> 02:18:14,820
Criterion so the habitability Criterion

2449
02:18:19,490 --> 02:18:17,700
that we generally use here is it's a

2450
02:18:21,169 --> 02:18:19,500
differential equation describing the

2451
02:18:23,330 --> 02:18:21,179
population so essentially if I were to

2452
02:18:25,610 --> 02:18:23,340
take an Earth-like organism drop it onto

2453
02:18:27,410 --> 02:18:25,620
Europa would the change in the

2454
02:18:29,450 --> 02:18:27,420
population be positive or would it be

2455
02:18:31,549 --> 02:18:29,460
zero so the derivative of population

2456
02:18:34,250 --> 02:18:31,559
growth essentially

2457
02:18:37,009 --> 02:18:34,260
and so we pass that into Bayes theorem

2458
02:18:40,910 --> 02:18:37,019
as prior distributions the posterior

2459
02:18:44,990 --> 02:18:40,920
distributions uh come from these uh so

2460
02:18:47,870 --> 02:18:45,000
we okay actually to be more specific

2461
02:18:49,610 --> 02:18:47,880
we simulate all of these models with

2462
02:18:52,549 --> 02:18:49,620
thousands of data points

2463
02:18:54,230 --> 02:18:52,559
to get what we call pseudo data uh in

2464
02:18:57,169 --> 02:18:54,240
what's called an approximate Bayesian

2465
02:18:59,810 --> 02:18:57,179
computation and so we pass that into the

2466
02:19:02,389 --> 02:18:59,820
model and we take the observational data

2467
02:19:04,429 --> 02:19:02,399
and we put that into base theorem so if

2468
02:19:06,830 --> 02:19:04,439
any of you are aware of Bayes theorem

2469
02:19:09,049 --> 02:19:06,840
that is a way of assessing the

2470
02:19:10,730 --> 02:19:09,059
probability of a certain event given

2471
02:19:12,650 --> 02:19:10,740
prior information given posterior

2472
02:19:14,570 --> 02:19:12,660
information

2473
02:19:16,429 --> 02:19:14,580
um and so now we have this cycle of

2474
02:19:17,870 --> 02:19:16,439
information so after we get a

2475
02:19:19,549 --> 02:19:17,880
probability from base theorem we can

2476
02:19:21,410 --> 02:19:19,559
pass it back into the geophysical

2477
02:19:23,629 --> 02:19:21,420
parameters model and then continue to

2478
02:19:26,330 --> 02:19:23,639
constrain as we get more observational

2479
02:19:32,330 --> 02:19:28,490
so here's an example of how we did that

2480
02:19:35,089 --> 02:19:32,340
with Enceladus for Cassini

2481
02:19:37,549 --> 02:19:35,099
so in this graph here you can see the

2482
02:19:38,990 --> 02:19:37,559
blue dots are simulations for

2483
02:19:40,910 --> 02:19:39,000
uninhabitable

2484
02:19:43,389 --> 02:19:40,920
parameter space

2485
02:19:46,669 --> 02:19:43,399
the orange dots are

2486
02:19:49,190 --> 02:19:46,679
uninhabited but habitable

2487
02:19:50,750 --> 02:19:49,200
and the green dots are habitable and

2488
02:19:53,630 --> 02:19:50,760
habited

2489
02:19:55,849 --> 02:19:53,640
so what you can see from analyzing the

2490
02:19:58,070 --> 02:19:55,859
methane content of the plume and Cassini

2491
02:20:00,410 --> 02:19:58,080
using this framework was that the vast

2492
02:20:02,570 --> 02:20:00,420
majority of simulations for all the

2493
02:20:06,410 --> 02:20:02,580
possibilities we assessed

2494
02:20:07,370 --> 02:20:06,420
fall under the biotic category

2495
02:20:11,630 --> 02:20:07,380
um

2496
02:20:17,450 --> 02:20:15,050
I mean that speaks for itself right

2497
02:20:19,849 --> 02:20:17,460
so um but there's a very important

2498
02:20:22,070 --> 02:20:19,859
constraint on this namely the

2499
02:20:24,710 --> 02:20:22,080
probability of a by Genesis

2500
02:20:26,450 --> 02:20:24,720
so what we do in this model is assess

2501
02:20:29,650 --> 02:20:26,460
all the possibilities from probability

2502
02:20:32,690 --> 02:20:29,660
zero to probability one of abiogenesis

2503
02:20:36,590 --> 02:20:32,700
and so what we found was at a pretty low

2504
02:20:39,349 --> 02:20:36,600
probability of abiogenesis uh the from

2505
02:20:40,849 --> 02:20:39,359
the previous slide

2506
02:20:43,370 --> 02:20:40,859
um

2507
02:20:45,710 --> 02:20:43,380
with a low probability of a biogenesis

2508
02:20:47,630 --> 02:20:45,720
you see that biotic explanations are the

2509
02:20:49,309 --> 02:20:47,640
most probable for what we're seeing the

2510
02:20:51,710 --> 02:20:49,319
in the methane content

2511
02:20:54,950 --> 02:20:51,720
so we really need to develop our models

2512
02:20:56,750 --> 02:20:54,960
of abiogenesis to really limit limit

2513
02:20:59,750 --> 02:20:56,760
this variable and constrain this

2514
02:21:05,990 --> 02:21:03,170
so the conclusion is in order to find

2515
02:21:08,270 --> 02:21:06,000
life we really have to model these

2516
02:21:09,830 --> 02:21:08,280
planetary systems with the assumption

2517
02:21:11,870 --> 02:21:09,840
that there could be life there already

2518
02:21:13,250 --> 02:21:11,880
because if we don't we're going to show

2519
02:21:15,650 --> 02:21:13,260
up there and we're going to think okay

2520
02:21:17,809 --> 02:21:15,660
it's habitable but why because

2521
02:21:19,490 --> 02:21:17,819
potentially the habitability of a planet

2522
02:21:21,530 --> 02:21:19,500
is actually coming from the life is

2523
02:21:24,170 --> 02:21:21,540
already there so we have to incorporate

2524
02:21:27,190 --> 02:21:24,180
that into our into our potential models

2525
02:21:30,730 --> 02:21:27,200
so this will allow us to really enhance

2526
02:21:33,770 --> 02:21:30,740
Mission data analysis

2527
02:21:36,170 --> 02:21:33,780
beforehand uh so you know with when we

2528
02:21:37,910 --> 02:21:36,180
had Cassini we showed up there and we

2529
02:21:40,490 --> 02:21:37,920
had no idea what was going on we're like

2530
02:21:43,130 --> 02:21:40,500
wild plumes this is amazing

2531
02:21:45,469 --> 02:21:43,140
um but it took many many years to really

2532
02:21:47,450 --> 02:21:45,479
assess this so hopefully with Europa

2533
02:21:50,630 --> 02:21:47,460
Clipper we have this framework in hand

2534
02:21:53,929 --> 02:21:50,640
as a software package so the data can be

2535
02:21:56,750 --> 02:21:53,939
fed through real time and the benefit of

2536
02:21:58,550 --> 02:21:56,760
this is then we can narrow down in on

2537
02:22:01,010 --> 02:21:58,560
specific areas of Europa that are of

2538
02:22:04,250 --> 02:22:01,020
interest to us and really maximize the

2539
02:22:17,510 --> 02:22:04,260
scientific yield of these missions

2540
02:22:24,530 --> 02:22:21,349
uh nice talk uh two questions maybe the

2541
02:22:25,969 --> 02:22:24,540
first did you choose a prior for a

2542
02:22:28,250 --> 02:22:25,979
biogenesis

2543
02:22:30,050 --> 02:22:28,260
yeah so we sampled the entire space from

2544
02:22:32,450 --> 02:22:30,060
zero to one probability

2545
02:22:34,610 --> 02:22:32,460
in that in those 10 000 or so

2546
02:22:36,650 --> 02:22:34,620
simulations

2547
02:22:39,050 --> 02:22:36,660
so basically

2548
02:22:41,230 --> 02:22:39,060
um we can't pick a prior for abiogenesis

2549
02:22:43,610 --> 02:22:41,240
there's no constraint on that variable

2550
02:22:47,090 --> 02:22:43,620
so essentially we have to run the model

2551
02:22:49,610 --> 02:22:47,100
for all possibilities of abiogenesis so

2552
02:22:52,490 --> 02:22:49,620
so like I said specifically with the

2553
02:22:55,250 --> 02:22:52,500
Enceladus data we found that uh much

2554
02:22:57,410 --> 02:22:55,260
less than 50 chance abiogenesis ensures

2555
02:22:59,030 --> 02:22:57,420
that the biotic explanation is the most

2556
02:23:02,750 --> 02:22:59,040
probable explanation I believe is around

2557
02:23:05,450 --> 02:23:02,760
30 or less probability but if you're

2558
02:23:07,309 --> 02:23:05,460
beneath that threshold then really the

2559
02:23:10,670 --> 02:23:07,319
abiotic explanations are way more

2560
02:23:13,250 --> 02:23:10,680
probable even though the samples from

2561
02:23:15,230 --> 02:23:13,260
the abiotic simulations are much smaller

2562
02:23:17,510 --> 02:23:15,240
but you know when the probability of

2563
02:23:20,510 --> 02:23:17,520
evangelists is really low

2564
02:23:22,550 --> 02:23:20,520
it's just not going to happen right so

2565
02:23:35,389 --> 02:23:22,560
I've got that answered my second

2566
02:23:41,090 --> 02:23:38,570
hey thank you for your talk so for

2567
02:23:42,610 --> 02:23:41,100
Europa are you also in terms of

2568
02:23:45,889 --> 02:23:42,620
metabolism are you thinking about

2569
02:23:48,230 --> 02:23:45,899
methanogenesis or yeah okay so that was

2570
02:23:51,110 --> 02:23:48,240
the first step to consider um in for

2571
02:23:52,910 --> 02:23:51,120
Enceladus it was kind of a the most

2572
02:23:54,830 --> 02:23:52,920
obvious thing to look at because of the

2573
02:23:58,610 --> 02:23:54,840
methane content

2574
02:24:00,950 --> 02:23:58,620
um with Europa it's more complex uh

2575
02:24:03,050 --> 02:24:00,960
because we don't have any real data from

2576
02:24:04,910 --> 02:24:03,060
Europa and also the environments on

2577
02:24:06,950 --> 02:24:04,920
Europa are much more varied you have

2578
02:24:08,990 --> 02:24:06,960
subsurface pockets of water along with

2579
02:24:11,030 --> 02:24:09,000
the ocean and maybe you have like

2580
02:24:14,090 --> 02:24:11,040
biofilms on the bottom of the eye so

2581
02:24:17,030 --> 02:24:14,100
it's it's a much more complex thing

2582
02:24:18,530 --> 02:24:17,040
um so my hope is to uh run all the

2583
02:24:21,830 --> 02:24:18,540
simulations for all the possible

2584
02:24:23,990 --> 02:24:21,840
hypotheses that exist currently okay and

2585
02:24:26,330 --> 02:24:24,000
I have one little follow-up question so

2586
02:24:27,590 --> 02:24:26,340
you very briefly talked about Dynamic

2587
02:24:29,570 --> 02:24:27,600
communities and you mentioned

2588
02:24:32,210 --> 02:24:29,580
competition are you just looking at

2589
02:24:34,670 --> 02:24:32,220
competition or are you looking at other

2590
02:24:36,469 --> 02:24:34,680
sorts of consortiums like in a biofilm

2591
02:24:40,610 --> 02:24:36,479
there's competition but there's also

2592
02:24:42,950 --> 02:24:40,620
lots of sharing going on right so um if

2593
02:24:44,809 --> 02:24:42,960
we're including multi-species in our

2594
02:24:47,450 --> 02:24:44,819
models we're hoping to incorporate all

2595
02:24:48,590 --> 02:24:47,460
the possible interactions between these

2596
02:24:49,309 --> 02:24:48,600
species

2597
02:24:53,090 --> 02:24:49,319
um

2598
02:24:55,790 --> 02:24:53,100
which is really critical I want to re re

2599
02:24:58,070 --> 02:24:55,800
uh iterate because you know the

2600
02:25:00,650 --> 02:24:58,080
competition can kill off like all of the

2601
02:25:03,290 --> 02:25:00,660
life you know so we need to sort of have

2602
02:25:05,389 --> 02:25:03,300
an evolutionary perspective also and not

2603
02:25:08,510 --> 02:25:05,399
just like a real-time ecological

2604
02:25:10,790 --> 02:25:08,520
perspective to assess these things

2605
02:25:13,330 --> 02:25:10,800
um so really good question

2606
02:25:16,010 --> 02:25:13,340
thank you

2607
02:25:18,290 --> 02:25:16,020
very quick questions

2608
02:25:19,969 --> 02:25:18,300
hi Emily bear Stanford University I was

2609
02:25:22,370 --> 02:25:19,979
wondering so in the biological part of

2610
02:25:23,929 --> 02:25:22,380
the model what kind of data goes into

2611
02:25:26,510 --> 02:25:23,939
that and how can environmental

2612
02:25:27,889 --> 02:25:26,520
microbiologists help modelers improve

2613
02:25:30,950 --> 02:25:27,899
their models what kind of data do you

2614
02:25:33,770 --> 02:25:30,960
need for that right so we need Earth

2615
02:25:35,990 --> 02:25:33,780
analogs primarily we need the you know

2616
02:25:39,290 --> 02:25:36,000
catabolic reaction parameters

2617
02:25:40,969 --> 02:25:39,300
for specific Earth analog so you know we

2618
02:25:43,130 --> 02:25:40,979
might want to go to Antarctica and see

2619
02:25:45,170 --> 02:25:43,140
what's going on there

2620
02:25:47,570 --> 02:25:45,180
um and that's our best that's our best

2621
02:25:49,910 --> 02:25:47,580
way to constrain it at the moment

2622
02:25:54,050 --> 02:25:49,920
so that's how I think biologists really

2623
02:25:57,110 --> 02:25:54,060
should really help us in that way

2624
02:25:58,550 --> 02:25:57,120
yeah exactly

2625
02:26:11,469 --> 02:25:58,560
thank you so much for your thoughts

2626
02:26:22,670 --> 02:26:15,290
our next Pico speaker is Pavel Clair

2627
02:26:25,969 --> 02:26:24,469
hi everyone

2628
02:26:27,650 --> 02:26:25,979
um I'm just going to make a quick note

2629
02:26:29,570 --> 02:26:27,660
before we start that it's great to be an

2630
02:26:30,950 --> 02:26:29,580
astrobiology conference because the

2631
02:26:32,510 --> 02:26:30,960
background slides are going to go much

2632
02:26:34,250 --> 02:26:32,520
more smoothly

2633
02:26:35,870 --> 02:26:34,260
um I presented this in a microscopy

2634
02:26:38,090 --> 02:26:35,880
conference a few months back and it was

2635
02:26:40,610 --> 02:26:38,100
a different experience

2636
02:26:42,110 --> 02:26:40,620
um so thank you all for being here

2637
02:26:43,610 --> 02:26:42,120
um and being you

2638
02:26:45,710 --> 02:26:43,620
um so

2639
02:26:47,090 --> 02:26:45,720
um I'm gonna talk uh this is going to be

2640
02:26:49,190 --> 02:26:47,100
a little bit of a pivot from some of the

2641
02:26:51,770 --> 02:26:49,200
previous talks but I'm going to talk

2642
02:26:55,670 --> 02:26:51,780
um about uh some of the methods that

2643
02:26:59,270 --> 02:26:55,680
I've been working on to actually detect

2644
02:27:02,389 --> 02:26:59,280
life on a mission a life detection

2645
02:27:03,530 --> 02:27:02,399
mission to Europa or Enceladus I'm also

2646
02:27:07,190 --> 02:27:03,540
going to make a note so I'm going to be

2647
02:27:08,990 --> 02:27:07,200
talking about uh a life life detection

2648
02:27:10,610 --> 02:27:09,000
missions to Europa and Enceladus as a

2649
02:27:13,490 --> 02:27:10,620
target for this but

2650
02:27:14,750 --> 02:27:13,500
um once you have a space capable

2651
02:27:16,070 --> 02:27:14,760
microscope this could potentially be

2652
02:27:17,330 --> 02:27:16,080
applied to like all sorts of

2653
02:27:19,429 --> 02:27:17,340
destinations there's lots of fun

2654
02:27:22,250 --> 02:27:19,439
possibilities here

2655
02:27:24,710 --> 02:27:22,260
the aforementioned background slides so

2656
02:27:26,090 --> 02:27:24,720
um when we're picking destinations to

2657
02:27:26,870 --> 02:27:26,100
look for life

2658
02:27:29,389 --> 02:27:26,880
um

2659
02:27:31,070 --> 02:27:29,399
there's uh we like to look for places

2660
02:27:33,710 --> 02:27:31,080
that have habitable conditions things

2661
02:27:37,670 --> 02:27:33,720
that have liquid water abundant energy

2662
02:27:40,309 --> 02:27:37,680
sources and conditions that are suitable

2663
02:27:42,830 --> 02:27:40,319
for uh Life as we know it or as we might

2664
02:27:44,929 --> 02:27:42,840
predict it may exist and

2665
02:27:46,190 --> 02:27:44,939
um I'm just going to let Enceladus and

2666
02:27:47,690 --> 02:27:46,200
Europa sit up there because we've

2667
02:27:49,910 --> 02:27:47,700
already heard a lot of justifications as

2668
02:27:51,469 --> 02:27:49,920
to why those are promising targets to

2669
02:27:52,969 --> 02:27:51,479
find those conditions and why we might

2670
02:27:56,510 --> 02:27:52,979
have had

2671
02:27:59,030 --> 02:27:56,520
um an uh origin of life or living

2672
02:28:01,670 --> 02:27:59,040
organisms currently there

2673
02:28:02,929 --> 02:28:01,680
um but when we're searching for life we

2674
02:28:05,150 --> 02:28:02,939
also have to think about how we're

2675
02:28:06,889 --> 02:28:05,160
actually going to look for it and so

2676
02:28:09,590 --> 02:28:06,899
um we can kind of break down life into

2677
02:28:13,610 --> 02:28:09,600
some of the key components that make it

2678
02:28:16,309 --> 02:28:13,620
up things like uh catalysts that help it

2679
02:28:17,929 --> 02:28:16,319
uh metabolize

2680
02:28:20,270 --> 02:28:17,939
um things like information storage

2681
02:28:21,590 --> 02:28:20,280
polymers so DNA or RNA and earth-based

2682
02:28:23,510 --> 02:28:21,600
life of them look very different for

2683
02:28:27,349 --> 02:28:23,520
extraterrestrial life

2684
02:28:29,809 --> 02:28:27,359
um and also compartments life on on

2685
02:28:32,330 --> 02:28:29,819
Earth Life as we know it loves to put

2686
02:28:34,490 --> 02:28:32,340
things inside of membranes and then

2687
02:28:36,710 --> 02:28:34,500
sometimes they put those membranes

2688
02:28:39,590 --> 02:28:36,720
inside other membranes and have them

2689
02:28:41,870 --> 02:28:39,600
connect to other even more membranes but

2690
02:28:44,809 --> 02:28:41,880
those that packaging really helps it do

2691
02:28:48,290 --> 02:28:44,819
some interesting chemistry

2692
02:28:51,110 --> 02:28:48,300
um and so when we're then thinking about

2693
02:28:53,929 --> 02:28:51,120
this in the context of a mission

2694
02:28:55,849 --> 02:28:53,939
um we can start to think about how we

2695
02:28:57,830 --> 02:28:55,859
might actually observe that and what

2696
02:28:59,510 --> 02:28:57,840
analytical approaches we need to take to

2697
02:29:02,570 --> 02:28:59,520
try and get at that

2698
02:29:03,590 --> 02:29:02,580
um and so I put the like giant table up

2699
02:29:06,290 --> 02:29:03,600
here

2700
02:29:08,030 --> 02:29:06,300
um because uh these are all things that

2701
02:29:10,309 --> 02:29:08,040
people are working on

2702
02:29:12,590 --> 02:29:10,319
um for Life detection instrumentation

2703
02:29:14,690 --> 02:29:12,600
but we're going to be focusing for this

2704
02:29:16,190 --> 02:29:14,700
talk on containers

2705
02:29:18,950 --> 02:29:16,200
um and so

2706
02:29:21,770 --> 02:29:18,960
um the reason for that is

2707
02:29:24,170 --> 02:29:21,780
um that again as mentioned life loves to

2708
02:29:25,670 --> 02:29:24,180
package things into compartments and

2709
02:29:29,030 --> 02:29:25,680
those compartments can be directly

2710
02:29:31,849 --> 02:29:29,040
observable by using a microscope to look

2711
02:29:34,550 --> 02:29:31,859
for morphology and also for the

2712
02:29:36,590 --> 02:29:34,560
collocalization of certain key chemical

2713
02:29:39,889 --> 02:29:36,600
biomarkers

2714
02:29:42,950 --> 02:29:39,899
um so in

2715
02:29:44,630 --> 02:29:42,960
um our team we're working on um a

2716
02:29:46,670 --> 02:29:44,640
microscopy system that we call a

2717
02:29:47,929 --> 02:29:46,680
luminescence imager for exploration or

2718
02:29:50,210 --> 02:29:47,939
life

2719
02:29:53,690 --> 02:29:50,220
um and there is uh two key hardware

2720
02:29:55,849 --> 02:29:53,700
components of this system one is the

2721
02:29:57,110 --> 02:29:55,859
fluidic subsystem and this is to deal

2722
02:29:59,330 --> 02:29:57,120
with

2723
02:30:02,690 --> 02:29:59,340
um the actual sample processing and

2724
02:30:04,429 --> 02:30:02,700
preparation for Imaging something so um

2725
02:30:06,110 --> 02:30:04,439
my background full disclosure is

2726
02:30:09,050 --> 02:30:06,120
actually not an astrobiology it's in

2727
02:30:11,330 --> 02:30:09,060
fluorescence microscopy and

2728
02:30:13,550 --> 02:30:11,340
um you know I spent like five or six

2729
02:30:15,950 --> 02:30:13,560
years in grad school just moving fluids

2730
02:30:17,750 --> 02:30:15,960
around in tubes and like preparing

2731
02:30:20,389 --> 02:30:17,760
things on slides before they actually

2732
02:30:21,770 --> 02:30:20,399
get to the microscope I've been told it

2733
02:30:25,010 --> 02:30:21,780
would be expensive to send me to

2734
02:30:26,389 --> 02:30:25,020
Enceladus so uh this is this is my

2735
02:30:29,030 --> 02:30:26,399
replacement

2736
02:30:31,130 --> 02:30:29,040
um and then the other end is the actual

2737
02:30:32,690 --> 02:30:31,140
microscope itself so the optic system

2738
02:30:33,830 --> 02:30:32,700
which is going to have all of the things

2739
02:30:35,929 --> 02:30:33,840
that you need to actually take your

2740
02:30:38,330 --> 02:30:35,939
pretty pictures

2741
02:30:40,550 --> 02:30:38,340
um so I'm gonna break down what goes

2742
02:30:44,030 --> 02:30:40,560
into these systems a little bit so the

2743
02:30:45,950 --> 02:30:44,040
fluidic subsystem that uh like uh silver

2744
02:30:49,969 --> 02:30:45,960
plate on top

2745
02:30:53,450 --> 02:30:49,979
um is the rotary filter stage and so the

2746
02:30:55,849 --> 02:30:53,460
um the stage can do seven individual

2747
02:30:57,770 --> 02:30:55,859
experiments um and so that accounts for

2748
02:30:59,870 --> 02:30:57,780
originally this was designed with the

2749
02:31:01,730 --> 02:30:59,880
Europa Lander Mission Concept in mind

2750
02:31:04,849 --> 02:31:01,740
where there would be three separate

2751
02:31:07,670 --> 02:31:04,859
samples each with a replicate and then a

2752
02:31:10,010 --> 02:31:07,680
procedural blank and then each of those

2753
02:31:10,690 --> 02:31:10,020
individually has

2754
02:31:15,650 --> 02:31:10,700
um

2755
02:31:18,650 --> 02:31:15,660
three uh filters of different sizes

2756
02:31:20,929 --> 02:31:18,660
um and so uh that basically will let you

2757
02:31:24,110 --> 02:31:20,939
sort out particles so the filters are 10

2758
02:31:26,929 --> 02:31:24,120
microns 1.2 microns and uh 0.2 microns

2759
02:31:29,570 --> 02:31:26,939
in size and that's just so you don't end

2760
02:31:30,770 --> 02:31:29,580
up with larger particles obscuring any

2761
02:31:32,809 --> 02:31:30,780
of the smaller particles that you're

2762
02:31:35,870 --> 02:31:32,819
trying to image in your sample

2763
02:31:38,750 --> 02:31:35,880
um and that way you're not missing any

2764
02:31:39,710 --> 02:31:38,760
of the like good stuff that might be

2765
02:31:40,490 --> 02:31:39,720
there

2766
02:31:42,650 --> 02:31:40,500
um

2767
02:31:44,210 --> 02:31:42,660
there you use all it's also attached to

2768
02:31:45,770 --> 02:31:44,220
the fluidix manifold which is the part

2769
02:31:48,530 --> 02:31:45,780
that actually moves all of the liquids

2770
02:31:51,670 --> 02:31:48,540
and fluids around and it also has a lot

2771
02:31:55,550 --> 02:31:51,680
of sensors for pressure pH conductivity

2772
02:31:57,530 --> 02:31:55,560
and also crucially some storage for the

2773
02:31:58,910 --> 02:31:57,540
fluorescent stains that I'm going to be

2774
02:32:00,410 --> 02:31:58,920
talking about a little bit later in the

2775
02:32:01,429 --> 02:32:00,420
talk

2776
02:32:03,770 --> 02:32:01,439
um

2777
02:32:05,630 --> 02:32:03,780
and then these were the filters that I

2778
02:32:08,030 --> 02:32:05,640
mentioned earlier and so uh this is

2779
02:32:10,490 --> 02:32:08,040
again for sample size sorting but

2780
02:32:12,050 --> 02:32:10,500
they're also made of a silicon nitrate

2781
02:32:13,550 --> 02:32:12,060
substrate that has a low fluorescence

2782
02:32:14,210 --> 02:32:13,560
background

2783
02:32:17,270 --> 02:32:14,220
um

2784
02:32:19,849 --> 02:32:17,280
and this whole system has passed

2785
02:32:23,270 --> 02:32:19,859
Environmental Testing so um one thing

2786
02:32:26,210 --> 02:32:23,280
about microscopes and also uh you know

2787
02:32:28,450 --> 02:32:26,220
fluid fluidix has a fair bit of space

2788
02:32:31,370 --> 02:32:28,460
flight Heritage but in general Hardware

2789
02:32:33,469 --> 02:32:31,380
uh can break and I'm sure everyone who's

2790
02:32:35,570 --> 02:32:33,479
worked in the lab is dealt with a lot of

2791
02:32:37,130 --> 02:32:35,580
like issues before so you want to make

2792
02:32:38,510 --> 02:32:37,140
sure these things are robust and you can

2793
02:32:40,610 --> 02:32:38,520
actually get it to where you want to

2794
02:32:43,150 --> 02:32:40,620
launch it to

2795
02:32:46,910 --> 02:32:43,160
um the optic subsystem

2796
02:32:49,969 --> 02:32:46,920
is a nice small compact box and so um

2797
02:32:54,650 --> 02:32:49,979
this is a 10 centimeter by 10 centimeter

2798
02:32:56,510 --> 02:32:54,660
by 13 centimeter Cube I have an image on

2799
02:32:58,250 --> 02:32:56,520
my phone that I didn't upload to the

2800
02:33:00,770 --> 02:32:58,260
presentation because the image quality

2801
02:33:04,429 --> 02:33:00,780
is not that good but for context that's

2802
02:33:06,530 --> 02:33:04,439
uh about as tall as a banana which is

2803
02:33:08,210 --> 02:33:06,540
very small for like a benchtop

2804
02:33:11,150 --> 02:33:08,220
fluorescence microscope

2805
02:33:14,210 --> 02:33:11,160
um there is like fancier microscopes can

2806
02:33:15,889 --> 02:33:14,220
sometimes be like the size of of a

2807
02:33:17,510 --> 02:33:15,899
person if you're trying to do crazy like

2808
02:33:19,730 --> 02:33:17,520
two Photon lifetime Imaging or something

2809
02:33:21,650 --> 02:33:19,740
but even an Epi fluorescent scope would

2810
02:33:23,450 --> 02:33:21,660
probably occupy like this Podium

2811
02:33:25,610 --> 02:33:23,460
normally and there'd be a lot of like

2812
02:33:29,330 --> 02:33:25,620
miscellaneous kind of assorted parts so

2813
02:33:31,429 --> 02:33:29,340
it's a really nice little system

2814
02:33:34,309 --> 02:33:31,439
and so that contains all of the

2815
02:33:35,809 --> 02:33:34,319
excitation LEDs emission filters all the

2816
02:33:38,630 --> 02:33:35,819
Optics

2817
02:33:41,330 --> 02:33:38,640
um and so uh this table is just kind of

2818
02:33:44,090 --> 02:33:41,340
going through what the different uh bits

2819
02:33:47,510 --> 02:33:44,100
of Hardware that we have are and

2820
02:33:49,790 --> 02:33:47,520
um to kind of like give the the the high

2821
02:33:53,330 --> 02:33:49,800
level Summary of why this is relevant

2822
02:33:55,130 --> 02:33:53,340
um basically we have three LEDs that are

2823
02:33:57,590 --> 02:33:55,140
common excitation wavelengths for

2824
02:33:59,090 --> 02:33:57,600
different fluorescent stains that can

2825
02:34:01,670 --> 02:33:59,100
also excite different types of

2826
02:34:03,830 --> 02:34:01,680
autofluorescence and then

2827
02:34:06,590 --> 02:34:03,840
um one thing that's actually relatively

2828
02:34:07,849 --> 02:34:06,600
unique to this microscope certainly no

2829
02:34:10,550 --> 02:34:07,859
microscopes I've worked with previously

2830
02:34:12,530 --> 02:34:10,560
I've had this is the 275 nanometer LED

2831
02:34:14,330 --> 02:34:12,540
so that's actually fairly far in the

2832
02:34:16,910 --> 02:34:14,340
ultraviolet range

2833
02:34:19,450 --> 02:34:16,920
um and that's really good at exciting uh

2834
02:34:22,790 --> 02:34:19,460
protein fluorescence so uh tryptophan

2835
02:34:25,010 --> 02:34:22,800
phenylalanine the various aromatic amino

2836
02:34:27,650 --> 02:34:25,020
acid side chains actually fluoresce

2837
02:34:29,330 --> 02:34:27,660
quite brightly in the ultraviolet and so

2838
02:34:32,389 --> 02:34:29,340
that can help image native fluorescent

2839
02:34:34,969 --> 02:34:32,399
of samples and also excite the

2840
02:34:36,290 --> 02:34:34,979
fluorescence of many different kinds of

2841
02:34:37,969 --> 02:34:36,300
minerals

2842
02:34:42,230 --> 02:34:37,979
um

2843
02:34:43,550 --> 02:34:42,240
the objective is also set up to help uh

2844
02:34:46,190 --> 02:34:43,560
well it's

2845
02:34:48,230 --> 02:34:46,200
robust to space flight but also the part

2846
02:34:50,389 --> 02:34:48,240
that I think is super fun is that it

2847
02:34:52,429 --> 02:34:50,399
most objectives actually can't collect

2848
02:34:53,990 --> 02:34:52,439
light in that ultraviolet range

2849
02:34:57,230 --> 02:34:54,000
um so it is a custom objective that's

2850
02:34:59,510 --> 02:34:57,240
built for those sorts of experiments

2851
02:35:01,670 --> 02:34:59,520
um it has a Piezo stage that lets us do

2852
02:35:04,250 --> 02:35:01,680
automated Z stacking

2853
02:35:06,230 --> 02:35:04,260
um and this is also been subjected to

2854
02:35:09,710 --> 02:35:06,240
environmental and shock and vibrational

2855
02:35:11,570 --> 02:35:09,720
testing and also radiation testing

2856
02:35:13,969 --> 02:35:11,580
um to the specifications of the Europa

2857
02:35:19,250 --> 02:35:13,979
Lander mission

2858
02:35:20,990 --> 02:35:19,260
so um we're now on our ongoing work is

2859
02:35:24,170 --> 02:35:21,000
actually characterizing this microscope

2860
02:35:27,170 --> 02:35:24,180
by Imaging different types of samples to

2861
02:35:29,870 --> 02:35:27,180
see what the the the limits are of what

2862
02:35:31,670 --> 02:35:29,880
we can detect so um this sample is just

2863
02:35:33,950 --> 02:35:31,680
kind of showing uh some of the bright

2864
02:35:35,450 --> 02:35:33,960
some bright field images from a sample

2865
02:35:38,690 --> 02:35:35,460
that was collected from Lake undersea in

2866
02:35:41,389 --> 02:35:38,700
Antarctica and so um I'm showing here

2867
02:35:44,510 --> 02:35:41,399
the 10 Micron and 1.2 Micron filters to

2868
02:35:47,389 --> 02:35:44,520
kind of highlight that um we can image

2869
02:35:49,670 --> 02:35:47,399
the the objects at

2870
02:35:52,969 --> 02:35:49,680
um of very different sizes and you can

2871
02:35:55,190 --> 02:35:52,979
see the the physical uh size of the

2872
02:35:59,150 --> 02:35:55,200
little uh holes there

2873
02:36:02,570 --> 02:35:59,160
um and so if we were to just put this

2874
02:36:04,849 --> 02:36:02,580
all onto one filter that microbial matte

2875
02:36:06,469 --> 02:36:04,859
looking thing on the the

2876
02:36:08,210 --> 02:36:06,479
year left

2877
02:36:10,130 --> 02:36:08,220
um would probably obscure some of the

2878
02:36:12,349 --> 02:36:10,140
smaller objects that we're seeing in the

2879
02:36:14,270 --> 02:36:12,359
other filter sizes

2880
02:36:15,830 --> 02:36:14,280
um and so

2881
02:36:18,170 --> 02:36:15,840
um as I mentioned earlier we can also

2882
02:36:19,429 --> 02:36:18,180
excite native fluorescence and so we can

2883
02:36:21,590 --> 02:36:19,439
correlate this as well with the bright

2884
02:36:23,210 --> 02:36:21,600
field images so we can take an image of

2885
02:36:26,270 --> 02:36:23,220
an object say oh hey that looks

2886
02:36:28,429 --> 02:36:26,280
interesting I wonder what that is look

2887
02:36:29,750 --> 02:36:28,439
at the you know native fluorescence in

2888
02:36:31,969 --> 02:36:29,760
different ranges and get a sense of okay

2889
02:36:34,250 --> 02:36:31,979
wait we've got a bunch of like

2890
02:36:35,990 --> 02:36:34,260
Organics that are fluorescent in the UV

2891
02:36:38,990 --> 02:36:36,000
range that are all localized on this

2892
02:36:42,770 --> 02:36:39,000
object that's pretty exciting

2893
02:36:44,929 --> 02:36:42,780
um and then we can also then stain the

2894
02:36:47,389 --> 02:36:44,939
sample with fluorescent stains to look

2895
02:36:50,110 --> 02:36:47,399
for more specific chemical signatures um

2896
02:36:52,969 --> 02:36:50,120
and so in this case I'm showing the same

2897
02:36:55,790 --> 02:36:52,979
sample after it's been treated with a

2898
02:36:58,910 --> 02:36:55,800
stain for primary amines and another one

2899
02:37:01,670 --> 02:36:58,920
that stains lipids and so we can look

2900
02:37:04,570 --> 02:37:01,680
for both the presence of those molecules

2901
02:37:07,610 --> 02:37:04,580
but also their co-localization in space

2902
02:37:09,170 --> 02:37:07,620
and this is a really like unique and

2903
02:37:11,570 --> 02:37:09,180
Powerful kind of data that you can get

2904
02:37:13,670 --> 02:37:11,580
from the microscope is not just like

2905
02:37:15,590 --> 02:37:13,680
what compounds are there but seeing that

2906
02:37:17,929 --> 02:37:15,600
they're associating with each other kind

2907
02:37:21,010 --> 02:37:17,939
of gives you a good piece of evidence

2908
02:37:23,090 --> 02:37:21,020
that you might be seeing some

2909
02:37:26,150 --> 02:37:23,100
disequilibrium and some living

2910
02:37:30,770 --> 02:37:29,270
um microscopy data is also

2911
02:37:35,510 --> 02:37:30,780
large

2912
02:37:37,670 --> 02:37:35,520
types of data that we've talked about in

2913
02:37:40,070 --> 02:37:37,680
this conference so far but certainly

2914
02:37:42,650 --> 02:37:40,080
large enough that if you were trying to

2915
02:37:45,290 --> 02:37:42,660
send all of this data back from Europa

2916
02:37:49,309 --> 02:37:45,300
or Enceladus it would be more

2917
02:37:50,990 --> 02:37:49,319
complicated to handle and so one of the

2918
02:37:55,730 --> 02:37:51,000
things that we're able to do on this

2919
02:37:59,750 --> 02:37:55,740
microscope is actually take a z-stack of

2920
02:38:02,150 --> 02:37:59,760
of images and compress it down to a

2921
02:38:04,910 --> 02:38:02,160
single image that's much less in data

2922
02:38:07,130 --> 02:38:04,920
volume and so the image I'm showing

2923
02:38:09,950 --> 02:38:07,140
right now is

2924
02:38:11,270 --> 02:38:09,960
um an image set of images that were

2925
02:38:13,790 --> 02:38:11,280
automatically collected at different

2926
02:38:15,170 --> 02:38:13,800
focal planes in the sample

2927
02:38:17,210 --> 02:38:15,180
um and then after it's run through the

2928
02:38:19,610 --> 02:38:17,220
compression routine you end up with a

2929
02:38:22,670 --> 02:38:19,620
single in Focus image and you're now

2930
02:38:24,590 --> 02:38:22,680
suddenly gone from megabytes of data to

2931
02:38:26,389 --> 02:38:24,600
kilobytes of data

2932
02:38:29,630 --> 02:38:26,399
um and then

2933
02:38:33,469 --> 02:38:29,640
um you can even go further with that and

2934
02:38:35,270 --> 02:38:33,479
you'll notice that this sample has uh

2935
02:38:37,670 --> 02:38:35,280
bright objects against a dark background

2936
02:38:39,889 --> 02:38:37,680
we don't actually care what the like

2937
02:38:41,750 --> 02:38:39,899
Photon shot noise is on the background

2938
02:38:44,210 --> 02:38:41,760
for our purposes that might as well just

2939
02:38:46,250 --> 02:38:44,220
all be zero and so the final compression

2940
02:38:48,830 --> 02:38:46,260
step is actually taking that and setting

2941
02:38:51,110 --> 02:38:48,840
it to zero and so we're just recording

2942
02:38:53,570 --> 02:38:51,120
um the actual bright objects that are

2943
02:38:55,010 --> 02:38:53,580
detected in the image and so that all

2944
02:38:56,389 --> 02:38:55,020
reduces the data size quite

2945
02:38:58,490 --> 02:38:56,399
substantially

2946
02:39:00,050 --> 02:38:58,500
um without really getting rid of any of

2947
02:39:03,110 --> 02:39:00,060
the information that we actually want to

2948
02:39:06,230 --> 02:39:03,650
um

2949
02:39:07,250 --> 02:39:06,240
so how would this work in in a mission I

2950
02:39:08,690 --> 02:39:07,260
just talked about a lot of different

2951
02:39:10,969 --> 02:39:08,700
parts and now I'm going to bring it all

2952
02:39:12,590 --> 02:39:10,979
back together into how this system could

2953
02:39:16,550 --> 02:39:12,600
be implemented

2954
02:39:18,110 --> 02:39:16,560
um so and I have the little Europa

2955
02:39:21,110 --> 02:39:18,120
Lander picture there

2956
02:39:23,150 --> 02:39:21,120
um but basically uh we pretend that the

2957
02:39:25,849 --> 02:39:23,160
microscope is somewhere in that Lander

2958
02:39:28,370 --> 02:39:25,859
um you would take your sample process it

2959
02:39:30,410 --> 02:39:28,380
pump it through the fluidic system you

2960
02:39:32,210 --> 02:39:30,420
can image it on the microscope

2961
02:39:35,870 --> 02:39:32,220
um you're going to end up with megabytes

2962
02:39:37,910 --> 02:39:35,880
of data that you can then compress back

2963
02:39:40,910 --> 02:39:37,920
down to your kilobytes of data send it

2964
02:39:43,309 --> 02:39:40,920
back to your ground-based Observer that

2965
02:39:45,349 --> 02:39:43,319
will then be able to say oh okay cool we

2966
02:39:46,910 --> 02:39:45,359
got a microbial mat on Europa time to

2967
02:39:49,130 --> 02:39:46,920
hit the Press

2968
02:39:53,270 --> 02:39:51,830
and so uh yeah just briefly

2969
02:39:55,969 --> 02:39:53,280
acknowledgments there's been a lot of

2970
02:39:58,250 --> 02:39:55,979
funding that's gone into this

2971
02:39:59,430 --> 02:39:58,260
um and um I'll be happy to take any

2972
02:40:13,070 --> 02:39:59,440
questions

2973
02:40:17,630 --> 02:40:15,590
great talk uh this is Chad pazoriski at

2974
02:40:19,490 --> 02:40:17,640
Georgia Tech so

2975
02:40:21,530 --> 02:40:19,500
um I'm really happy that you touched on

2976
02:40:23,270 --> 02:40:21,540
uh compression first of all uh of the

2977
02:40:24,770 --> 02:40:23,280
data because that's incredibly important

2978
02:40:26,929 --> 02:40:24,780
and

2979
02:40:28,969 --> 02:40:26,939
um I was also really thrilled that you

2980
02:40:30,230 --> 02:40:28,979
talked about the um sample prep and

2981
02:40:31,429 --> 02:40:30,240
fluidics because I think that's

2982
02:40:34,790 --> 02:40:31,439
something that a lot of people don't

2983
02:40:37,250 --> 02:40:34,800
consider for these NCG missions uh my

2984
02:40:40,370 --> 02:40:37,260
question has to do with

2985
02:40:43,910 --> 02:40:40,380
um comparing uh microscopy and staining

2986
02:40:46,309 --> 02:40:43,920
with uh perhaps something like Raman or

2987
02:40:47,929 --> 02:40:46,319
IR where you could get information about

2988
02:40:49,790 --> 02:40:47,939
at least functional groups of the

2989
02:40:52,490 --> 02:40:49,800
Organics present and co-locate things

2990
02:40:54,889 --> 02:40:52,500
that I imagine similar resolution

2991
02:40:57,530 --> 02:40:54,899
spatially but you wouldn't need to

2992
02:41:00,110 --> 02:40:57,540
include those processing steps so would

2993
02:41:02,330 --> 02:41:00,120
you advocate for a system that's I guess

2994
02:41:03,830 --> 02:41:02,340
maybe not redundant but but has both of

2995
02:41:05,750 --> 02:41:03,840
those features or do you think one is

2996
02:41:07,130 --> 02:41:05,760
better than the other yes this is

2997
02:41:08,750 --> 02:41:07,140
actually a super interesting discussion

2998
02:41:10,910 --> 02:41:08,760
and we can definitely also talk more

2999
02:41:12,770 --> 02:41:10,920
about it at lunch but the the high level

3000
02:41:14,590 --> 02:41:12,780
thing that I'm going to say is that um

3001
02:41:17,990 --> 02:41:14,600
you you get

3002
02:41:19,370 --> 02:41:18,000
you're going to have different pros and

3003
02:41:20,889 --> 02:41:19,380
cons and get different types of data

3004
02:41:23,809 --> 02:41:20,899
those techniques so if you're doing

3005
02:41:26,929 --> 02:41:23,819
let's if you want to get spatially

3006
02:41:28,250 --> 02:41:26,939
correlated Ramen data when you're

3007
02:41:31,429 --> 02:41:28,260
building a microscope and you're trying

3008
02:41:32,809 --> 02:41:31,439
to image something unless you're using a

3009
02:41:36,170 --> 02:41:32,819
super resolution technique you're

3010
02:41:39,290 --> 02:41:36,180
limited by diffraction in terms of like

3011
02:41:40,849 --> 02:41:39,300
the the resolution that you can get and

3012
02:41:42,469 --> 02:41:40,859
that is proportional to the wavelength

3013
02:41:45,770 --> 02:41:42,479
that you're using so when you start to

3014
02:41:47,469 --> 02:41:45,780
get into like the IR you know range and

3015
02:41:50,570 --> 02:41:47,479
things like that

3016
02:41:52,910 --> 02:41:50,580
your spatial resolution starts to be

3017
02:41:55,910 --> 02:41:52,920
more limited than it is in the optical

3018
02:41:58,070 --> 02:41:55,920
range the flip side is you're right you

3019
02:41:59,210 --> 02:41:58,080
can get precise chemical information out

3020
02:42:02,570 --> 02:41:59,220
without

3021
02:42:06,650 --> 02:42:02,580
um you know adding labels and so I think

3022
02:42:08,570 --> 02:42:06,660
that definitely those are like

3023
02:42:10,910 --> 02:42:08,580
in in in in the perfect mission

3024
02:42:12,050 --> 02:42:10,920
architecture I think you do both

3025
02:42:16,849 --> 02:42:12,060
um

3026
02:42:18,349 --> 02:42:16,859
it's it's it's unfortunate that we can't

3027
02:42:20,570 --> 02:42:18,359
send all the instruments that we want

3028
02:42:22,490 --> 02:42:20,580
out there but like in my ideal world I

3029
02:42:25,070 --> 02:42:22,500
think those that would be a powerful

3030
02:42:28,070 --> 02:42:25,080
like correlative technique there

3031
02:42:30,230 --> 02:42:28,080
um to kind of get a a strong sense of

3032
02:42:38,330 --> 02:42:30,240
what you're seeing in your sample

3033
02:42:38,340 --> 02:42:44,590
foreign

3034
02:42:49,849 --> 02:42:48,050
again thanks for an awesome talk this is

3035
02:42:51,770 --> 02:42:49,859
really exciting so I was wondering what

3036
02:42:55,429 --> 02:42:51,780
sample prep looks like

3037
02:42:57,290 --> 02:42:55,439
um in the Rover or whatever and

3038
02:42:58,730 --> 02:42:57,300
um what the capabilities are for that so

3039
02:43:00,230 --> 02:42:58,740
could you actually do like incubation

3040
02:43:01,790 --> 02:43:00,240
experiments and then look at it with

3041
02:43:02,990 --> 02:43:01,800
microscopy or is it coming straight from

3042
02:43:04,130 --> 02:43:03,000
the environment going straight to the

3043
02:43:07,790 --> 02:43:04,140
microscope

3044
02:43:10,849 --> 02:43:07,800
yeah so um it's the

3045
02:43:13,010 --> 02:43:10,859
the the design that we had in mind for

3046
02:43:14,809 --> 02:43:13,020
for sample prep here and when I said I

3047
02:43:17,150 --> 02:43:14,819
say we it's not

3048
02:43:19,010 --> 02:43:17,160
um us this was kind of the built around

3049
02:43:21,290 --> 02:43:19,020
the Europa Lander specifications but

3050
02:43:23,150 --> 02:43:21,300
essentially you'd have a sample cup that

3051
02:43:26,389 --> 02:43:23,160
would collect an ice sample and melt it

3052
02:43:29,570 --> 02:43:26,399
down and so that was kind of the um

3053
02:43:32,090 --> 02:43:29,580
initial like thoughts behind the design

3054
02:43:33,770 --> 02:43:32,100
here but the fluidics processing system

3055
02:43:35,270 --> 02:43:33,780
can basically handle anything that's in

3056
02:43:37,570 --> 02:43:35,280
a liquid state but the assumption would

3057
02:43:39,889 --> 02:43:37,580
be that it's a relatively unprocessed

3058
02:43:41,510 --> 02:43:39,899
field sample

3059
02:43:44,090 --> 02:43:41,520
um

3060
02:43:45,650 --> 02:43:44,100
relatively unprocessed because obviously

3061
02:43:47,030 --> 02:43:45,660
if it's like ice or something and you're

3062
02:43:49,010 --> 02:43:47,040
melting it down you are still doing

3063
02:43:50,510 --> 02:43:49,020
something to that sample

3064
02:43:53,929 --> 02:43:50,520
um

3065
02:43:53,939 --> 02:43:57,650
okay we have time for one more question

3066
02:44:02,030 --> 02:44:00,710
I thank you for the great talk

3067
02:44:04,910 --> 02:44:02,040
um

3068
02:44:08,090 --> 02:44:04,920
my question is uh maybe I missed that

3069
02:44:11,990 --> 02:44:08,100
you mentioned how

3070
02:44:15,170 --> 02:44:12,000
are you going to differentiate uh

3071
02:44:15,889 --> 02:44:15,180
any other particles

3072
02:44:19,910 --> 02:44:15,899
um

3073
02:44:24,130 --> 02:44:19,920
from the living materials like can you

3074
02:44:26,929 --> 02:44:24,140
specifically staying genetic material or

3075
02:44:28,730 --> 02:44:26,939
anything biological

3076
02:44:30,170 --> 02:44:28,740
yeah so that's actually that's a great

3077
02:44:34,010 --> 02:44:30,180
question and

3078
02:44:35,150 --> 02:44:34,020
um so the the the the goal here is to

3079
02:44:38,030 --> 02:44:35,160
kind of pick up as many different

3080
02:44:40,610 --> 02:44:38,040
breadcrumbs as you as as we can to try

3081
02:44:41,990 --> 02:44:40,620
and uh differentiate and so you

3082
02:44:43,550 --> 02:44:42,000
mentioned stains for genetic material

3083
02:44:44,990 --> 02:44:43,560
one of the stains that we would be

3084
02:44:46,969 --> 02:44:45,000
launching with this is a stain for

3085
02:44:51,110 --> 02:44:46,979
nucleic acids

3086
02:44:54,290 --> 02:44:51,120
um now obviously that would be really

3087
02:44:55,790 --> 02:44:54,300
awesome if we found DNA on Europa or

3088
02:44:57,410 --> 02:44:55,800
Enceladus but

3089
02:44:59,210 --> 02:44:57,420
um there's it's kind of an open question

3090
02:45:03,110 --> 02:44:59,220
whether we would

3091
02:45:05,030 --> 02:45:03,120
um and um so the idea behind looking for

3092
02:45:08,030 --> 02:45:05,040
the something like the co-localization

3093
02:45:11,690 --> 02:45:08,040
of amines and lipids is that that gives

3094
02:45:13,010 --> 02:45:11,700
you a more like agnostic idea of like

3095
02:45:14,630 --> 02:45:13,020
hey that might be living material

3096
02:45:17,389 --> 02:45:14,640
because you've got these you know

3097
02:45:20,330 --> 02:45:17,399
chemical signatures that are co-locating

3098
02:45:21,530 --> 02:45:20,340
um the other thing is um so one of our

3099
02:45:23,450 --> 02:45:21,540
um collaborators actually the person who

3100
02:45:25,809 --> 02:45:23,460
helped build the microscope

3101
02:45:28,790 --> 02:45:25,819
um is has some ongoing work

3102
02:45:31,670 --> 02:45:28,800
characterizing the fluorescence of uh

3103
02:45:33,110 --> 02:45:31,680
diff of the wide library of minerals to

3104
02:45:34,849 --> 02:45:33,120
get a sense of like what they would

3105
02:45:37,630 --> 02:45:34,859
potentially look like

3106
02:45:40,550 --> 02:45:37,640
um on the the microscope so we can

3107
02:45:41,750 --> 02:45:40,560
hopefully differentiate between that and

3108
02:45:43,550 --> 02:45:41,760
things that might be a little bit more

3109
02:45:46,610 --> 02:45:43,560
biological but spectroscopically and

3110
02:45:48,050 --> 02:45:46,620
then also you know morphologically

3111
02:45:51,170 --> 02:45:48,060
um

3112
02:45:51,180 --> 02:46:06,710
amazing thank you for the talk

3113
02:46:06,720 --> 02:46:16,730
[Music]

3114
02:46:23,870 --> 02:46:20,330
our next speaker is Kenneth Seton from

3115
02:46:27,170 --> 02:46:25,429
hello

3116
02:46:30,050 --> 02:46:27,180
as Miguel said

3117
02:46:32,929 --> 02:46:30,060
um my name is Marshall and I'm an NPP

3118
02:46:35,929 --> 02:46:32,939
fellow at JPL Caltech and I work with

3119
02:46:37,790 --> 02:46:35,939
Morgan cable and Brianna Henderson and I

3120
02:46:40,910 --> 02:46:37,800
do most of my experimental work at

3121
02:46:44,090 --> 02:46:40,920
Caltech and Paul asimov's lab but

3122
02:46:45,830 --> 02:46:44,100
because this is a conference of

3123
02:46:48,830 --> 02:46:45,840
literally graduate students and

3124
02:46:50,330 --> 02:46:48,840
post-docs I wanted to talk about the

3125
02:46:53,330 --> 02:46:50,340
planetary science summer school program

3126
02:46:56,570 --> 02:46:53,340
which is a program for graduate students

3127
02:46:58,309 --> 02:46:56,580
and postdocs to teach you all how to

3128
02:47:00,830 --> 02:46:58,319
help Mission design for planetary

3129
02:47:02,690 --> 02:47:00,840
missions actually happens and to learn

3130
02:47:04,070 --> 02:47:02,700
the process and so I'm going to be

3131
02:47:06,830 --> 02:47:04,080
presenting

3132
02:47:09,230 --> 02:47:06,840
the mission that my team and I developed

3133
02:47:12,050 --> 02:47:09,240
during the PSS

3134
02:47:13,969 --> 02:47:12,060
in which the majority of the framework

3135
02:47:16,849 --> 02:47:13,979
for the mission was developed back in

3136
02:47:18,950 --> 02:47:16,859
2021 and that we iterated on since then

3137
02:47:21,050 --> 02:47:18,960
the astrobiology exploration at

3138
02:47:23,809 --> 02:47:21,060
Enceladus or X for short and I'm going

3139
02:47:25,910 --> 02:47:23,819
to preface this by saying that this is

3140
02:47:29,929 --> 02:47:25,920
an Unholy amount of information to

3141
02:47:31,849 --> 02:47:29,939
distill into a dozen slides and so uh I

3142
02:47:33,950 --> 02:47:31,859
did my best unfortunately I can't go

3143
02:47:35,510 --> 02:47:33,960
into a lot of detail with these slides

3144
02:47:37,670 --> 02:47:35,520
but if you have any questions about the

3145
02:47:39,770 --> 02:47:37,680
science and ask a question if you don't

3146
02:47:41,570 --> 02:47:39,780
want to ask a question come find me I'd

3147
02:47:42,889 --> 02:47:41,580
love to be stoked to talk about this

3148
02:47:45,110 --> 02:47:42,899
stuff

3149
02:47:46,490 --> 02:47:45,120
Okay so

3150
02:47:48,469 --> 02:47:46,500
I'm sure you guys are familiar with

3151
02:47:51,110 --> 02:47:48,479
Enceladus at this point

3152
02:47:53,450 --> 02:47:51,120
um but that thing is in solidus it's one

3153
02:47:55,570 --> 02:47:53,460
of uh Saturn's moons and it's it's

3154
02:47:59,150 --> 02:47:55,580
relatively pretty small it's only about

3155
02:48:01,550 --> 02:47:59,160
500 kilometers in diameter but

3156
02:48:03,410 --> 02:48:01,560
there's some super cool stuff going on

3157
02:48:05,929 --> 02:48:03,420
even though it's it's this tiny little

3158
02:48:09,590 --> 02:48:05,939
thing that stuff coming out of the

3159
02:48:11,870 --> 02:48:09,600
bottom of Enceladus is a continuous

3160
02:48:12,950 --> 02:48:11,880
plume that's formed over the South polar

3161
02:48:16,130 --> 02:48:12,960
Terrain

3162
02:48:17,990 --> 02:48:16,140
and so if we zoom in a little bit closer

3163
02:48:19,670 --> 02:48:18,000
these are images from Cassini and though

3164
02:48:21,170 --> 02:48:19,680
it's not actually blue like that that's

3165
02:48:24,170 --> 02:48:21,180
in false color but that's just to show

3166
02:48:26,150 --> 02:48:24,180
you where these um fractures are

3167
02:48:27,710 --> 02:48:26,160
and the plume is sourced from those

3168
02:48:29,990 --> 02:48:27,720
fractures

3169
02:48:32,090 --> 02:48:30,000
um that all combines to form a

3170
02:48:34,190 --> 02:48:32,100
continuous Bloom over the South polar

3171
02:48:37,190 --> 02:48:34,200
terrain and we have really strong

3172
02:48:40,849 --> 02:48:37,200
evidence from some of the measurements

3173
02:48:43,130 --> 02:48:40,859
by Cassini that this plume is directly

3174
02:48:45,230 --> 02:48:43,140
sourced from a subsurface Global liquid

3175
02:48:47,510 --> 02:48:45,240
water ocean

3176
02:48:49,630 --> 02:48:47,520
and so this presents a unique

3177
02:48:53,090 --> 02:48:49,640
opportunity unique in our solar system

3178
02:48:57,410 --> 02:48:53,100
to sample the contents of a subsurface

3179
02:48:59,929 --> 02:48:57,420
ocean in situ using a multi-flyby or an

3180
02:49:01,910 --> 02:48:59,939
Orbiter Mission architecture

3181
02:49:05,630 --> 02:49:01,920
and we have some rough compositional

3182
02:49:08,450 --> 02:49:05,640
information of the plume from Cassini

3183
02:49:09,889 --> 02:49:08,460
using the inms or the ion and neutral

3184
02:49:11,630 --> 02:49:09,899
Mass spectrometer and the cosmic dust

3185
02:49:15,530 --> 02:49:11,640
analyzer and so

3186
02:49:18,530 --> 02:49:15,540
um in the plume gas we see water

3187
02:49:20,990 --> 02:49:18,540
um Hydra small hydrocarbons some simple

3188
02:49:22,490 --> 02:49:21,000
and complex Organics and this is a paper

3189
02:49:24,889 --> 02:49:22,500
from

3190
02:49:27,889 --> 02:49:24,899
the weight at all paper back in 2006

3191
02:49:29,990 --> 02:49:27,899
from the inms data but if we look at

3192
02:49:32,150 --> 02:49:30,000
plume grains we see that they're

3193
02:49:34,070 --> 02:49:32,160
waterized but um we see a lot of

3194
02:49:36,290 --> 02:49:34,080
different salts but in addition to that

3195
02:49:38,030 --> 02:49:36,300
and I I think a previous talk hit on

3196
02:49:39,830 --> 02:49:38,040
this a little bit we see silicon Nano

3197
02:49:42,469 --> 02:49:39,840
grains and that's really important

3198
02:49:44,929 --> 02:49:42,479
because based on what we know the only

3199
02:49:47,270 --> 02:49:44,939
way that these silicon nanoparticles

3200
02:49:49,190 --> 02:49:47,280
could be produced within this size range

3201
02:49:51,349 --> 02:49:49,200
are high temperature hydrothermal

3202
02:49:53,809 --> 02:49:51,359
reactions and that's huge from a

3203
02:49:55,250 --> 02:49:53,819
habitability standpoint and in addition

3204
02:49:58,309 --> 02:49:55,260
to this

3205
02:50:00,889 --> 02:49:58,319
um looking at the CDA data that Cosmic

3206
02:50:03,190 --> 02:50:00,899
dust analyzer we see evidence not direct

3207
02:50:05,630 --> 02:50:03,200
detection because of the the

3208
02:50:07,670 --> 02:50:05,640
instrumental capabilities we had at the

3209
02:50:10,370 --> 02:50:07,680
time this is like 80s technology

3210
02:50:12,889 --> 02:50:10,380
but we see strong evidence for

3211
02:50:15,590 --> 02:50:12,899
macromolecular organic compounds

3212
02:50:17,809 --> 02:50:15,600
and so there's this complex organic

3213
02:50:19,550 --> 02:50:17,819
chemistry going on that we don't really

3214
02:50:21,050 --> 02:50:19,560
understand and we don't know what's

3215
02:50:23,510 --> 02:50:21,060
going on there but like something's

3216
02:50:25,190 --> 02:50:23,520
happening and so we need to figure out

3217
02:50:27,830 --> 02:50:25,200
what's up

3218
02:50:30,290 --> 02:50:27,840
and so with that being said we have

3219
02:50:31,670 --> 02:50:30,300
liquid water we have a geothermal source

3220
02:50:35,030 --> 02:50:31,680
of feed via the high temperature

3221
02:50:38,870 --> 02:50:36,710
essentially all the chemical building

3222
02:50:40,490 --> 02:50:38,880
blocks for Life as we know it they're

3223
02:50:42,530 --> 02:50:40,500
present

3224
02:50:44,809 --> 02:50:42,540
um sulfur hasn't been published yet but

3225
02:50:46,130 --> 02:50:44,819
it has been detected in the greens it

3226
02:50:48,230 --> 02:50:46,140
should be published in the next year so

3227
02:50:52,309 --> 02:50:48,240
so with all of this

3228
02:50:54,469 --> 02:50:52,319
in mind could Enceladus

3229
02:50:57,530 --> 02:50:54,479
Harbor life

3230
02:51:00,230 --> 02:50:57,540
we thought it would be sick to develop a

3231
02:51:02,630 --> 02:51:00,240
mission concept that would be capable of

3232
02:51:04,670 --> 02:51:02,640
finding out and so just a brief overview

3233
02:51:06,230 --> 02:51:04,680
of our mission architecture it's be it

3234
02:51:07,429 --> 02:51:06,240
multiply by missions where you're

3235
02:51:09,950 --> 02:51:07,439
orbiting Saturn and do multiple

3236
02:51:12,050 --> 02:51:09,960
flybysmen zeldas and we would require 30

3237
02:51:14,570 --> 02:51:12,060
flybys for our science and would launch

3238
02:51:17,210 --> 02:51:14,580
in 2033 and after a nine-year cruise

3239
02:51:18,830 --> 02:51:17,220
phase and a one-year pump down phase we

3240
02:51:20,270 --> 02:51:18,840
would enter four years of science

3241
02:51:22,490 --> 02:51:20,280
operations

3242
02:51:24,830 --> 02:51:22,500
where we would directly search for

3243
02:51:27,530 --> 02:51:24,840
biosignatures through nsitu chemical

3244
02:51:30,250 --> 02:51:27,540
compositional analysis of the plume and

3245
02:51:32,750 --> 02:51:30,260
contextualize these in-situ measurement

3246
02:51:34,910 --> 02:51:32,760
in-situ measurements through a

3247
02:51:36,849 --> 02:51:34,920
synergistic combination of geophysical

3248
02:51:39,770 --> 02:51:36,859
and geomorphological investigations

3249
02:51:42,230 --> 02:51:39,780
aimed at also assessing the habitability

3250
02:51:43,910 --> 02:51:42,240
of Enceladus over geologic time

3251
02:51:45,830 --> 02:51:43,920
and we would do this using a mass

3252
02:51:48,830 --> 02:51:45,840
spectrometer a high resolution camera

3253
02:51:50,750 --> 02:51:48,840
and just a high gain antenna so three it

3254
02:51:51,889 --> 02:51:50,760
well two and a half instruments because

3255
02:51:54,349 --> 02:51:51,899
the antenna you use for radio

3256
02:51:56,630 --> 02:51:54,359
communications

3257
02:51:58,010 --> 02:51:56,640
and so just briefly to talk about how

3258
02:51:59,750 --> 02:51:58,020
before I dive into the science

3259
02:52:02,690 --> 02:51:59,760
objectives how these objectives were

3260
02:52:04,550 --> 02:52:02,700
formulated NASA

3261
02:52:07,790 --> 02:52:04,560
doesn't like

3262
02:52:09,469 --> 02:52:07,800
as much when people just when they're

3263
02:52:10,550 --> 02:52:09,479
developing missions to like take this

3264
02:52:12,110 --> 02:52:10,560
instrument okay we have the sick

3265
02:52:14,210 --> 02:52:12,120
instrument what kind of science can we

3266
02:52:16,490 --> 02:52:14,220
do with it instead

3267
02:52:18,950 --> 02:52:16,500
um we were taught and we were informed

3268
02:52:22,010 --> 02:52:18,960
that NASA prefers that you first start

3269
02:52:25,010 --> 02:52:22,020
by answering or by asking questions like

3270
02:52:27,250 --> 02:52:25,020
what do we not know about Enceladus what

3271
02:52:29,750 --> 02:52:27,260
do we need to know to ask more questions

3272
02:52:32,330 --> 02:52:29,760
and so that's what we started by doing

3273
02:52:33,590 --> 02:52:32,340
and if you do that if you start from the

3274
02:52:35,150 --> 02:52:33,600
science questions and what you're

3275
02:52:37,429 --> 02:52:35,160
interested in and what you want to find

3276
02:52:41,450 --> 02:52:37,439
out the rest of it follows pretty

3277
02:52:43,190 --> 02:52:41,460
logically and so say we want to find out

3278
02:52:45,290 --> 02:52:43,200
this thing okay what do we need to

3279
02:52:46,429 --> 02:52:45,300
measure to figure that thing out okay

3280
02:52:48,469 --> 02:52:46,439
then you have your measurement

3281
02:52:50,210 --> 02:52:48,479
requirements and then at what levels do

3282
02:52:52,010 --> 02:52:50,220
we need to measure this there you have

3283
02:52:53,450 --> 02:52:52,020
like further established measurement

3284
02:52:54,950 --> 02:52:53,460
requirements well how do we make these

3285
02:52:56,450 --> 02:52:54,960
measurements and then you select your

3286
02:52:58,790 --> 02:52:56,460
instruments and then so on and so forth

3287
02:53:00,590 --> 02:52:58,800
and so it just logically flows from it's

3288
02:53:03,349 --> 02:53:00,600
called a left to right approach

3289
02:53:05,510 --> 02:53:03,359
and so I'll talk a little bit about our

3290
02:53:07,429 --> 02:53:05,520
science objectives of course the first

3291
02:53:10,070 --> 02:53:07,439
which is to determine if the molecular

3292
02:53:12,050 --> 02:53:10,080
and isotopic distributions uh within the

3293
02:53:14,929 --> 02:53:12,060
plume are a result of biological

3294
02:53:16,730 --> 02:53:14,939
activity or abiotic chemical processing

3295
02:53:19,550 --> 02:53:16,740
and we would do this just with your

3296
02:53:21,710 --> 02:53:19,560
usual suspects amino acids fatty acids

3297
02:53:24,889 --> 02:53:21,720
and plume grains and um by assessing

3298
02:53:26,690 --> 02:53:24,899
isotopic fractionation in um in the

3299
02:53:28,250 --> 02:53:26,700
plume gas and we would do this just

3300
02:53:29,990 --> 02:53:28,260
using a mass spectrometer and if you

3301
02:53:31,490 --> 02:53:30,000
have any questions about Mass specs or

3302
02:53:33,889 --> 02:53:31,500
instrument selection please ask a

3303
02:53:35,389 --> 02:53:33,899
question or find me later I'd love to

3304
02:53:38,330 --> 02:53:35,399
talk about that

3305
02:53:40,370 --> 02:53:38,340
and the second of our objectives is to

3306
02:53:41,990 --> 02:53:40,380
determine whether Enceladus is in

3307
02:53:44,090 --> 02:53:42,000
thermal equilibrium and is therefore

3308
02:53:46,070 --> 02:53:44,100
capable of sustaining an ocean over

3309
02:53:47,750 --> 02:53:46,080
geologic time scales and this is

3310
02:53:49,969 --> 02:53:47,760
essentially just a heat balance equation

3311
02:53:52,370 --> 02:53:49,979
we want to know how much being how much

3312
02:53:54,590 --> 02:53:52,380
heat is being input to Enceladus through

3313
02:53:56,630 --> 02:53:54,600
tidal dissipation from Saturn and how

3314
02:53:59,990 --> 02:53:56,640
much heat is being emitted by Enceladus

3315
02:54:01,130 --> 02:54:00,000
through like um conductive heat loss and

3316
02:54:03,110 --> 02:54:01,140
you can

3317
02:54:08,809 --> 02:54:03,120
actually determine the heat being

3318
02:54:13,429 --> 02:54:11,630
looking at tidal dissipation from Saturn

3319
02:54:15,349 --> 02:54:13,439
and you can do this using orbital

3320
02:54:18,050 --> 02:54:15,359
migration rates so you could look at

3321
02:54:19,910 --> 02:54:18,060
where Enceladus is at in its orbital

3322
02:54:22,429 --> 02:54:19,920
phase relative to What was seen by

3323
02:54:24,610 --> 02:54:22,439
Cassini to see how the orbital migration

3324
02:54:27,710 --> 02:54:24,620
happens and

3325
02:54:29,870 --> 02:54:27,720
uh from that you could calculate a tidal

3326
02:54:32,389 --> 02:54:29,880
dissipation quality factor and you can

3327
02:54:34,070 --> 02:54:32,399
determine the heat being emitted by

3328
02:54:35,929 --> 02:54:34,080
measuring ice shell thickness which is a

3329
02:54:39,290 --> 02:54:35,939
proxy for the heat loss and you can do

3330
02:54:43,190 --> 02:54:39,300
that using a gravity signs measurements

3331
02:54:45,349 --> 02:54:43,200
the third of our objective objectives

3332
02:54:46,969 --> 02:54:45,359
is to looking at plume formation

3333
02:54:48,650 --> 02:54:46,979
mechanisms to determine whether the

3334
02:54:51,590 --> 02:54:48,660
plume material is being delivered to the

3335
02:54:52,929 --> 02:54:51,600
surface via open crevice boiling or

3336
02:54:55,370 --> 02:54:52,939
explosive

3337
02:54:58,670 --> 02:54:55,380
cryovolcanic-like eruptions

3338
02:55:00,889 --> 02:54:58,680
and we expect there to be differences in

3339
02:55:02,990 --> 02:55:00,899
the morphology of the vents at the

3340
02:55:04,969 --> 02:55:03,000
surface that are expressed in each

3341
02:55:07,670 --> 02:55:04,979
scenario and you could

3342
02:55:09,830 --> 02:55:07,680
actually sort of tease out how these

3343
02:55:12,469 --> 02:55:09,840
plumes are being formed by high

3344
02:55:14,630 --> 02:55:12,479
resolution imaging of the fence so for

3345
02:55:16,030 --> 02:55:14,640
an open crevice model we expect there to

3346
02:55:19,010 --> 02:55:16,040
be

3347
02:55:20,870 --> 02:55:19,020
vent width variations in response to

3348
02:55:23,630 --> 02:55:20,880
Tidal forcing throughout enceladus's

3349
02:55:25,250 --> 02:55:23,640
orbital phase and for an open crevice

3350
02:55:27,110 --> 02:55:25,260
model we expect these vent width

3351
02:55:28,550 --> 02:55:27,120
variations to be consistent along the

3352
02:55:30,050 --> 02:55:28,560
strike of the vent

3353
02:55:32,090 --> 02:55:30,060
and so by taking multiple high

3354
02:55:33,710 --> 02:55:32,100
resolution images of a single vent

3355
02:55:36,410 --> 02:55:33,720
throughout in solidus's orbital phase

3356
02:55:37,610 --> 02:55:36,420
and looking at vent width variations we

3357
02:55:39,590 --> 02:55:37,620
can determine if that were the case

3358
02:55:41,929 --> 02:55:39,600
whereas for a purely cryovolcanic

3359
02:55:44,389 --> 02:55:41,939
eruptive model we expect these vent

3360
02:55:46,490 --> 02:55:44,399
width variations to be restricted to the

3361
02:55:48,469 --> 02:55:46,500
immediate vicinity of the vent

3362
02:55:50,030 --> 02:55:48,479
and so we could sort of tease out the

3363
02:55:52,309 --> 02:55:50,040
relative contribution of each of these

3364
02:55:54,230 --> 02:55:52,319
models to plume formation

3365
02:55:55,550 --> 02:55:54,240
and then our fourth and final science

3366
02:55:58,070 --> 02:55:55,560
objective

3367
02:56:00,830 --> 02:55:58,080
is to determine if the geologic activity

3368
02:56:02,510 --> 02:56:00,840
that uh is modifying the South polar

3369
02:56:04,670 --> 02:56:02,520
terrain like we see in all those awesome

3370
02:56:07,969 --> 02:56:04,680
images uh if it's influenced other

3371
02:56:10,130 --> 02:56:07,979
regions in the past over geologic time

3372
02:56:11,990 --> 02:56:10,140
I'm going to do this by uh looking at

3373
02:56:14,750 --> 02:56:12,000
two things both crater infilling and

3374
02:56:17,510 --> 02:56:14,760
elliptical crater orientations because

3375
02:56:19,250 --> 02:56:17,520
if you look at the depth diameter ratios

3376
02:56:21,650 --> 02:56:19,260
of craters around the South polar

3377
02:56:23,570 --> 02:56:21,660
terrain they're pretty shallow compared

3378
02:56:25,790 --> 02:56:23,580
to the rest of the the crater population

3379
02:56:27,710 --> 02:56:25,800
because of all that plume Fallout that's

3380
02:56:29,809 --> 02:56:27,720
infilling the craters and so we see

3381
02:56:31,370 --> 02:56:29,819
really shallow craters around there

3382
02:56:33,349 --> 02:56:31,380
but if you look at the global crater

3383
02:56:35,210 --> 02:56:33,359
population like typically

3384
02:56:36,889 --> 02:56:35,220
um they have a pretty well defined depth

3385
02:56:39,050 --> 02:56:36,899
diameter ratio and so if we were to look

3386
02:56:43,250 --> 02:56:39,060
at survey the global crater population

3387
02:56:45,710 --> 02:56:43,260
and find an area around Enceladus where

3388
02:56:47,150 --> 02:56:45,720
we see anomalously infilled craters that

3389
02:56:49,429 --> 02:56:47,160
could be evidence that there was past

3390
02:56:51,769 --> 02:56:49,439
plume activity and another thing that we

3391
02:56:53,990 --> 02:56:51,779
would look at uh are elliptical crater

3392
02:56:55,790 --> 02:56:54,000
orientations to see if there could have

3393
02:56:58,550 --> 02:56:55,800
been any eye shell reorientation in the

3394
02:57:00,050 --> 02:56:58,560
past because given a preferential

3395
02:57:01,849 --> 02:57:00,060
velocity Vector in the impactor

3396
02:57:04,490 --> 02:57:01,859
population and a small enough impact

3397
02:57:06,889 --> 02:57:04,500
angle below about 15 degrees elliptical

3398
02:57:08,330 --> 02:57:06,899
craters are formed and so like given a

3399
02:57:11,090 --> 02:57:08,340
preferential velocity Vector we expect

3400
02:57:11,750 --> 02:57:11,100
to see mostly East-West

3401
02:57:14,870 --> 02:57:11,760
um

3402
02:57:17,330 --> 02:57:14,880
uh oriented elliptical craters

3403
02:57:21,349 --> 02:57:17,340
and so if we were to survey the crater

3404
02:57:23,150 --> 02:57:21,359
population and see a shift in the

3405
02:57:25,490 --> 02:57:23,160
orientation of these elliptical craters

3406
02:57:27,349 --> 02:57:25,500
that is like relatively consistent we

3407
02:57:30,349 --> 02:57:27,359
could infer past eye shell reorientation

3408
02:57:34,969 --> 02:57:32,990
and so for the mission trajectory

3409
02:57:37,070 --> 02:57:34,979
um briefly we would use a Venus Earth

3410
02:57:43,750 --> 02:57:37,080
Earth

3411
02:57:45,889 --> 02:57:43,760
where we would do we do a a

3412
02:57:47,510 --> 02:57:45,899
slingshot around Venus and then a couple

3413
02:57:49,130 --> 02:57:47,520
orbits around Earth and then slingshot

3414
02:57:50,809 --> 02:57:49,140
out to the Jupiter system and then use

3415
02:57:53,690 --> 02:57:50,819
Jupiter's gravity to slingshot out into

3416
02:57:56,269 --> 02:57:53,700
the Saturn system but

3417
02:57:58,610 --> 02:57:56,279
getting out to Saturn isn't a problem

3418
02:58:00,950 --> 02:57:58,620
it's slowing down that's the problem

3419
02:58:03,889 --> 02:58:00,960
because you're going like 15 20

3420
02:58:05,389 --> 02:58:03,899
kilometers a second and so after Saturn

3421
02:58:08,150 --> 02:58:05,399
orbital insertion

3422
02:58:10,309 --> 02:58:08,160
we do a one-year pump down phase and

3423
02:58:12,769 --> 02:58:10,319
using multiple use multiple flybys of

3424
02:58:16,130 --> 02:58:12,779
Titan using Titan's gravity to reduce

3425
02:58:18,889 --> 02:58:16,140
the spacecraft velocity and tailor the

3426
02:58:20,929 --> 02:58:18,899
inclination and altitude such that we

3427
02:58:23,570 --> 02:58:20,939
could Target and sell at us properly for

3428
02:58:24,889 --> 02:58:23,580
our flybys and then after that enter a

3429
02:58:26,450 --> 02:58:24,899
four year tour phase where we would

3430
02:58:30,349 --> 02:58:26,460
conduct all of our science operations

3431
02:58:33,170 --> 02:58:30,359
that would consist of 30 flybys at least

3432
02:58:35,330 --> 02:58:33,180
and this is this uh requirement is

3433
02:58:38,090 --> 02:58:35,340
driven primarily by our gravity science

3434
02:58:39,889 --> 02:58:38,100
measurements that we need to make and

3435
02:58:43,730 --> 02:58:39,899
the surface mapping would require a

3436
02:58:47,150 --> 02:58:43,740
total of 22 flybys um not necessarily 22

3437
02:58:50,570 --> 02:58:47,160
flybys total dedicated surface mapping

3438
02:58:53,929 --> 02:58:50,580
but the data downlink would require 22

3439
02:58:55,910 --> 02:58:53,939
flybys um and so a minimum of five

3440
02:58:58,010 --> 02:58:55,920
flybys at low altitudes as well for

3441
02:59:00,290 --> 02:58:58,020
event imagery and Institute Bloom

3442
02:59:02,870 --> 02:59:00,300
analyzes

3443
02:59:04,429 --> 02:59:02,880
so keyword to key takeaway uh and

3444
02:59:06,230 --> 02:59:04,439
solidus is sick it's super awesome

3445
02:59:09,590 --> 02:59:06,240
there's a lot of really cool stuff going

3446
02:59:11,750 --> 02:59:09,600
on there and we would

3447
02:59:14,030 --> 02:59:11,760
see what's going on there by looking at

3448
02:59:16,969 --> 02:59:14,040
plume composition heat balance the

3449
02:59:20,630 --> 02:59:16,979
different event formation mechanisms and

3450
02:59:22,550 --> 02:59:20,640
what the surface of Enceladus can tell

3451
02:59:24,290 --> 02:59:22,560
us about its past

3452
02:59:26,349 --> 02:59:24,300
and this is important because in the

3453
02:59:29,090 --> 02:59:26,359
most recent decadal survey

3454
02:59:32,269 --> 02:59:29,100
they specifically call out a New

3455
02:59:34,790 --> 02:59:32,279
Frontiers mission to Enceladus using a

3456
02:59:36,349 --> 02:59:34,800
multi-flyby mission architecture and so

3457
02:59:38,330 --> 02:59:36,359
there's so many outstanding questions

3458
02:59:39,889 --> 02:59:38,340
that we just we just don't know about

3459
02:59:43,010 --> 02:59:39,899
what's going on in Enceladus and we need

3460
02:59:45,550 --> 02:59:43,020
to go back to figure out what's going on

3461
02:59:49,130 --> 02:59:45,560
so as promised a little talk about PSS

3462
02:59:51,070 --> 02:59:49,140
this is my team that I worked with and

3463
02:59:53,510 --> 02:59:51,080
they're the most

3464
02:59:54,769 --> 02:59:53,520
absurdly brilliant group of people that

3465
02:59:56,150 --> 02:59:54,779
I've ever had the pleasure of working

3466
02:59:57,469 --> 02:59:56,160
with

3467
02:59:59,210 --> 02:59:57,479
um they're incredible I'm still friends

3468
03:00:01,490 --> 02:59:59,220
with many of them now

3469
03:00:03,410 --> 03:00:01,500
um and so I I'd like to talk a little

3470
03:00:05,809 --> 03:00:03,420
bit about the PSS

3471
03:00:08,030 --> 03:00:05,819
um it's uh it's not really as much of a

3472
03:00:10,849 --> 03:00:08,040
summer school as it is a rigorous

3473
03:00:14,269 --> 03:00:10,859
Mission design program where they teach

3474
03:00:15,950 --> 03:00:14,279
you how to actually formulate a mission

3475
03:00:18,050 --> 03:00:15,960
um and the deadlines pass for this year

3476
03:00:20,210 --> 03:00:18,060
but it's it's it's competitive you have

3477
03:00:21,950 --> 03:00:20,220
to apply for it and they take 18 people

3478
03:00:23,809 --> 03:00:21,960
per cohort

3479
03:00:25,730 --> 03:00:23,819
um but you get to work with literally

3480
03:00:27,950 --> 03:00:25,740
the best in the business

3481
03:00:30,349 --> 03:00:27,960
um you're mentored by people that are on

3482
03:00:32,330 --> 03:00:30,359
like Europa Clipper Mars sample return

3483
03:00:35,630 --> 03:00:32,340
all that kind of stuff and in the last

3484
03:00:39,410 --> 03:00:35,640
week you get to work one-on-one and are

3485
03:00:43,309 --> 03:00:39,420
mentored by a member of NASA's uh

3486
03:00:45,349 --> 03:00:43,319
Advanced project design team uh TMax

3487
03:00:47,630 --> 03:00:45,359
they're literally the best at what they

3488
03:00:50,090 --> 03:00:47,640
do formulating missions and you've

3489
03:00:50,809 --> 03:00:50,100
learned so much and it's incredible

3490
03:00:53,210 --> 03:00:50,819
um

3491
03:00:55,130 --> 03:00:53,220
if you have any questions please come

3492
03:00:56,570 --> 03:00:55,140
find me ask here or if you don't want to

3493
03:00:59,389 --> 03:00:56,580
ask a question in front of a bunch of

3494
03:01:02,330 --> 03:00:59,399
people come find me talk to me

3495
03:01:03,830 --> 03:01:02,340
um I knew when I first like was thinking

3496
03:01:04,910 --> 03:01:03,840
about doing it I was like oh my God I

3497
03:01:06,950 --> 03:01:04,920
don't know anything about Mission design

3498
03:01:08,809 --> 03:01:06,960
how am I going to do this but everybody

3499
03:01:10,309 --> 03:01:08,819
else in my court thought the exact same

3500
03:01:12,110 --> 03:01:10,319
thing so you don't need to be an expert

3501
03:01:14,570 --> 03:01:12,120
in Mission design you just need to be

3502
03:01:16,190 --> 03:01:14,580
interested and enthusiastic about doing

3503
03:01:18,830 --> 03:01:16,200
this stuff and this is the the most

3504
03:01:21,170 --> 03:01:18,840
incredible experience I've had of my

3505
03:01:24,050 --> 03:01:21,180
professional career so I would highly

3506
03:01:34,309 --> 03:01:24,060
highly recommend this program to anybody

3507
03:01:43,790 --> 03:01:35,809
yeah

3508
03:01:48,290 --> 03:01:47,510
hi Michael uh I'm from UCSD just up the

3509
03:01:50,690 --> 03:01:48,300
hill

3510
03:01:54,530 --> 03:01:50,700
um I was wondering

3511
03:01:55,969 --> 03:01:54,540
is there like how quickly or is it

3512
03:02:00,710 --> 03:01:55,979
plooming like is it going to run out of

3513
03:02:06,650 --> 03:02:02,630
um well uh

3514
03:02:08,990 --> 03:02:06,660
it's been active for I mean Enceladus is

3515
03:02:11,809 --> 03:02:09,000
anywhere between like 100 million and

3516
03:02:14,570 --> 03:02:11,819
over one two billion years old

3517
03:02:17,990 --> 03:02:14,580
um and it's been like the e-ring around

3518
03:02:19,550 --> 03:02:18,000
Saturn is composed mostly of Enceladus

3519
03:02:21,710 --> 03:02:19,560
plume materials so we know it's been

3520
03:02:24,830 --> 03:02:21,720
around for a very very long time

3521
03:02:26,389 --> 03:02:24,840
and we also know that the ocean is is a

3522
03:02:28,010 --> 03:02:26,399
quite large

3523
03:02:31,309 --> 03:02:28,020
um and makes up a pretty significant

3524
03:02:34,730 --> 03:02:31,319
portion of the the mass of the Moon so I

3525
03:02:37,010 --> 03:02:34,740
I there's a not any evidence as far as

3526
03:02:38,809 --> 03:02:37,020
I'm concerned or as far as I know uh

3527
03:02:50,510 --> 03:02:38,819
that it's running out anytime soon and

3528
03:02:54,530 --> 03:02:52,250
I'm curious

3529
03:02:56,809 --> 03:02:54,540
um does this program kind of have a

3530
03:02:58,429 --> 03:02:56,819
component where you assess the costs of

3531
03:03:03,849 --> 03:02:58,439
certain missions and sort of optimize

3532
03:03:08,570 --> 03:03:06,710
that's the it's like the entire last

3533
03:03:11,150 --> 03:03:08,580
week is like the so the New Frontiers

3534
03:03:13,370 --> 03:03:11,160
five cost cap is 900 million and it

3535
03:03:17,150 --> 03:03:13,380
takes like 700 million to take a piece

3536
03:03:19,790 --> 03:03:17,160
of cardboard to Enceladus and so

3537
03:03:21,349 --> 03:03:19,800
and so yeah that's a huge part of it and

3538
03:03:23,510 --> 03:03:21,359
that's like a huge part of like working

3539
03:03:26,090 --> 03:03:23,520
with TMax is to try and do rapid

3540
03:03:28,849 --> 03:03:26,100
iterations of your your mission concept

3541
03:03:31,130 --> 03:03:28,859
to see what you can do and what trade

3542
03:03:34,490 --> 03:03:31,140
space you can explore to fall with under

3543
03:03:36,290 --> 03:03:34,500
the cost cap because the problem isn't

3544
03:03:38,030 --> 03:03:36,300
like finding all the science to do

3545
03:03:40,269 --> 03:03:38,040
because like there's so much science you

3546
03:03:44,030 --> 03:03:40,279
can do it's finding

3547
03:03:46,849 --> 03:03:44,040
what it's doing the most science for the

3548
03:03:50,269 --> 03:03:46,859
least money and so unfortunately that is

3549
03:03:51,410 --> 03:03:50,279
a massive part of of mission design and

3550
03:04:01,190 --> 03:03:51,420
formulation

3551
03:04:06,950 --> 03:04:04,130
hi uh Colin Robinson uh very man

3552
03:04:08,210 --> 03:04:06,960
University I I was just wondering uh I

3553
03:04:11,150 --> 03:04:08,220
know one of the big

3554
03:04:13,610 --> 03:04:11,160
hindrances to uh sampling Organics from

3555
03:04:16,250 --> 03:04:13,620
blooms and Enceladus is uh destruction

3556
03:04:18,530 --> 03:04:16,260
of Organics because in the sampling

3557
03:04:21,710 --> 03:04:18,540
processes right because of velocity and

3558
03:04:23,150 --> 03:04:21,720
you just go you know at high speeds

3559
03:04:24,769 --> 03:04:23,160
through the bloom with like a cup to

3560
03:04:26,750 --> 03:04:24,779
pick up all that stuff lots of Organics

3561
03:04:28,010 --> 03:04:26,760
are just gonna be obliterated so what

3562
03:04:30,410 --> 03:04:28,020
steps were you guys thinking of taking

3563
03:04:32,510 --> 03:04:30,420
to eliminate destruction of

3564
03:04:34,190 --> 03:04:32,520
bioseignatures

3565
03:04:35,090 --> 03:04:34,200
thank you so much for asking that

3566
03:04:35,630 --> 03:04:35,100
question

3567
03:04:38,030 --> 03:04:35,640
um

3568
03:04:39,889 --> 03:04:38,040
I actually that's the research that I'm

3569
03:04:43,130 --> 03:04:39,899
doing at Caltech is we're simulating

3570
03:04:43,910 --> 03:04:43,140
hyper velocity impacts of eye screens

3571
03:04:45,650 --> 03:04:43,920
um

3572
03:04:48,650 --> 03:04:45,660
using impact ionization mass

3573
03:04:50,330 --> 03:04:48,660
spectrometry and we're the only lab in

3574
03:04:52,190 --> 03:04:50,340
the world that can do that at the moment

3575
03:04:54,650 --> 03:04:52,200
that can actually simulate a

3576
03:04:56,809 --> 03:04:54,660
distribution of I well I want to get

3577
03:04:58,670 --> 03:04:56,819
i'll nerd out too much come find me to

3578
03:05:01,670 --> 03:04:58,680
talk about that after after this if you

3579
03:05:04,490 --> 03:05:01,680
want but to answer your question yes

3580
03:05:07,670 --> 03:05:04,500
um there is a velocity regime where you

3581
03:05:09,170 --> 03:05:07,680
have both efficient ionization assuming

3582
03:05:11,389 --> 03:05:09,180
you're using an impact ionization Mass

3583
03:05:13,010 --> 03:05:11,399
spectrometer for analysis of plume

3584
03:05:15,889 --> 03:05:13,020
grains which is pretty necessary at this

3585
03:05:18,830 --> 03:05:15,899
stage yes there is a velocity regime

3586
03:05:21,230 --> 03:05:18,840
that you have efficient ionization and

3587
03:05:23,630 --> 03:05:21,240
molecular survivability for a range of

3588
03:05:27,170 --> 03:05:23,640
of compound classes and the

3589
03:05:29,510 --> 03:05:27,180
survivability velocity range is depends

3590
03:05:30,950 --> 03:05:29,520
on molecular functionality but it's

3591
03:05:32,750 --> 03:05:30,960
somewhere between four and six

3592
03:05:35,210 --> 03:05:32,760
kilometers per second it is like the

3593
03:05:36,950 --> 03:05:35,220
Goldilocks zone that you wanna that you

3594
03:05:39,710 --> 03:05:36,960
want to sample at so yes that's a

3595
03:05:41,330 --> 03:05:39,720
fantastic question and that is a problem

3596
03:05:43,730 --> 03:05:41,340
that a lot of very smart people are

3597
03:05:45,290 --> 03:05:43,740
trying to solve right now in in terms of

3598
03:05:47,630 --> 03:05:45,300
that speed four to six kilometers per

3599
03:05:49,070 --> 03:05:47,640
second uh is that fast enough to be able

3600
03:05:51,889 --> 03:05:49,080
to stay out of the gravitational pull of

3601
03:05:53,030 --> 03:05:51,899
Enceladus okay yeah Enceladus does it

3602
03:05:55,550 --> 03:05:53,040
there's not very much gravity there

3603
03:06:00,889 --> 03:05:55,560
exactly that's tiny yeah thank you no

3604
03:06:07,150 --> 03:06:03,590
uh hi I'm a river for paronica from Coco

3605
03:06:12,110 --> 03:06:08,929
quick question

3606
03:06:14,769 --> 03:06:12,120
um but why there it's like a open for

3607
03:06:17,750 --> 03:06:14,779
fracture for purposes uh cryova

3608
03:06:21,429 --> 03:06:17,760
volcanism is that going to

3609
03:06:27,590 --> 03:06:21,439
um impact the types of uh bio

3610
03:06:31,429 --> 03:06:30,830
very much so that's a fantastic question

3611
03:06:33,349 --> 03:06:31,439
um

3612
03:06:36,050 --> 03:06:33,359
in each case

3613
03:06:39,650 --> 03:06:36,060
um the mechanism of plume formation

3614
03:06:41,030 --> 03:06:39,660
that's under underlying the surface

3615
03:06:42,590 --> 03:06:41,040
um

3616
03:06:45,950 --> 03:06:42,600
I'm trying to think of the best way to

3617
03:06:49,010 --> 03:06:45,960
say it but the way the grains are formed

3618
03:06:50,809 --> 03:06:49,020
actually strongly influences the

3619
03:06:53,150 --> 03:06:50,819
composition of the grains because you

3620
03:06:55,610 --> 03:06:53,160
have homogeneous nucleation where it's

3621
03:06:58,309 --> 03:06:55,620
you just have like water that just

3622
03:07:00,950 --> 03:06:58,319
freezes and is is shot out and like the

3623
03:07:02,870 --> 03:07:00,960
open crevice boiling situation

3624
03:07:05,090 --> 03:07:02,880
um where you have uh

3625
03:07:06,950 --> 03:07:05,100
a heterogeneous nucleation where you

3626
03:07:09,710 --> 03:07:06,960
have well I don't want to get too much

3627
03:07:12,710 --> 03:07:09,720
in the weeds but but uh yes

3628
03:07:14,690 --> 03:07:12,720
um for a an explosive cryovolcanic

3629
03:07:17,990 --> 03:07:14,700
scenario like you mentioned

3630
03:07:19,969 --> 03:07:18,000
um we wouldn't see very many

3631
03:07:22,429 --> 03:07:19,979
um compositional differences from grain

3632
03:07:24,530 --> 03:07:22,439
to grain whereas for the open crevice

3633
03:07:27,710 --> 03:07:24,540
boiling scenario due to the different

3634
03:07:30,170 --> 03:07:27,720
ice cream nucleation processes that that

3635
03:07:32,090 --> 03:07:30,180
could occur you would see very distinct

3636
03:07:34,790 --> 03:07:32,100
compositional differences in the grains

3637
03:07:36,590 --> 03:07:34,800
and we see that in the CDA data that's

3638
03:07:38,090 --> 03:07:36,600
where all those the

3639
03:07:40,070 --> 03:07:38,100
um

3640
03:07:41,269 --> 03:07:40,080
evidence for those Organics that I was

3641
03:07:44,090 --> 03:07:41,279
talking about before those complex

3642
03:07:47,269 --> 03:07:44,100
Organics that comes from Ice grains that

3643
03:07:50,690 --> 03:07:47,279
are composed primarily of an organic

3644
03:07:53,750 --> 03:07:50,700
phase that were formed very likely

3645
03:07:55,190 --> 03:07:53,760
through open crevice boiling and so

3646
03:07:58,429 --> 03:07:55,200
um I guess that's a long answer to

3647
03:08:02,150 --> 03:07:58,439
saying yes that it very much matters

3648
03:08:06,230 --> 03:08:04,550
okay our lunch delivery is running a

3649
03:08:13,309 --> 03:08:06,240
little late so we have time for another

3650
03:08:17,210 --> 03:08:15,290
thanks Marshall I've heard this talk

3651
03:08:19,190 --> 03:08:17,220
many times you're welcome and every time

3652
03:08:20,630 --> 03:08:19,200
and every time it's enjoyable and every

3653
03:08:23,510 --> 03:08:20,640
time I feel like I ask the question

3654
03:08:25,070 --> 03:08:23,520
about uh what kind of mass spectrometer

3655
03:08:28,550 --> 03:08:25,080
are you going to include what kind of

3656
03:08:31,070 --> 03:08:28,560
resolution or msms capabilities do you

3657
03:08:33,050 --> 03:08:31,080
need to detect biosignatures get

3658
03:08:35,690 --> 03:08:33,060
isotopic information

3659
03:08:38,090 --> 03:08:35,700
get through matrices of the salt grains

3660
03:08:40,550 --> 03:08:38,100
crystals thank you you gave me an excuse

3661
03:08:42,950 --> 03:08:40,560
to talk about that now

3662
03:08:45,290 --> 03:08:42,960
um so for for the the

3663
03:08:49,190 --> 03:08:45,300
gas the plume gas

3664
03:08:51,469 --> 03:08:49,200
um you need some sort of like a qitms or

3665
03:08:53,929 --> 03:08:51,479
like Mass specs type instrument that I'm

3666
03:08:57,170 --> 03:08:53,939
sure you're familiar with that stuff

3667
03:08:59,090 --> 03:08:57,180
um but where you need to be able to like

3668
03:09:01,730 --> 03:08:59,100
have a sample Inlet where you take gas

3669
03:09:03,170 --> 03:09:01,740
in and then you you determine the the

3670
03:09:06,530 --> 03:09:03,180
composition of that and that's really

3671
03:09:08,090 --> 03:09:06,540
necessary for uh assessing isotopic

3672
03:09:09,349 --> 03:09:08,100
fractionation

3673
03:09:12,230 --> 03:09:09,359
um because those typically have very

3674
03:09:13,969 --> 03:09:12,240
high mass resolution which you need for

3675
03:09:17,630 --> 03:09:13,979
looking at different isotope logs and

3676
03:09:20,809 --> 03:09:17,640
things whereas for the plume grains

3677
03:09:22,910 --> 03:09:20,819
um a lot of dust detectors don't have

3678
03:09:24,650 --> 03:09:22,920
the same mass resolution

3679
03:09:26,690 --> 03:09:24,660
um just due to the the way the

3680
03:09:28,969 --> 03:09:26,700
instruments are designed and but you

3681
03:09:31,730 --> 03:09:28,979
need information about the ice cream

3682
03:09:34,070 --> 03:09:31,740
composition because of all the cool

3683
03:09:35,809 --> 03:09:34,080
stuff is in the grains and the lower the

3684
03:09:38,750 --> 03:09:35,819
bigger the grains are the lower the

3685
03:09:40,969 --> 03:09:38,760
velocity the or the lower the altitude

3686
03:09:44,030 --> 03:09:40,979
uh the more interesting the grin

3687
03:09:46,969 --> 03:09:44,040
composition is and so you need

3688
03:09:48,769 --> 03:09:46,979
in theory you could just use one to

3689
03:09:50,510 --> 03:09:48,779
answer your question like a mass specs

3690
03:09:52,429 --> 03:09:50,520
type instrument

3691
03:09:54,110 --> 03:09:52,439
um where when I for those people that

3692
03:09:55,670 --> 03:09:54,120
don't know Mass specs is an acronym for

3693
03:09:57,469 --> 03:09:55,680
the mass spectrometer for planetary

3694
03:09:59,389 --> 03:09:57,479
expert well

3695
03:10:00,650 --> 03:09:59,399
enter export yes Mass Spectrum for

3696
03:10:02,630 --> 03:10:00,660
Planetary Exploration that's going to be

3697
03:10:07,250 --> 03:10:02,640
going on Europa clipper

3698
03:10:09,469 --> 03:10:07,260
um but that can do grains but those sort

3699
03:10:12,490 --> 03:10:09,479
of instruments have issues with some of

3700
03:10:15,410 --> 03:10:12,500
the more refractory Organics and some

3701
03:10:17,570 --> 03:10:15,420
inorganic species and so what you really

3702
03:10:19,969 --> 03:10:17,580
need to be able to do this given that

3703
03:10:22,490 --> 03:10:19,979
you have enough cost margin is you need

3704
03:10:23,929 --> 03:10:22,500
a dust detector or a grain like some

3705
03:10:25,610 --> 03:10:23,939
sort of impact ionization Mass

3706
03:10:28,070 --> 03:10:25,620
spectrometer that can utilize these

3707
03:10:29,570 --> 03:10:28,080
hyper velocity impacts as an ionization

3708
03:10:32,030 --> 03:10:29,580
source to determine ice grain

3709
03:10:33,950 --> 03:10:32,040
composition and also something where you

3710
03:10:35,630 --> 03:10:33,960
can assess the composition of the plume

3711
03:10:58,429 --> 03:10:35,640
gas as well

3712
03:11:04,550 --> 03:10:59,410
um

3713
03:11:08,870 --> 03:11:06,650
a couple of slides

3714
03:11:11,750 --> 03:11:08,880
um so it's in eccentric orbit the

3715
03:11:13,910 --> 03:11:11,760
various intric orbit around Saturn and

3716
03:11:15,469 --> 03:11:13,920
so if you look at I don't know can you

3717
03:11:18,530 --> 03:11:15,479
see the the curse okay yeah you can

3718
03:11:21,050 --> 03:11:18,540
right here see that little Green Dot

3719
03:11:23,809 --> 03:11:21,060
um that's where the their every orbit

3720
03:11:25,370 --> 03:11:23,819
you do like a small burn where you use a

3721
03:11:27,889 --> 03:11:25,380
little bit of fuel to make sure that you

3722
03:11:29,809 --> 03:11:27,899
stay uh in the orbit that you need to

3723
03:11:31,610 --> 03:11:29,819
actually do these measurements and so

3724
03:11:33,650 --> 03:11:31,620
it's not as huge of a deal and doesn't

3725
03:11:36,769 --> 03:11:33,660
require like a ton of Delta V or like

3726
03:11:38,269 --> 03:11:36,779
change in velocity of the spacecraft

3727
03:11:39,889 --> 03:11:38,279
um but no that is something to consider

3728
03:11:42,349 --> 03:11:39,899
and though you're right and that is

3729
03:11:43,670 --> 03:11:42,359
something that we took into account when

3730
03:11:50,630 --> 03:11:43,680
doing all these uh the orbital

3731
03:11:55,610 --> 03:11:53,389
uh so the that's before we actually

3732
03:11:57,889 --> 03:11:55,620
start science operations

3733
03:12:00,530 --> 03:11:57,899
um because upon

3734
03:12:02,870 --> 03:12:00,540
Saturn orbital insertion

3735
03:12:05,990 --> 03:12:02,880
um we're going too fast

3736
03:12:08,510 --> 03:12:06,000
um and the the spacecraft the

3737
03:12:09,590 --> 03:12:08,520
inclination altitude geometry things

3738
03:12:11,690 --> 03:12:09,600
like that

3739
03:12:13,550 --> 03:12:11,700
um aren't suitable to immediately enter

3740
03:12:16,429 --> 03:12:13,560
science operations to start doing

3741
03:12:19,010 --> 03:12:16,439
targeted Enceladus flybys and so we need

3742
03:12:21,650 --> 03:12:19,020
to use Titan's gravity to further slow

3743
03:12:23,150 --> 03:12:21,660
down so we can get within that goldilock

3744
03:12:25,070 --> 03:12:23,160
zone that we talked about before for

3745
03:12:27,170 --> 03:12:25,080
sampling

3746
03:12:28,269 --> 03:12:27,180
thank you

3747
03:12:43,190 --> 03:12:28,279
okay

3748
03:13:09,849 --> 03:12:43,200
in Surfside and then we'll reconvene

3749
03:13:09,859 --> 03:13:23,870
all right

3750
03:13:23,880 --> 03:13:38,630
[Music]

3751
03:13:38,640 --> 03:13:54,070
foreign

3752
03:13:54,080 --> 03:14:10,870
[Music]

3753
03:14:10,880 --> 03:14:18,510
thank you

3754
03:14:18,520 --> 03:14:38,510
[Music]

3755
03:14:52,870 --> 03:14:41,200
foreign

3756
03:16:01,849 --> 03:15:01,400
[Music]

3757
03:16:01,859 --> 03:16:06,590
foreign

3758
03:16:06,600 --> 03:16:34,730
[Music]

3759
03:16:34,740 --> 03:16:39,840
foreign

3760
03:17:21,290 --> 03:17:07,210
[Music]

3761
03:17:21,300 --> 03:17:24,150
foreign

3762
03:18:06,710 --> 03:17:39,220
[Music]

3763
03:18:06,720 --> 03:18:10,650
foreign

3764
03:18:22,969 --> 03:18:16,990
[Music]

3765
03:18:22,979 --> 03:18:27,030
foreign

3766
03:19:41,890 --> 03:18:54,730
[Music]

3767
03:20:05,160 --> 03:19:41,900
foreign

3768
03:20:05,170 --> 03:20:26,330
[Music]

3769
03:20:26,340 --> 03:20:30,320
thank you

3770
03:20:51,530 --> 03:20:46,740
[Music]

3771
03:20:58,010 --> 03:20:52,920
foreign

3772
03:22:08,690 --> 03:21:20,030
[Music]

3773
03:22:08,700 --> 03:22:14,920
foreign

3774
03:22:45,830 --> 03:22:38,640
[Music]

3775
03:23:18,930 --> 03:22:45,840
foreign

3776
03:23:57,650 --> 03:23:44,080
[Music]

3777
03:24:11,770 --> 03:24:00,510
foreign

3778
03:25:43,729 --> 03:24:18,220
[Music]

3779
03:25:43,739 --> 03:25:48,620
foreign

3780
03:26:53,510 --> 03:25:57,470
[Music]

3781
03:26:55,610 --> 03:26:53,520
thank you

3782
03:27:13,870 --> 03:26:55,620
foreign

3783
03:28:14,720 --> 03:27:42,720
[Music]

3784
03:29:02,720 --> 03:28:14,730
foreign

3785
03:29:26,690 --> 03:29:18,720
[Music]

3786
03:29:26,700 --> 03:29:34,720
foreign

3787
03:30:31,020 --> 03:29:50,720
[Music]

3788
03:30:38,740 --> 03:30:31,030
thank you

3789
03:32:59,510 --> 03:30:45,190
[Music]

3790
03:32:59,520 --> 03:33:02,740
foreign

3791
03:33:43,020 --> 03:33:41,570
[Music]

3792
03:33:50,730 --> 03:33:43,030
thank you

3793
03:34:10,720 --> 03:34:04,080
[Music]

3794
03:34:22,730 --> 03:34:10,730
foreign

3795
03:35:54,590 --> 03:34:38,730
[Music]

3796
03:35:54,600 --> 03:35:59,540
thank you

3797
03:36:37,490 --> 03:36:14,730
[Music]

3798
03:37:03,810 --> 03:36:38,940
foreign

3799
03:37:35,640 --> 03:37:34,269
[Music]

3800
03:37:49,490 --> 03:37:35,650
thank you

3801
03:38:46,310 --> 03:37:49,500
[Music]

3802
03:38:53,170 --> 03:38:46,320
thank you

3803
03:38:53,180 --> 03:39:00,110
[Music]

3804
03:39:24,460 --> 03:39:02,820
foreign

3805
03:39:24,470 --> 03:39:56,030
[Music]

3806
03:40:08,090 --> 03:39:58,650
foreign

3807
03:40:10,190 --> 03:40:08,100
[Music]

3808
03:40:20,970 --> 03:40:10,200
foreign

3809
03:41:06,290 --> 03:40:29,970
[Music]

3810
03:41:22,490 --> 03:41:06,300
thank you

3811
03:41:25,120 --> 03:41:22,500
[Music]

3812
03:42:00,090 --> 03:41:25,130
foreign

3813
03:42:39,410 --> 03:42:36,769
[Music]

3814
03:43:11,690 --> 03:42:39,420
foreign

3815
03:43:49,790 --> 03:43:26,030
[Music]

3816
03:43:49,800 --> 03:43:53,870
foreign

3817
03:44:59,990 --> 03:44:19,910
[Music]

3818
03:45:55,610 --> 03:45:00,000
foreign

3819
03:46:08,750 --> 03:45:55,620
[Music]

3820
03:46:27,110 --> 03:46:10,540
foreign

3821
03:47:23,870 --> 03:46:55,340
[Music]

3822
03:47:35,370 --> 03:47:26,150
foreign

3823
03:48:22,070 --> 03:48:03,600
[Music]

3824
03:48:33,630 --> 03:48:22,080
foreign

3825
03:49:19,340 --> 03:48:35,630
[Music]

3826
03:49:50,929 --> 03:49:19,350
foreign

3827
03:49:53,110 --> 03:49:50,939
[Music]

3828
03:50:03,600 --> 03:49:53,120
foreign

3829
03:50:03,610 --> 03:51:00,910
[Music]

3830
03:51:05,090 --> 03:51:02,720
thank you

3831
03:51:59,090 --> 03:51:05,100
[Music]

3832
03:51:59,100 --> 03:52:02,190
foreign

3833
03:52:17,390 --> 03:52:15,110
[Music]

3834
03:52:45,360 --> 03:52:17,400
foreign

3835
03:53:45,220 --> 03:52:50,970
[Music]

3836
03:54:04,870 --> 03:53:45,230
thank you

3837
03:55:27,189 --> 03:54:17,650
[Music]

3838
03:55:47,410 --> 03:55:29,970
thank you

3839
03:56:31,070 --> 03:55:49,370
[Music]

3840
03:56:31,080 --> 03:56:38,750
thank you

3841
03:57:01,560 --> 03:56:56,890
[Music]

3842
03:57:11,410 --> 03:57:01,570
foreign

3843
03:57:39,750 --> 03:57:18,510
[Music]

3844
03:58:11,630 --> 03:57:39,760
thank you

3845
03:58:11,640 --> 03:58:15,040
foreign

3846
03:58:54,050 --> 03:58:22,180
[Music]

3847
03:58:54,060 --> 03:58:59,600
foreign

3848
03:59:24,490 --> 03:59:12,580
[Music]

3849
03:59:38,620 --> 03:59:24,500
foreign

3850
04:00:06,710 --> 03:59:47,500
[Music]

3851
04:00:26,690 --> 04:00:09,240
foreign

3852
04:00:26,700 --> 04:00:39,349
[Music]

3853
04:00:39,359 --> 04:00:44,310
foreign

3854
04:01:38,290 --> 04:01:05,900
[Music]

3855
04:01:51,469 --> 04:01:40,810
thank you

3856
04:02:10,340 --> 04:01:53,960
foreign

3857
04:02:33,200 --> 04:02:28,870
[Music]

3858
04:02:46,280 --> 04:02:33,210
thank you

3859
04:03:08,030 --> 04:03:02,740
[Music]

3860
04:03:21,230 --> 04:03:08,040
foreign

3861
04:03:53,630 --> 04:03:37,650
[Music]

3862
04:04:05,330 --> 04:03:56,140
foreign

3863
04:04:05,340 --> 04:04:26,710
[Music]

3864
04:05:16,010 --> 04:04:28,090
thank you

3865
04:06:10,550 --> 04:05:29,330
[Music]

3866
04:06:10,560 --> 04:06:13,630
thank you

3867
04:06:47,269 --> 04:06:22,790
[Music]

3868
04:06:47,279 --> 04:06:53,990
foreign

3869
04:07:20,430 --> 04:07:13,430
[Music]

3870
04:07:30,510 --> 04:07:20,440
foreign

3871
04:07:59,330 --> 04:07:46,490
[Music]

3872
04:07:59,340 --> 04:08:03,280
foreign

3873
04:08:28,670 --> 04:08:16,010
[Music]

3874
04:08:30,830 --> 04:08:28,680
hey let's calm down a little bit but get

3875
04:08:32,870 --> 04:08:30,840
excited for Stellar science

3876
04:08:34,610 --> 04:08:32,880
I'd like to go ahead and start our next

3877
04:08:36,830 --> 04:08:34,620
session

3878
04:08:39,349 --> 04:08:36,840
these are short socks all right

3879
04:08:40,910 --> 04:08:39,359
everyone's listening now okay and I want

3880
04:08:42,590 --> 04:08:40,920
to preface this again just like

3881
04:08:44,150 --> 04:08:42,600
yesterday's short talk sessions these

3882
04:08:45,349 --> 04:08:44,160
are going to be short six minute talks

3883
04:08:47,630 --> 04:08:45,359
there will be no time for questions

3884
04:08:50,030 --> 04:08:47,640
after but these presenters will also

3885
04:08:52,130 --> 04:08:50,040
have posters outside at the poster

3886
04:08:54,110 --> 04:08:52,140
session directly afterwards okay so save

3887
04:08:56,150 --> 04:08:54,120
your questions for them

3888
04:09:01,689 --> 04:08:56,160
and without further Ado I'd like to

3889
04:09:08,030 --> 04:09:06,349
from Ohio University Athens

3890
04:09:13,910 --> 04:09:08,040
thank you

3891
04:09:17,990 --> 04:09:16,790
from Ohio University I'm a space

3892
04:09:24,889 --> 04:09:18,000
biologist

3893
04:09:27,110 --> 04:09:24,899
that we send plant samples to space

3894
04:09:28,969 --> 04:09:27,120
and I will try to see how those plant

3895
04:09:30,110 --> 04:09:28,979
samples adapt to the space flight

3896
04:09:32,750 --> 04:09:30,120
environment

3897
04:09:37,010 --> 04:09:32,760
and then we use information from these

3898
04:09:39,830 --> 04:09:37,020
to make them better adapt to a stream

3899
04:09:43,250 --> 04:09:39,840
environment on heart or to also prepare

3900
04:09:45,070 --> 04:09:43,260
how we can cultivate plants in space for

3901
04:09:51,769 --> 04:09:45,080
future

3902
04:09:54,650 --> 04:09:51,779
and so I work on arabidopsis plants

3903
04:09:58,250 --> 04:09:54,660
which is a model plant it's what E coli

3904
04:10:01,070 --> 04:09:58,260
is to microbiologists and um its model

3905
04:10:04,010 --> 04:10:01,080
because it's uh also the genome

3906
04:10:07,429 --> 04:10:04,020
sequenced already and so we can easily

3907
04:10:10,670 --> 04:10:07,439
trace a particular phenotype to a

3908
04:10:14,030 --> 04:10:10,680
particular genotype so to the right up

3909
04:10:16,969 --> 04:10:14,040
there is what the arabidosis siblings

3910
04:10:20,330 --> 04:10:16,979
look like after we get them back from

3911
04:10:22,910 --> 04:10:20,340
the space environment in this case I

3912
04:10:26,689 --> 04:10:22,920
mean about the International Space

3913
04:10:30,170 --> 04:10:26,699
Station at the lower Hutt orbit where we

3914
04:10:32,750 --> 04:10:30,180
have zero gravity microgravity and where

3915
04:10:35,090 --> 04:10:32,760
we have ionizing radiation and altered

3916
04:10:37,849 --> 04:10:35,100
flue gas Dynamics as one of the

3917
04:10:40,969 --> 04:10:37,859
extremities in that environment so

3918
04:10:43,070 --> 04:10:40,979
basically we send seed to space we let

3919
04:10:45,229 --> 04:10:43,080
those seeds germinate in space we let

3920
04:10:47,630 --> 04:10:45,239
them grow for few days we freeze them

3921
04:10:50,590 --> 04:10:47,640
and we return them to Earth and when

3922
04:10:53,929 --> 04:10:50,600
they get part of Hearts I analyze them

3923
04:10:57,229 --> 04:10:53,939
transcriptomics and proteomics to make

3924
04:10:59,830 --> 04:10:57,239
uh to make sense of our such plant

3925
04:11:03,050 --> 04:10:59,840
adapts to the space flight environment

3926
04:11:05,450 --> 04:11:03,060
and for uh us to conduct specified

3927
04:11:09,050 --> 04:11:05,460
environment we use different AdWords as

3928
04:11:11,750 --> 04:11:09,060
you can see on top

3929
04:11:14,150 --> 04:11:11,760
on top Air is the advanced plant habitat

3930
04:11:16,090 --> 04:11:14,160
that's the the most desirable Hardware

3931
04:11:19,849 --> 04:11:16,100
currently for almost everyone

3932
04:11:21,830 --> 04:11:19,859
researching uh space plant biology and

3933
04:11:24,349 --> 04:11:21,840
here we have the brick

3934
04:11:25,910 --> 04:11:24,359
break Hardware I love using the brick

3935
04:11:27,769 --> 04:11:25,920
it's got the name from the fact that

3936
04:11:29,990 --> 04:11:27,779
it's it looks like a brick Block it's

3937
04:11:32,510 --> 04:11:30,000
biological research in canister I work

3938
04:11:35,090 --> 04:11:32,520
with it and this is the European modular

3939
04:11:37,130 --> 04:11:35,100
cultivation system it being retired

3940
04:11:40,130 --> 04:11:37,140
currently and being replaced by the

3941
04:11:43,429 --> 04:11:40,140
multivariable platform so these are just

3942
04:11:45,950 --> 04:11:43,439
a few of the many Hardwares that we used

3943
04:11:49,130 --> 04:11:45,960
to send specimen to space plants micro

3944
04:11:52,849 --> 04:11:49,140
but in this case we we use this to stand

3945
04:11:56,750 --> 04:11:52,859
up plant to space

3946
04:11:59,030 --> 04:11:56,760
uh the first multi-homix are experiments

3947
04:12:01,309 --> 04:11:59,040
conducted on plant Central space was

3948
04:12:04,490 --> 04:12:01,319
conducted by my lab and then we

3949
04:12:07,130 --> 04:12:04,500
discovered that uh comparing the look

3950
04:12:09,410 --> 04:12:07,140
for change of the transcript that's the

3951
04:12:12,229 --> 04:12:09,420
RNA to the look for change of the

3952
04:12:14,689 --> 04:12:12,239
protein while plotting a correlation

3953
04:12:16,969 --> 04:12:14,699
graph of it we discovered very low

3954
04:12:18,950 --> 04:12:16,979
correlation between differentially

3955
04:12:21,650 --> 04:12:18,960
expressed transcripts and differentially

3956
04:12:24,410 --> 04:12:21,660
abundant protein which is uh indicative

3957
04:12:27,830 --> 04:12:24,420
of the fact that post-transcriptional

3958
04:12:30,290 --> 04:12:27,840
modification of transcript is one of the

3959
04:12:33,710 --> 04:12:30,300
Adaptive mechanism of plants to space

3960
04:12:38,030 --> 04:12:33,720
flight environment that means not all

3961
04:12:41,030 --> 04:12:38,040
RNA gets to become protein and that also

3962
04:12:43,370 --> 04:12:41,040
net it's it's underscore the need for us

3963
04:12:45,469 --> 04:12:43,380
to study procurements to conduct

3964
04:12:47,870 --> 04:12:45,479
proteomic studies of these plants that

3965
04:12:50,269 --> 04:12:47,880
we send to space because the proteomies

3966
04:12:52,010 --> 04:12:50,279
will probably give more insight into the

3967
04:12:55,309 --> 04:12:52,020
Adaptive mechanism than the

3968
04:12:58,429 --> 04:12:55,319
transcriptomics unfortunately because

3969
04:13:01,429 --> 04:12:58,439
protonic study uh require large tissue

3970
04:13:03,590 --> 04:13:01,439
Mass which we don't have the luxury of

3971
04:13:06,410 --> 04:13:03,600
having large tissue large plants sent to

3972
04:13:09,590 --> 04:13:06,420
space most people conduct just

3973
04:13:12,349 --> 04:13:09,600
transcriptomic study until date globally

3974
04:13:16,490 --> 04:13:12,359
only for protonic study have been

3975
04:13:19,130 --> 04:13:16,500
conducted on arabidosis and about ISS

3976
04:13:21,590 --> 04:13:19,140
and these are the four protonic studies

3977
04:13:25,010 --> 04:13:21,600
uh different environments are different

3978
04:13:27,410 --> 04:13:25,020
uh conditions different variables uh age

3979
04:13:31,429 --> 04:13:27,420
of the plants out where uh light

3980
04:13:33,830 --> 04:13:31,439
condition seed line used the tissue type

3981
04:13:36,849 --> 04:13:33,840
and the type of protein extracted they

3982
04:13:39,229 --> 04:13:36,859
vary across all those uh four

3983
04:13:41,150 --> 04:13:39,239
experiments two of those experiments

3984
04:13:43,070 --> 04:13:41,160
were conducted on the lab I'm the one in

3985
04:13:47,870 --> 04:13:43,080
charge of the last one in red called The

3986
04:13:51,650 --> 04:13:47,880
Brick LED uh project so to get idea of

3987
04:13:53,750 --> 04:13:51,660
um what's uh the uh to get idea of

3988
04:13:55,550 --> 04:13:53,760
plants response on the the protonic

3989
04:13:58,189 --> 04:13:55,560
level to the space flight environment

3990
04:14:00,710 --> 04:13:58,199
based on these are field data set we

3991
04:14:03,110 --> 04:14:00,720
have to do what we call meta-analysis of

3992
04:14:04,809 --> 04:14:03,120
the protonic data set from this of the

3993
04:14:07,429 --> 04:14:04,819
protonic data sets from these four

3994
04:14:09,969 --> 04:14:07,439
experiment and that's what I do so this

3995
04:14:13,570 --> 04:14:09,979
is the first stage of the metal

3996
04:14:17,689 --> 04:14:13,580
analysis so we start from the left ear

3997
04:14:20,689 --> 04:14:17,699
are we intersected the protein

3998
04:14:23,570 --> 04:14:20,699
um abundance about the detected protein

3999
04:14:25,910 --> 04:14:23,580
across all the four Hardwares and common

4000
04:14:28,910 --> 04:14:25,920
to the protein across all the four

4001
04:14:31,370 --> 04:14:28,920
Hardware these are three proteins

4002
04:14:33,710 --> 04:14:31,380
which are pick up one that's the

4003
04:14:35,809 --> 04:14:33,720
microtubule destabilizing protein which

4004
04:14:38,809 --> 04:14:35,819
is involved in chromosome separation

4005
04:14:41,450 --> 04:14:38,819
during cell division it involves

4006
04:14:43,550 --> 04:14:41,460
information of um cell shape and it's

4007
04:14:46,309 --> 04:14:43,560
also involved in a transport vesicular

4008
04:14:47,990 --> 04:14:46,319
transport implant and also we we

4009
04:14:50,809 --> 04:14:48,000
discovered the comment of these four

4010
04:14:53,030 --> 04:14:50,819
four data sets our protein is that the

4011
04:14:58,130 --> 04:14:53,040
protein involving defense response and

4012
04:15:02,389 --> 04:14:58,140
mRNA binding now I went a step further

4013
04:15:05,150 --> 04:15:02,399
and isolated uh the data set called emcs

4014
04:15:07,849 --> 04:15:05,160
which is a the data set called abrs

4015
04:15:09,349 --> 04:15:07,859
Advanced biological research system I

4016
04:15:11,870 --> 04:15:09,359
isolated it

4017
04:15:14,990 --> 04:15:11,880
from the data from the general data set

4018
04:15:18,349 --> 04:15:15,000
because it uh they use the mutant seed

4019
04:15:21,170 --> 04:15:18,359
line so I I only call I compared those

4020
04:15:24,410 --> 04:15:21,180
seed lines that were the wide type and

4021
04:15:26,570 --> 04:15:24,420
from intersection of the three data set

4022
04:15:28,910 --> 04:15:26,580
that com that you know that use our seed

4023
04:15:32,030 --> 04:15:28,920
lines that are white type we have these

4024
04:15:34,090 --> 04:15:32,040
eight proteins and here are the air the

4025
04:15:37,250 --> 04:15:34,100
proteins so conducting the protein

4026
04:15:40,790 --> 04:15:37,260
protein uh interaction network analysis

4027
04:15:43,429 --> 04:15:40,800
we see that regulation of microtubule

4028
04:15:47,389 --> 04:15:43,439
microtubule destabilization microtubule

4029
04:15:50,330 --> 04:15:47,399
rearrangement is a major adaptation uh

4030
04:15:52,849 --> 04:15:50,340
mechanism of plants to the extreme space

4031
04:15:55,429 --> 04:15:52,859
flight environment and one thing we

4032
04:15:57,530 --> 04:15:55,439
notice in phenotype of plants that we

4033
04:16:01,189 --> 04:15:57,540
grow in space is that they are usually

4034
04:16:03,530 --> 04:16:01,199
uh smaller looking less healthy compared

4035
04:16:05,750 --> 04:16:03,540
to those grown on Earth where we have

4036
04:16:08,990 --> 04:16:05,760
the full gravity and there are no

4037
04:16:10,750 --> 04:16:09,000
ionizing radiation now I went further to

4038
04:16:13,610 --> 04:16:10,760
compare the

4039
04:16:15,590 --> 04:16:13,620
brick data set which are the one that we

4040
04:16:18,050 --> 04:16:15,600
conducted in our lab and we can be so

4041
04:16:20,809 --> 04:16:18,060
sure of so we have two of them we have

4042
04:16:23,210 --> 04:16:20,819
the brick LED which were conducted in

4043
04:16:25,849 --> 04:16:23,220
light you know this brick LED Hardware

4044
04:16:29,330 --> 04:16:25,859
add light in it and we have the brick

4045
04:16:31,610 --> 04:16:29,340
PDF view which had no light so all these

4046
04:16:34,250 --> 04:16:31,620
plants this experiment were both flown

4047
04:16:36,889 --> 04:16:34,260
to space uh weapon were both flew into

4048
04:16:40,130 --> 04:16:36,899
space but won't add light one add more

4049
04:16:43,490 --> 04:16:40,140
light both of them had no gravity are

4050
04:16:46,849 --> 04:16:43,500
they so at The Intercept of them

4051
04:16:48,290 --> 04:16:46,859
the protein here 186 of them would

4052
04:16:50,809 --> 04:16:48,300
definitely be due to the space flight

4053
04:16:52,610 --> 04:16:50,819
environment while the protein here will

4054
04:16:55,309 --> 04:16:52,620
be due to photomorphogenesis that is

4055
04:16:57,590 --> 04:16:55,319
growth in light cross-interacting

4056
04:16:59,929 --> 04:16:57,600
protein maybe between the hardware and

4057
04:17:01,490 --> 04:16:59,939
growth and light and Elusive protein due

4058
04:17:03,530 --> 04:17:01,500
to the advanced technology that we use

4059
04:17:06,229 --> 04:17:03,540
on the brick LED compared to the brick

4060
04:17:08,689 --> 04:17:06,239
PDF view why the protein here are those

4061
04:17:11,210 --> 04:17:08,699
involved in scotomorphogenesis growth in

4062
04:17:13,610 --> 04:17:11,220
darkness and cross-interacting protein

4063
04:17:15,530 --> 04:17:13,620
now I call this protein due to space

4064
04:17:18,290 --> 04:17:15,540
flight environment I call them the brick

4065
04:17:20,590 --> 04:17:18,300
intercept so comparing the brick

4066
04:17:23,750 --> 04:17:20,600
intercept this is the brick intercept

4067
04:17:25,550 --> 04:17:23,760
comparing it with another data set from

4068
04:17:29,510 --> 04:17:25,560
the European modular cultivation system

4069
04:17:30,710 --> 04:17:29,520
where they add a centrifuge about the

4070
04:17:33,469 --> 04:17:30,720
International Space Station one

4071
04:17:34,610 --> 04:17:33,479
decentric food having the 1G centrifuge

4072
04:17:38,030 --> 04:17:34,620
above International Space Station

4073
04:17:42,650 --> 04:17:38,040
eliminates microgravity so it introduced

4074
04:17:45,769 --> 04:17:42,660
1G gravity so this data set emcs

4075
04:17:47,630 --> 04:17:45,779
as as excluded microgravity and

4076
04:17:50,870 --> 04:17:47,640
everything in this data set is radiation

4077
04:17:53,389 --> 04:17:50,880
so comparing our intersecting this brick

4078
04:17:55,790 --> 04:17:53,399
intercept with this emcs data set

4079
04:17:59,030 --> 04:17:55,800
whatever is in the middle here will

4080
04:18:01,790 --> 04:17:59,040
definitely be due to radiation or

4081
04:18:04,010 --> 04:18:01,800
altered fluid gas Dynamic you know in

4082
04:18:06,530 --> 04:18:04,020
the absence of gravity plants don't pick

4083
04:18:08,990 --> 04:18:06,540
water the same way that we do on Earth

4084
04:18:11,389 --> 04:18:09,000
and whatever we have here is due to

4085
04:18:13,370 --> 04:18:11,399
microgravity definitely and whatever we

4086
04:18:16,729 --> 04:18:13,380
have here proteins here are due to the

4087
04:18:19,130 --> 04:18:16,739
emcs hardware and cross interaction now

4088
04:18:22,189 --> 04:18:19,140
doing a protein protein interaction a

4089
04:18:24,710 --> 04:18:22,199
network of the uh proteins that we

4090
04:18:27,769 --> 04:18:24,720
believe are due to radiation we see that

4091
04:18:30,769 --> 04:18:27,779
ah most of them are involved in ribosome

4092
04:18:33,170 --> 04:18:30,779
assembly ribosome biogenesis and um

4093
04:18:36,229 --> 04:18:33,180
ribosome biogenesis and protein

4094
04:18:38,330 --> 04:18:36,239
translational Machinery so one takeaway

4095
04:18:41,290 --> 04:18:38,340
from this is that arabidosis ribosomal

4096
04:18:45,170 --> 04:18:41,300
activity is altered by space flight

4097
04:18:46,910 --> 04:18:45,180
ionizing radiation So currently I'm I'm

4098
04:18:49,490 --> 04:18:46,920
comparing the transcriptomic data

4099
04:18:51,170 --> 04:18:49,500
between these two data sets and we're

4100
04:18:54,050 --> 04:18:51,180
also trying to do a wet lab

4101
04:18:56,450 --> 04:18:54,060
determination of the specific role of

4102
04:18:59,830 --> 04:18:56,460
this intersecting protein so we're

4103
04:19:02,870 --> 04:18:59,840
hoping to collaboration on our protonic

4104
04:19:04,490 --> 04:19:02,880
meta-analysis of this uh space flight

4105
04:19:07,630 --> 04:19:04,500
stuff there are a lot of things that

4106
04:19:10,010 --> 04:19:07,640
could be done or made so uh my

4107
04:19:13,370 --> 04:19:10,020
acknowledgmental Dr Sarah white that's

4108
04:19:16,790 --> 04:19:13,380
my advisor and then Dr Colin Cruz from

4109
04:19:19,490 --> 04:19:16,800
the National Lab in New Mexico and to

4110
04:19:23,030 --> 04:19:19,500
the NASA analysis working group plant

4111
04:19:30,410 --> 04:19:23,040
homies who sponsored this uh research

4112
04:19:35,630 --> 04:19:32,570
right thank you bolaga our next

4113
04:19:38,510 --> 04:19:35,640
presenter will be Madeline Purnell from

4114
04:19:46,210 --> 04:19:38,520
the University of Utah

4115
04:19:50,750 --> 04:19:49,070
into things because I have a lot to say

4116
04:19:52,010 --> 04:19:50,760
on this topic

4117
04:19:54,349 --> 04:19:52,020
so

4118
04:19:56,689 --> 04:19:54,359
um extremophiles can help us predict the

4119
04:19:59,389 --> 04:19:56,699
boundaries of life here on Earth and the

4120
04:20:01,670 --> 04:19:59,399
possibility of life on other planets yet

4121
04:20:03,969 --> 04:20:01,680
most extreme files that we study are

4122
04:20:05,990 --> 04:20:03,979
typically single cellular organisms

4123
04:20:08,389 --> 04:20:06,000
leaving a gap in knowledge about

4124
04:20:10,849 --> 04:20:08,399
multicellular life and its habitability

4125
04:20:12,830 --> 04:20:10,859
limits and Origins and so that's kind of

4126
04:20:15,469 --> 04:20:12,840
where our work comes into play for my

4127
04:20:16,910 --> 04:20:15,479
lab so we're a nematode lab

4128
04:20:19,189 --> 04:20:16,920
um and nematodes are one of the most

4129
04:20:21,349 --> 04:20:19,199
widespread and resilient animal phylums

4130
04:20:23,150 --> 04:20:21,359
on earth they make about 80 of all

4131
04:20:24,790 --> 04:20:23,160
animal life and are found on every

4132
04:20:26,929 --> 04:20:24,800
continent and in every ecosystem

4133
04:20:28,389 --> 04:20:26,939
including some found in like South

4134
04:20:32,530 --> 04:20:28,399
African gold mines

4135
04:20:34,849 --> 04:20:32,540
Antarctica and the dry valleys Etc

4136
04:20:37,610 --> 04:20:34,859
so my work is based in the Great Salt

4137
04:20:41,689 --> 04:20:37,620
Lake it's an analog Lake for the

4138
04:20:43,130 --> 04:20:41,699
evaporated saline Lakes on Mars and it

4139
04:20:44,570 --> 04:20:43,140
is also the fourth largest terminal lake

4140
04:20:46,790 --> 04:20:44,580
in the world meaning that it gets a

4141
04:20:49,250 --> 04:20:46,800
large inflow of water

4142
04:20:51,650 --> 04:20:49,260
um but the only source of outflow is via

4143
04:20:54,790 --> 04:20:51,660
evaporation it's also been geologically

4144
04:20:57,889 --> 04:20:54,800
consistent for the last 780 Millennia

4145
04:21:00,429 --> 04:20:57,899
and was only once previously part of

4146
04:21:03,469 --> 04:21:00,439
like a Paleo histeine freshwater lake

4147
04:21:05,150 --> 04:21:03,479
for a really brief period of time

4148
04:21:06,469 --> 04:21:05,160
but one thing that you might notice is

4149
04:21:08,990 --> 04:21:06,479
that it has a really Stark salinity

4150
04:21:10,969 --> 04:21:09,000
gradient that's caused from a railroad

4151
04:21:12,410 --> 04:21:10,979
construction that cut the Great Salt

4152
04:21:14,870 --> 04:21:12,420
Lake in half creating the North and

4153
04:21:17,210 --> 04:21:14,880
South arms so the South arm is about at

4154
04:21:19,070 --> 04:21:17,220
15 salinity due to the inflow of water

4155
04:21:20,689 --> 04:21:19,080
and the north arm doesn't get any inflow

4156
04:21:22,610 --> 04:21:20,699
of water and so stays at about 27

4157
04:21:25,130 --> 04:21:22,620
salinity

4158
04:21:27,889 --> 04:21:25,140
um 15 solidity adjusts so you are aware

4159
04:21:30,110 --> 04:21:27,899
is about three times more saline than

4160
04:21:32,330 --> 04:21:30,120
the ocean and is well beyond the

4161
04:21:34,070 --> 04:21:32,340
previous maximum recorded salinity

4162
04:21:36,229 --> 04:21:34,080
gradient that nematodes have been found

4163
04:21:38,510 --> 04:21:36,239
to live in and so my lab went searching

4164
04:21:40,250 --> 04:21:38,520
for nematodes in the Great Salt Lake and

4165
04:21:42,830 --> 04:21:40,260
so we chose four different six different

4166
04:21:45,349 --> 04:21:42,840
sites sorry to look at three which were

4167
04:21:47,630 --> 04:21:45,359
from an inflow river that

4168
04:21:49,550 --> 04:21:47,640
um was between like fresh water to hypo

4169
04:21:50,870 --> 04:21:49,560
saline conditions and then three from

4170
04:21:53,929 --> 04:21:50,880
inside the Great Salt Lake which were

4171
04:21:56,750 --> 04:21:53,939
well into the hyper saline conditions

4172
04:21:59,809 --> 04:21:56,760
and it is here that we found some

4173
04:22:04,010 --> 04:22:01,670
so one unique structure in the Great

4174
04:22:05,870 --> 04:22:04,020
Salt Lake are these microbialites

4175
04:22:08,269 --> 04:22:05,880
um they're Organo sedimentary structures

4176
04:22:10,130 --> 04:22:08,279
and they're built by file photosynthetic

4177
04:22:12,229 --> 04:22:10,140
microbes and so our host to complex

4178
04:22:14,210 --> 04:22:12,239
microbial communities as well as our

4179
04:22:16,429 --> 04:22:14,220
nematodes they're also in the oldest

4180
04:22:18,349 --> 04:22:16,439
known evidence of life on Earth some

4181
04:22:19,610 --> 04:22:18,359
dating back to about 3.4 billion years

4182
04:22:22,070 --> 04:22:19,620
ago

4183
04:22:23,830 --> 04:22:22,080
um and so they can kind of offer us a

4184
04:22:27,050 --> 04:22:23,840
glimpse of life before

4185
04:22:28,790 --> 04:22:27,060
more complex life forms and they range

4186
04:22:31,849 --> 04:22:28,800
about 20 to 30 percent of the Great Salt

4187
04:22:36,229 --> 04:22:33,769
so we've found that these nematodes

4188
04:22:38,809 --> 04:22:36,239
through 18s sequencing are novel

4189
04:22:40,610 --> 04:22:38,819
hysterity species Monastery are

4190
04:22:42,889 --> 04:22:40,620
typically a freshwater nematode though

4191
04:22:45,769 --> 04:22:42,899
some are also found in marine ecosystems

4192
04:22:47,689 --> 04:22:45,779
and so our goal now is to look at their

4193
04:22:49,490 --> 04:22:47,699
genome and transcriptome in order to be

4194
04:22:51,710 --> 04:22:49,500
able to tell the presence and absence of

4195
04:22:53,750 --> 04:22:51,720
Gene families and see what genes are

4196
04:22:56,689 --> 04:22:53,760
being functionally used here in the

4197
04:22:58,790 --> 04:22:56,699
Great Salt Lake to potentially like help

4198
04:23:01,309 --> 04:22:58,800
with saline UV and temperature

4199
04:23:04,010 --> 04:23:01,319
tolerances and we're also looking at

4200
04:23:06,910 --> 04:23:04,020
co-evolution with other microbiota so by

4201
04:23:09,889 --> 04:23:06,920
isolating single worms we can look at

4202
04:23:13,070 --> 04:23:09,899
Presence of microbiota in or on the worm

4203
04:23:15,590 --> 04:23:13,080
so we want to be able to look at diatoms

4204
04:23:19,490 --> 04:23:15,600
fungus and bacteria and so far we've

4205
04:23:22,849 --> 04:23:19,500
been able to do V4 region of 16sr RNA

4206
04:23:24,349 --> 04:23:22,859
sequencing of bacteria and we found a

4207
04:23:26,929 --> 04:23:24,359
variety of bacterial orders that are

4208
04:23:30,170 --> 04:23:26,939
found in and on our worms but

4209
04:23:32,030 --> 04:23:30,180
surprisingly 70 of all the bacteria

4210
04:23:33,769 --> 04:23:32,040
found are only unique to the worm and

4211
04:23:35,929 --> 04:23:33,779
have never been found in microbialite

4212
04:23:38,030 --> 04:23:35,939
structures previously meaning that these

4213
04:23:39,950 --> 04:23:38,040
microbiota are possibly living in

4214
04:23:42,110 --> 04:23:39,960
symbiosis with these pneumatodes and

4215
04:23:43,729 --> 04:23:42,120
offering a variety of functions such as

4216
04:23:45,290 --> 04:23:43,739
phototrophic potential solute

4217
04:23:47,510 --> 04:23:45,300
accumulation and arsenic tolerance that

4218
04:23:49,550 --> 04:23:47,520
allows them to be capable of living in

4219
04:23:51,229 --> 04:23:49,560
this extreme environment so by

4220
04:23:52,729 --> 04:23:51,239
identifying and Reporting these

4221
04:23:54,889 --> 04:23:52,739
communities it can help us understand

4222
04:23:56,510 --> 04:23:54,899
mechanisms that maintain a functional

4223
04:23:59,030 --> 04:23:56,520
ecosystem in some of the most extreme

4224
04:24:00,650 --> 04:23:59,040
environments on Earth and could provide

4225
04:24:04,189 --> 04:24:00,660
information about the evolution of life

4226
04:24:06,110 --> 04:24:04,199
on Earth and also Beyond

4227
04:24:08,030 --> 04:24:06,120
I'd like to thank my lab for all of

4228
04:24:09,170 --> 04:24:08,040
their help and thank you today and I'll

4229
04:24:15,769 --> 04:24:09,180
be at poster for if you have any

4230
04:24:20,450 --> 04:24:18,050
all right thank you Madeline up next we

4231
04:24:31,790 --> 04:24:20,460
have Fernanda Jamel from the University

4232
04:24:38,630 --> 04:24:36,110
hello I'm Fernando I'm a PC student from

4233
04:24:41,990 --> 04:24:38,640
University of Sao Paulo in Brazil

4234
04:24:44,090 --> 04:24:42,000
and I'll talk about my work uh microbial

4235
04:24:46,370 --> 04:24:44,100
mediated carbon mineralization from

4236
04:24:49,969 --> 04:24:46,380
lagova media in Brazil

4237
04:24:52,610 --> 04:24:49,979
so uh the motivation for this works the

4238
04:24:54,590 --> 04:24:52,620
importance of studying the evolution of

4239
04:24:57,290 --> 04:24:54,600
life on Earth as we know that the first

4240
04:25:00,889 --> 04:24:57,300
signs of Life are eliminations and

4241
04:25:02,630 --> 04:25:00,899
fossils of microorganisms and within

4242
04:25:04,729 --> 04:25:02,640
this we have the investigation of

4243
04:25:07,370 --> 04:25:04,739
potential evidence of life such as

4244
04:25:09,410 --> 04:25:07,380
microbial forces and stromatolites that

4245
04:25:11,410 --> 04:25:09,420
we need to differentiate from magnetic

4246
04:25:14,750 --> 04:25:11,420
form of an

4247
04:25:17,150 --> 04:25:14,760
inorganic mineral so therefore oh it's

4248
04:25:19,510 --> 04:25:17,160
necessary to investigate the biogenicity

4249
04:25:23,150 --> 04:25:19,520
that is that if if that was actually

4250
04:25:25,070 --> 04:25:23,160
formed by life or not and also we have

4251
04:25:27,469 --> 04:25:25,080
the Dolomite problem that is a major

4252
04:25:32,710 --> 04:25:27,479
question that scientists have been

4253
04:25:37,670 --> 04:25:35,450
are one of the most important records of

4254
04:25:39,349 --> 04:25:37,680
from the past and even if with the

4255
04:25:42,170 --> 04:25:39,359
several studies related to development

4256
04:25:45,410 --> 04:25:42,180
formation uh the results are still

4257
04:25:48,889 --> 04:25:45,420
controversial maybe to the the little

4258
04:25:51,290 --> 04:25:48,899
understanding uh that exists and the

4259
04:25:54,349 --> 04:25:51,300
difficulty of obtaining this mineral in

4260
04:25:57,050 --> 04:25:54,359
laboratory conditions like uh below 50

4261
04:25:59,689 --> 04:25:57,060
degrees Celsius so given this we have

4262
04:26:02,630 --> 04:25:59,699
the so-called Dolomite problem uh which

4263
04:26:05,090 --> 04:26:02,640
has been much debated over uh the last

4264
04:26:06,950 --> 04:26:05,100
few years however it is possible to find

4265
04:26:09,889 --> 04:26:06,960
a few current dollar my precipitation

4266
04:26:11,870 --> 04:26:09,899
events in hyper saline lakes and

4267
04:26:15,410 --> 04:26:11,880
alkaline environments such as this

4268
04:26:17,229 --> 04:26:15,420
region of Lago of Emira and Brazil that

4269
04:26:18,889 --> 04:26:17,239
is next to each other

4270
04:26:21,950 --> 04:26:18,899
and

4271
04:26:23,030 --> 04:26:21,960
um so these are one of the few places in

4272
04:26:26,330 --> 04:26:23,040
the world that has dull of my

4273
04:26:27,889 --> 04:26:26,340
precipitation uh today so in these

4274
04:26:30,229 --> 04:26:27,899
places there are microorganisms

4275
04:26:32,389 --> 04:26:30,239
responsible for mediating the carbonate

4276
04:26:34,370 --> 04:26:32,399
precipitation which can serve as a

4277
04:26:38,090 --> 04:26:34,380
nucleation centers for for the mineral

4278
04:26:41,210 --> 04:26:38,100
uh within their biofilm their EPS uh

4279
04:26:44,090 --> 04:26:41,220
exopolymerically extracellular substance

4280
04:26:47,750 --> 04:26:44,100
and this photo was taken during my field

4281
04:26:50,689 --> 04:26:47,760
collection and it shows their a thick

4282
04:26:54,469 --> 04:26:50,699
layer of of dolomite of dolomite

4283
04:26:57,769 --> 04:26:54,479
sediment below and above we can see like

4284
04:26:59,389 --> 04:26:57,779
a microbial match with a biofilm uh in

4285
04:27:04,130 --> 04:26:59,399
the

4286
04:27:06,769 --> 04:27:04,140
so talking briefly about right

4287
04:27:09,590 --> 04:27:06,779
precipitation by microorganisms in

4288
04:27:11,889 --> 04:27:09,600
nature environmental conditions modulate

4289
04:27:14,510 --> 04:27:11,899
the communities and within that a lot of

4290
04:27:17,750 --> 04:27:14,520
microorganisms uh they are known for

4291
04:27:19,429 --> 04:27:17,760
their ability to precipitate minerals so

4292
04:27:22,189 --> 04:27:19,439
these minerals can be precipitated by

4293
04:27:25,250 --> 04:27:22,199
physical methods in which the microbial

4294
04:27:27,649 --> 04:27:25,260
Community serves as a nucleation of a

4295
04:27:31,130 --> 04:27:27,659
nucleation site for the deformation of

4296
04:27:33,729 --> 04:27:31,140
carbonate or it can be in a chemical way

4297
04:27:36,530 --> 04:27:33,739
or an inorganic as an inorganic mineral

4298
04:27:38,809 --> 04:27:36,540
so this precipitation occurs mainly due

4299
04:27:41,149 --> 04:27:38,819
to changes in the pH the amount of

4300
04:27:43,330 --> 04:27:41,159
organic carbon dissolves in the medium

4301
04:27:46,250 --> 04:27:43,340
or the environment

4302
04:27:48,769 --> 04:27:46,260
and the availability of calcium and

4303
04:27:51,889 --> 04:27:48,779
magnesium ions in the case of dolomite

4304
04:27:55,630 --> 04:27:51,899
and the availability of nucleation sites

4305
04:27:58,250 --> 04:27:55,640
uh for Crystal formation that can be the

4306
04:28:02,090 --> 04:27:58,260
exopolymeric substances present in the

4307
04:28:04,849 --> 04:28:02,100
in the biofilms of bacteria

4308
04:28:07,370 --> 04:28:04,859
so some microorganisms have the ability

4309
04:28:09,849 --> 04:28:07,380
to produce biofumes formed by these

4310
04:28:12,189 --> 04:28:09,859
these extracellular polymeric substances

4311
04:28:15,649 --> 04:28:12,199
which are mainly composed of

4312
04:28:18,410 --> 04:28:15,659
exopolysaccharides acidic residues uh

4313
04:28:20,630 --> 04:28:18,420
sugars that have a negative charge and

4314
04:28:24,170 --> 04:28:20,640
and can bind to different ions such as

4315
04:28:26,210 --> 04:28:24,180
calcium magnesium so the role of DPS in

4316
04:28:31,149 --> 04:28:26,220
the precipitation of carbonate occurs in

4317
04:28:33,649 --> 04:28:31,159
two uh from initially the EPS can reduce

4318
04:28:36,590 --> 04:28:33,659
precipitation by sequestering metallic

4319
04:28:42,110 --> 04:28:36,600
ions but during the degradation of the

4320
04:28:44,570 --> 04:28:42,120
DPS by some sulfur reducing bacteria

4321
04:28:47,450 --> 04:28:44,580
the resulting High concentration of of

4322
04:28:49,790 --> 04:28:47,460
calcium calcium magnesium ions can favor

4323
04:28:52,849 --> 04:28:49,800
precipitation and in addition The

4324
04:28:54,889 --> 04:28:52,859
Continuous supply of ions added to a

4325
04:28:58,490 --> 04:28:54,899
more alkaline environment due to micro

4326
04:29:01,130 --> 04:28:58,500
the micro environmental generated micro

4327
04:29:03,710 --> 04:29:01,140
environment generated by the EPS May

4328
04:29:05,090 --> 04:29:03,720
favor the bioprecipitation of of these

4329
04:29:07,370 --> 04:29:05,100
minerals

4330
04:29:10,130 --> 04:29:07,380
so now moving to the Azure biological

4331
04:29:12,769 --> 04:29:10,140
importance it's interesting to know that

4332
04:29:16,309 --> 04:29:12,779
the environmental condition of Mars in

4333
04:29:18,530 --> 04:29:16,319
the novakian Hesperian periods

4334
04:29:21,710 --> 04:29:18,540
um quite similar to why similar to Earth

4335
04:29:25,490 --> 04:29:21,720
so at that time it was a much it has it

4336
04:29:27,530 --> 04:29:25,500
had a much denser atmosphere a higher

4337
04:29:29,750 --> 04:29:27,540
temperatures uh than the possible

4338
04:29:32,689 --> 04:29:29,760
presence of liquid water on the surface

4339
04:29:34,929 --> 04:29:32,699
which indicates the potential of of the

4340
04:29:37,790 --> 04:29:34,939
planet to have supported microbial life

4341
04:29:41,030 --> 04:29:37,800
so in the face of this some geological

4342
04:29:42,950 --> 04:29:41,040
studies of g0 crater on Mars have

4343
04:29:45,530 --> 04:29:42,960
demonstrated a large carbonate deposits

4344
04:29:47,929 --> 04:29:45,540
in the west region of the crater and on

4345
04:29:49,729 --> 04:29:47,939
on Earth regions of hypersonic shell

4346
04:29:51,950 --> 04:29:49,739
Lakes are closely related to the

4347
04:29:54,130 --> 04:29:51,960
biological deposition of carbonates

4348
04:29:57,469 --> 04:29:54,140
indicating great potential for

4349
04:30:00,110 --> 04:29:57,479
identifying identifying preserved by a

4350
04:30:04,969 --> 04:30:00,120
signature in these regions

4351
04:30:06,050 --> 04:30:04,979
uh so I I would just specifically uh for

4352
04:30:08,269 --> 04:30:06,060
uh

4353
04:30:11,630 --> 04:30:08,279
through these objectives so my

4354
04:30:13,610 --> 04:30:11,640
objectives are testing a carbonate

4355
04:30:15,830 --> 04:30:13,620
mineral precipitation using allophytic

4356
04:30:18,469 --> 04:30:15,840
bacteria from Lego Batman

4357
04:30:20,149 --> 04:30:18,479
and do structural morphological and

4358
04:30:23,349 --> 04:30:20,159
optic investigation of Carbonite

4359
04:30:27,969 --> 04:30:23,359
minerals like x-ray diffraction remin

4360
04:30:30,950 --> 04:30:27,979
spectroscopy synchronized techniques

4361
04:30:32,510 --> 04:30:30,960
and uh then established by viable

4362
04:30:34,309 --> 04:30:32,520
protocols for biosignature

4363
04:30:38,330 --> 04:30:34,319
identification

4364
04:30:40,550 --> 04:30:38,340
so uh briefly uh you can see more in my

4365
04:30:43,670 --> 04:30:40,560
poster or the precipitation experiment

4366
04:30:46,309 --> 04:30:43,680
the methodology of one tonality uh that

4367
04:30:48,530 --> 04:30:46,319
is a reference that studies this uh this

4368
04:30:50,990 --> 04:30:48,540
region uh was used to test if

4369
04:30:53,630 --> 04:30:51,000
metabolically inactivated cells within

4370
04:30:55,910 --> 04:30:53,640
biofilm could precipitate minerals only

4371
04:30:57,830 --> 04:30:55,920
with the biofilm so the experiment was

4372
04:31:00,590 --> 04:30:57,840
carried out in a controlled environment

4373
04:31:04,189 --> 04:31:00,600
at 30 degrees and was divided into these

4374
04:31:07,250 --> 04:31:04,199
conditions that we had a DPS treatment

4375
04:31:10,610 --> 04:31:07,260
that we let the bacteria grow in for 15

4376
04:31:12,710 --> 04:31:10,620
days then we added the antibiotics to

4377
04:31:15,649 --> 04:31:12,720
inactivate the cells with the biofin

4378
04:31:18,729 --> 04:31:15,659
form then we had the bacteria growing

4379
04:31:21,410 --> 04:31:18,739
normally then we had a treatment with

4380
04:31:23,210 --> 04:31:21,420
antibiotics being added from the

4381
04:31:26,389 --> 04:31:23,220
beginning and we had the control without

4382
04:31:29,330 --> 04:31:26,399
victory so we did this experiment to

4383
04:31:31,130 --> 04:31:29,340
test if this was possible to form uh

4384
04:31:35,570 --> 04:31:31,140
precipitates only with the biofilm but

4385
04:31:38,689 --> 04:31:35,580
we said we said we saw that uh it's uh

4386
04:31:42,469 --> 04:31:38,699
we we've we found a viable cells after

4387
04:31:45,110 --> 04:31:42,479
after some time of of experiment within

4388
04:31:47,809 --> 04:31:45,120
this biofilm so I think that it's really

4389
04:31:51,189 --> 04:31:47,819
hard to inactivate cells in this way so

4390
04:31:53,870 --> 04:31:51,199
we are trying other protocols and

4391
04:31:56,210 --> 04:31:53,880
here here is only my preliminary results

4392
04:31:59,330 --> 04:31:56,220
just giving a brief about this

4393
04:32:01,309 --> 04:31:59,340
oh I'll talk to my poster after

4394
04:32:03,290 --> 04:32:01,319
obtaining these precipitates we analyze

4395
04:32:05,389 --> 04:32:03,300
the X-ray diffraction to identify the

4396
04:32:07,550 --> 04:32:05,399
mineral phases present in the sample of

4397
04:32:10,309 --> 04:32:07,560
the bacteria idiomarina The Strain

4398
04:32:13,969 --> 04:32:10,319
called here in the right we took a

4399
04:32:16,490 --> 04:32:13,979
scanning electron microscopy uh of the

4400
04:32:18,469 --> 04:32:16,500
the precipitates from the same bacteria

4401
04:32:20,809 --> 04:32:18,479
and we can see the difference different

4402
04:32:23,570 --> 04:32:20,819
morphologies such as dumbbells shapes

4403
04:32:25,790 --> 04:32:23,580
and rounded shapes of calcium carbonates

4404
04:32:28,969 --> 04:32:25,800
and this morphology are usually

4405
04:32:31,490 --> 04:32:28,979
associated with biogenic minerals so we

4406
04:32:34,550 --> 04:32:31,500
still need to analyze EDS Spectrum so

4407
04:32:37,189 --> 04:32:34,560
for a conform conform or exactly which

4408
04:32:39,229 --> 04:32:37,199
mineral each morphology relates to and

4409
04:32:41,809 --> 04:32:39,239
finding minor shifts in the the

4410
04:32:44,929 --> 04:32:41,819
phratograms and the the Raman spectrums

4411
04:32:48,889 --> 04:32:44,939
for establishing viable protocols so

4412
04:32:50,570 --> 04:32:48,899
this is my poster session uh 22 and

4413
04:33:00,530 --> 04:32:50,580
that's it

4414
04:33:07,670 --> 04:33:04,849
thank you Fernanda all right next we're

4415
04:33:10,310 --> 04:33:07,680
going to welcome Miriam Fernandez from

4416
04:33:13,310 --> 04:33:10,320
the University of Colorado Boulder thank

4417
04:33:18,109 --> 04:33:15,429
foreign

4418
04:33:21,650 --> 04:33:18,119
and I'm here to talk about the salts of

4419
04:33:24,289 --> 04:33:21,660
the earth and how they could help when

4420
04:33:27,230 --> 04:33:24,299
looking for life in the solar system

4421
04:33:28,910 --> 04:33:27,240
Earth can provide us with analogs

4422
04:33:30,890 --> 04:33:28,920
um that can

4423
04:33:33,230 --> 04:33:30,900
mimic extra planetary environments in

4424
04:33:35,570 --> 04:33:33,240
one of the most ones most often used for

4425
04:33:37,810 --> 04:33:35,580
Mars is the Atacama Desert I'm really

4426
04:33:41,929 --> 04:33:37,820
proud of this graphic

4427
04:33:44,150 --> 04:33:41,939
so in the Atacama life has been shown to

4428
04:33:46,789 --> 04:33:44,160
live off the deli questions of salts but

4429
04:33:48,709 --> 04:33:46,799
can the salts that I studied

4430
04:33:50,990 --> 04:33:48,719
deliquest in all the common conditions

4431
04:33:53,449 --> 04:33:51,000
so for my project I tried to answer two

4432
04:33:56,510 --> 04:33:53,459
scientific questions could nitrate salts

4433
04:33:58,429 --> 04:33:56,520
or their salt mixtures uptake water or

4434
04:34:02,269 --> 04:33:58,439
release water

4435
04:34:03,709 --> 04:34:02,279
autocom environmental conditions and

4436
04:34:07,670 --> 04:34:03,719
could the temperature and relative

4437
04:34:09,529 --> 04:34:07,680
humidity values lead to nitrate salt

4438
04:34:11,810 --> 04:34:09,539
deliquesins

4439
04:34:14,029 --> 04:34:11,820
so to answer this we used a Ramen

4440
04:34:15,830 --> 04:34:14,039
microscope attached to an environmental

4441
04:34:17,449 --> 04:34:15,840
cell in which the temperature and

4442
04:34:18,890 --> 04:34:17,459
relative humidity could be controlled

4443
04:34:21,470 --> 04:34:18,900
and we use this to study the phase

4444
04:34:23,150 --> 04:34:21,480
transitions of our salts of Interest

4445
04:34:25,189 --> 04:34:23,160
so we can answer our first question

4446
04:34:26,869 --> 04:34:25,199
could nitrate salts or salt mixtures

4447
04:34:28,910 --> 04:34:26,879
take up water under autonomic conditions

4448
04:34:30,170 --> 04:34:28,920
well yes and thank you for coming to my

4449
04:34:31,670 --> 04:34:30,180
talk

4450
04:34:33,529 --> 04:34:31,680
um so

4451
04:34:34,970 --> 04:34:33,539
but let me tell you why and so the first

4452
04:34:36,109 --> 04:34:34,980
thing that we're going to do is look at

4453
04:34:38,449 --> 04:34:36,119
the spectral series of the pure

4454
04:34:39,949 --> 04:34:38,459
magnesium nitrate

4455
04:34:41,390 --> 04:34:39,959
um so if we look at the crystalline

4456
04:34:43,310 --> 04:34:41,400
nitrate which is going to be shown by

4457
04:34:44,869 --> 04:34:43,320
the black Spectra at the bottom it

4458
04:34:48,590 --> 04:34:44,879
starts off at a higher wave number of

4459
04:34:50,689 --> 04:34:48,600
1062 and as we increase the as we

4460
04:34:52,010 --> 04:34:50,699
decrease the Rel sorry increase the

4461
04:34:53,990 --> 04:34:52,020
decrease the temperature and increase

4462
04:34:55,730 --> 04:34:54,000
the relative humidity it's going to stay

4463
04:34:58,970 --> 04:34:55,740
there until it reaches the deliques it's

4464
04:35:00,529 --> 04:34:58,980
relative humidity of 63 percent

4465
04:35:03,949 --> 04:35:00,539
um at which point it shifts the lower

4466
04:35:05,090 --> 04:35:03,959
wave number of 1052 so it's going to

4467
04:35:07,131 --> 04:35:05,100
stay here

4468
04:35:10,010 --> 04:35:07,141
and this is really cool it's going to

4469
04:35:11,209 --> 04:35:10,020
stay here and as we increase the

4470
04:35:12,949 --> 04:35:11,219
temperature and decrease the relative

4471
04:35:15,109 --> 04:35:12,959
humidity it stays at that lower wave

4472
04:35:18,109 --> 04:35:15,119
number until the efflorescence relative

4473
04:35:20,570 --> 04:35:18,119
humidity of 23 and that means that

4474
04:35:22,730 --> 04:35:20,580
magnesium nitrate the Pier 1 can

4475
04:35:26,990 --> 04:35:22,740
maintain a metal stable brine for over a

4476
04:35:30,470 --> 04:35:28,849
um so we repeated these experiments

4477
04:35:31,970 --> 04:35:30,480
multiple times over different

4478
04:35:33,369 --> 04:35:31,980
temperatures and we made this lovely

4479
04:35:35,750 --> 04:35:33,379
phase diagram

4480
04:35:37,970 --> 04:35:35,760
uh and it's as temperature versus

4481
04:35:39,890 --> 04:35:37,980
relative humidity so for the pure

4482
04:35:41,150 --> 04:35:39,900
magnesium nitrate has a hydrate the Dell

4483
04:35:43,429 --> 04:35:41,160
questions is going to be shown by the

4484
04:35:46,070 --> 04:35:43,439
blue dots and the efflorescence is shown

4485
04:35:47,750 --> 04:35:46,080
by the orange squares and it was

4486
04:35:50,570 --> 04:35:47,760
relatively temperature independent and

4487
04:35:53,150 --> 04:35:50,580
occurred around 25 RH

4488
04:35:54,890 --> 04:35:53,160
so magnesium nitrate exhibited a very

4489
04:35:56,990 --> 04:35:54,900
large hysteresis which you can tell by

4490
04:35:58,849 --> 04:35:57,000
the gap between the Della questions and

4491
04:36:00,949 --> 04:35:58,859
the fluorescence relative humidity and

4492
04:36:02,150 --> 04:36:00,959
this is going to be our metastable brine

4493
04:36:07,369 --> 04:36:02,160
region

4494
04:36:09,349 --> 04:36:07,379
what about them so we

4495
04:36:10,189 --> 04:36:09,359
did the exact same experiment but we

4496
04:36:12,349 --> 04:36:10,199
used

4497
04:36:14,510 --> 04:36:12,359
um different salts so we have magnesium

4498
04:36:18,890 --> 04:36:14,520
nitrate so this is a one-to-one mixture

4499
04:36:22,131 --> 04:36:18,900
and we have magnesium nitrate on the

4500
04:36:25,189 --> 04:36:22,141
left and magnesium perchlorine on the

4501
04:36:26,929 --> 04:36:25,199
right and we see that same shift in the

4502
04:36:28,670 --> 04:36:26,939
nitrate Peak which we use to determine

4503
04:36:33,051 --> 04:36:28,680
when Della questions would occur

4504
04:36:34,910 --> 04:36:33,061
and so we took different ratios of

4505
04:36:36,349 --> 04:36:34,920
chlorine nitrate and we looked at how

4506
04:36:39,230 --> 04:36:36,359
the pcori could influence the water

4507
04:36:41,631 --> 04:36:39,240
uptake of the nitrate salts in the soil

4508
04:36:43,490 --> 04:36:41,641
and so the blue dots once again are

4509
04:36:46,670 --> 04:36:43,500
going to be the Dell questions and the

4510
04:36:48,529 --> 04:36:46,680
orange triangles are the efflorescence

4511
04:36:51,051 --> 04:36:48,539
um and then the lines in between is the

4512
04:36:53,090 --> 04:36:51,061
average of the experiment so what we can

4513
04:36:55,609 --> 04:36:53,100
see is that for chlorate seem to be

4514
04:36:58,250 --> 04:36:55,619
helping or assisting with the magnesium

4515
04:37:01,310 --> 04:36:58,260
nitrate water uptake or deloquiescence

4516
04:37:04,189 --> 04:37:01,320
and so if we look at our overall picture

4517
04:37:07,551 --> 04:37:04,199
so this is pure magnesium nitrate and

4518
04:37:09,289 --> 04:37:07,561
its Dell questions is at 60 RH

4519
04:37:11,570 --> 04:37:09,299
however if we look at our epichlorate

4520
04:37:13,369 --> 04:37:11,580
mixtures we can see that the water

4521
04:37:15,109 --> 04:37:13,379
uptake seems to be assisted by that and

4522
04:37:16,369 --> 04:37:15,119
we see this with the downward facing

4523
04:37:18,410 --> 04:37:16,379
Trend

4524
04:37:19,970 --> 04:37:18,420
um so we also wanted to look at what

4525
04:37:21,949 --> 04:37:19,980
affects a less hygroscopic or

4526
04:37:24,051 --> 04:37:21,959
deliquisite salt would have on that and

4527
04:37:26,150 --> 04:37:24,061
so we did a one-to-one mixture with

4528
04:37:27,830 --> 04:37:26,160
sulfate nitrates and we saw that this

4529
04:37:30,109 --> 04:37:27,840
did not inhibit the water uptake of

4530
04:37:32,150 --> 04:37:30,119
nitrate because it's still below the

4531
04:37:34,849 --> 04:37:32,160
deloquiescence relative humidity of

4532
04:37:38,150 --> 04:37:34,859
magnesium nitrate so finally we can

4533
04:37:39,709 --> 04:37:38,160
answer our last question

4534
04:37:41,750 --> 04:37:39,719
which is could the temperature and

4535
04:37:43,631 --> 04:37:41,760
relative humidity values lead to nitrate

4536
04:37:48,051 --> 04:37:43,641
salt double croissants in the soil

4537
04:37:49,789 --> 04:37:48,061
so we took our phase diagram and we took

4538
04:37:51,109 --> 04:37:49,799
relative humidity and temperature DNS

4539
04:37:53,750 --> 04:37:51,119
from these two slides in the Atacama

4540
04:37:55,310 --> 04:37:53,760
Desert and both of these sides contain

4541
04:37:58,369 --> 04:37:55,320
nitrates perchlorates in the soil

4542
04:38:01,609 --> 04:37:58,379
composition and also sulfates so site a

4543
04:38:03,709 --> 04:38:01,619
which you see above was relatively close

4544
04:38:06,349 --> 04:38:03,719
to the ocean and was therefore warmer

4545
04:38:08,269 --> 04:38:06,359
and more humid this was likely a

4546
04:38:10,490 --> 04:38:08,279
contributor to why the nitrate cells in

4547
04:38:11,869 --> 04:38:10,500
the soil could maintain a stable liquid

4548
04:38:13,670 --> 04:38:11,879
brine which is shown by the dark blue

4549
04:38:15,051 --> 04:38:13,680
highlights and it made a stable line

4550
04:38:16,910 --> 04:38:15,061
which is the light blue highlights

4551
04:38:20,150 --> 04:38:16,920
throughout most of the year

4552
04:38:22,070 --> 04:38:20,160
then if we look at site B this was more

4553
04:38:23,150 --> 04:38:22,080
Inland and therefore significantly drier

4554
04:38:25,551 --> 04:38:23,160
and colder

4555
04:38:28,131 --> 04:38:25,561
but despite this we do have points

4556
04:38:31,010 --> 04:38:28,141
throughout the year in which the salts

4557
04:38:33,890 --> 04:38:31,020
could uptake and deliquis and maintain a

4558
04:38:35,990 --> 04:38:33,900
medicinal place so of course this is

4559
04:38:37,369 --> 04:38:36,000
very highly variable and that could be

4560
04:38:39,470 --> 04:38:37,379
due to the different environmental

4561
04:38:41,449 --> 04:38:39,480
conditions as well as the different soil

4562
04:38:43,189 --> 04:38:41,459
compositions and would need to be

4563
04:38:44,810 --> 04:38:43,199
further studied

4564
04:38:46,789 --> 04:38:44,820
so

4565
04:38:49,609 --> 04:38:46,799
um if you have any questions comments

4566
04:38:59,029 --> 04:38:49,619
concerns or a job please stop by my

4567
04:39:04,189 --> 04:39:01,789
thank you Miriam I like the splash of

4568
04:39:07,070 --> 04:39:04,199
humor in there keep us awake this time

4569
04:39:08,929 --> 04:39:07,080
of day so next we have povolus simonis

4570
04:39:18,349 --> 04:39:08,939
from the University of California Santa

4571
04:39:24,289 --> 04:39:21,189
hello everyone I'm Paula schimones

4572
04:39:26,869 --> 04:39:24,299
a researcher from Lithuania currently

4573
04:39:28,990 --> 04:39:26,879
located at Santa Cruz and my professor

4574
04:39:32,449 --> 04:39:29,000
is David dimmer

4575
04:39:35,449 --> 04:39:32,459
so organic compounds including building

4576
04:39:37,490 --> 04:39:35,459
blocks of life may be synthesized in the

4577
04:39:38,448 --> 04:39:37,500
accretion disk of newly forming solar

4578
04:39:41,030 --> 04:39:38,458
system

4579
04:39:43,788 --> 04:39:41,040
and may fall down to earth as a

4580
04:39:46,330 --> 04:39:43,798
meteorites and thus

4581
04:39:49,490 --> 04:39:46,340
phosphates uh

4582
04:39:51,948 --> 04:39:49,500
ribose and all nuclear bases were all

4583
04:39:54,470 --> 04:39:51,958
found in meteorites and under certain

4584
04:39:56,750 --> 04:39:54,480
conditions May recombine into your

4585
04:39:58,250 --> 04:39:56,760
nucleotides which are present in all

4586
04:40:01,430 --> 04:39:58,260
contemporary life

4587
04:40:05,390 --> 04:40:01,440
another essential compound is lipid

4588
04:40:09,708 --> 04:40:05,400
which is a membrane forming

4589
04:40:11,570 --> 04:40:09,718
antipipilic molecule and simple lipids

4590
04:40:14,868 --> 04:40:11,580
were also found in carbonicious

4591
04:40:18,470 --> 04:40:14,878
chondrites and even though their

4592
04:40:19,610 --> 04:40:18,480
structure was way more simple they can

4593
04:40:21,288 --> 04:40:19,620
form

4594
04:40:24,350 --> 04:40:21,298
vesicles

4595
04:40:27,288 --> 04:40:24,360
so if these compounds fall down to the

4596
04:40:29,868 --> 04:40:27,298
oceans they are lost in a dilute buffer

4597
04:40:33,708 --> 04:40:29,878
but if we make it down to the surfaces

4598
04:40:36,530 --> 04:40:33,718
of volcanic landmass they get a shot at

4599
04:40:37,970 --> 04:40:36,540
Birth participating in the origin of

4600
04:40:40,550 --> 04:40:37,980
life

4601
04:40:44,150 --> 04:40:40,560
so compounds falling in from space

4602
04:40:47,150 --> 04:40:44,160
synthesized in the biogenic atmosphere

4603
04:40:49,490 --> 04:40:47,160
cooked up in hydrothermal systems

4604
04:40:51,948 --> 04:40:49,500
or through work very through Rock

4605
04:40:54,350 --> 04:40:51,958
weathering May accumulate on the surface

4606
04:40:56,090 --> 04:40:54,360
perhaps finding their way in a volcanic

4607
04:40:58,010 --> 04:40:56,100
caldera

4608
04:41:00,890 --> 04:40:58,020
and the key to getting things to

4609
04:41:04,430 --> 04:41:00,900
interact is concentration so

4610
04:41:07,490 --> 04:41:04,440
small hot spring pools may be perfect

4611
04:41:09,410 --> 04:41:07,500
place to go come cook up some soup of

4612
04:41:11,208 --> 04:41:09,420
life

4613
04:41:13,670 --> 04:41:11,218
and uh

4614
04:41:15,770 --> 04:41:13,680
hydrothermal fields of interconnected

4615
04:41:19,868 --> 04:41:15,780
pools could not only concentrate the

4616
04:41:22,070 --> 04:41:19,878
compounds but intermix them between

4617
04:41:24,788 --> 04:41:22,080
reservoirs subjecting them to different

4618
04:41:30,050 --> 04:41:24,798
temperature pH

4619
04:41:31,850 --> 04:41:30,060
Elemental and mineral compositions

4620
04:41:35,690 --> 04:41:31,860
and

4621
04:41:38,448 --> 04:41:35,700
for any system to move from simple to

4622
04:41:40,490 --> 04:41:38,458
more complex one is it must be subject

4623
04:41:43,730 --> 04:41:40,500
to cycling

4624
04:41:45,770 --> 04:41:43,740
and the flows of compounds including

4625
04:41:48,830 --> 04:41:45,780
building blocks of membranes and

4626
04:41:51,288 --> 04:41:48,840
polymers may find their way into a pool

4627
04:41:54,530 --> 04:41:51,298
which fills up by a pulse from nearby

4628
04:41:57,230 --> 04:41:54,540
geyser dries down and fills up again a

4629
04:41:59,570 --> 04:41:57,240
cycle or an engine

4630
04:42:04,490 --> 04:41:59,580
oh

4631
04:42:09,288 --> 04:42:04,500
is then formed

4632
04:42:11,570 --> 04:42:09,298
when a polymers between dry lipid layers

4633
04:42:13,250 --> 04:42:11,580
uh

4634
04:42:17,208 --> 04:42:13,260
are synthesized

4635
04:42:20,750 --> 04:42:17,218
and during rehydration they may assemble

4636
04:42:23,810 --> 04:42:20,760
into membrane-bounded protocols

4637
04:42:27,410 --> 04:42:23,820
and the stabilizing effects of polymers

4638
04:42:30,530 --> 04:42:27,420
and membranes allow the protocells to be

4639
04:42:34,730 --> 04:42:30,540
tested with some surviving next dry down

4640
04:42:37,788 --> 04:42:34,740
as a protocell aggregate together they

4641
04:42:39,288 --> 04:42:37,798
form gel like phase where metabolic

4642
04:42:41,930 --> 04:42:39,298
Cycles can arise

4643
04:42:45,410 --> 04:42:41,940
and as a grade fully dries down

4644
04:42:48,350 --> 04:42:45,420
the protocells can uh

4645
04:42:51,070 --> 04:42:48,360
are merging and forming lamellar

4646
04:42:55,128 --> 04:42:51,080
structures where polymerase can

4647
04:42:56,868 --> 04:42:55,138
resynthesize template and allocate so

4648
04:42:59,628 --> 04:42:56,878
after many search Cycles simple

4649
04:43:02,390 --> 04:42:59,638
biological functions can emerge

4650
04:43:04,070 --> 04:43:02,400
which

4651
04:43:05,270 --> 04:43:04,080
uh

4652
04:43:08,230 --> 04:43:05,280
yeah

4653
04:43:09,788 --> 04:43:08,240
a simple biological functions can emerge

4654
04:43:13,490 --> 04:43:09,798
and

4655
04:43:18,410 --> 04:43:13,500
these ideas are backed by many studies

4656
04:43:19,550 --> 04:43:18,420
and here you can see a model of lasagna

4657
04:43:22,448 --> 04:43:19,560
of life

4658
04:43:25,070 --> 04:43:22,458
where

4659
04:43:28,310 --> 04:43:25,080
nucleotides are trapped between layers

4660
04:43:31,128 --> 04:43:28,320
of lipid membranes and such structures

4661
04:43:32,868 --> 04:43:31,138
are confirmed by x-ray diffraction

4662
04:43:36,590 --> 04:43:32,878
experiment

4663
04:43:41,350 --> 04:43:36,600
and the trapping of nucleotides between

4664
04:43:44,570 --> 04:43:41,360
the layers are beneficial because

4665
04:43:45,770 --> 04:43:44,580
such structures allow pre-polymers to

4666
04:43:48,010 --> 04:43:45,780
form

4667
04:43:50,830 --> 04:43:48,020
and not only that

4668
04:43:55,970 --> 04:43:50,840
here you can see that

4669
04:43:59,288 --> 04:43:55,980
blue lines are with lipid present and if

4670
04:44:01,430 --> 04:43:59,298
we compo compare the deporination

4671
04:44:04,390 --> 04:44:01,440
reactions which are degradation of

4672
04:44:07,910 --> 04:44:04,400
purine nuclear nucleotides

4673
04:44:12,708 --> 04:44:07,920
in the samples with lipid present those

4674
04:44:15,470 --> 04:44:12,718
reactions are really inhibited

4675
04:44:18,350 --> 04:44:15,480
if we cook up such lasagna at

4676
04:44:21,368 --> 04:44:18,360
sufficiently height temperatures you can

4677
04:44:26,530 --> 04:44:21,378
see in the last graph at 90 degrees

4678
04:44:29,330 --> 04:44:26,540
of the nucleotides can really undergo

4679
04:44:33,890 --> 04:44:29,340
condensation reactions and become

4680
04:44:36,288 --> 04:44:33,900
well oligonic nucleotides so RNA or DNA

4681
04:44:39,650 --> 04:44:36,298
like molecules

4682
04:44:42,050 --> 04:44:39,660
and the the most important message from

4683
04:44:44,690 --> 04:44:42,060
all this presentation is that this is a

4684
04:44:48,110 --> 04:44:44,700
real system like you can take your

4685
04:44:50,270 --> 04:44:48,120
Prebiotic soup and go to Kamchatka or

4686
04:44:53,030 --> 04:44:50,280
New Zealand or even in California the

4687
04:44:55,930 --> 04:44:53,040
hot spring pool pour it down and after a

4688
04:44:59,270 --> 04:44:55,940
couple of Cycles you will see like real

4689
04:45:02,030 --> 04:44:59,280
protocells with oligonucleotides which

4690
04:45:03,890 --> 04:45:02,040
are of sufficient length to already have

4691
04:45:06,350 --> 04:45:03,900
enzymatic functions

4692
04:45:08,270 --> 04:45:06,360
so my goal for a rest of air is to use

4693
04:45:12,350 --> 04:45:08,280
nanopore sequencing to study those

4694
04:45:16,570 --> 04:45:12,360
sequences to check whether I can find

4695
04:45:19,550 --> 04:45:16,580
some functional ones

4696
04:45:23,448 --> 04:45:19,560
so these ideas and results brought our

4697
04:45:25,910 --> 04:45:23,458
team to a city where we are running a

4698
04:45:28,610 --> 04:45:25,920
Genesis engine which is simulation

4699
04:45:30,530 --> 04:45:28,620
chamber of volcanic land mass with a lot

4700
04:45:31,670 --> 04:45:30,540
of poles where we can test the different

4701
04:45:34,490 --> 04:45:31,680
conditions

4702
04:45:37,368 --> 04:45:34,500
and our goal is to

4703
04:45:40,310 --> 04:45:37,378
understand what fraction of habitable

4704
04:45:42,050 --> 04:45:40,320
planets are actually durable and by

4705
04:45:44,390 --> 04:45:42,060
durable I mean

4706
04:45:46,788 --> 04:45:44,400
what fraction of habitat in what

4707
04:45:49,430 --> 04:45:46,798
fraction of habitable planets the life

4708
04:45:51,350 --> 04:45:49,440
can actually start

4709
04:45:54,410 --> 04:45:51,360
not many people are talking about that

4710
04:45:55,850 --> 04:45:54,420
but conditions for a life to start will

4711
04:45:58,490 --> 04:45:55,860
be very different

4712
04:46:00,050 --> 04:45:58,500
than the conditions which are needed for

4713
04:46:01,550 --> 04:46:00,060
our life to thrive

4714
04:46:03,350 --> 04:46:01,560
yes

4715
04:46:07,310 --> 04:46:03,360
so if you are interested in this project

4716
04:46:10,070 --> 04:46:07,320
you can learn more on a set website and

4717
04:46:12,830 --> 04:46:10,080
I invite you to stop by my poster where

4718
04:46:15,470 --> 04:46:12,840
we can discuss how we can cook some soup

4719
04:46:23,390 --> 04:46:15,480
of life and maybe even start the second

4720
04:46:27,708 --> 04:46:25,310
all right thank you so much now I'm

4721
04:46:31,128 --> 04:46:27,718
craving lasagna

4722
04:46:37,970 --> 04:46:31,138
up next we have Michaela Liang from the

4723
04:46:42,410 --> 04:46:40,310
alrighty hi everyone thanks for having

4724
04:46:44,270 --> 04:46:42,420
me today um my name is Michaela Liang

4725
04:46:46,368 --> 04:46:44,280
I'm currently a PhD candidate at the

4726
04:46:48,530 --> 04:46:46,378
University of California Riverside

4727
04:46:50,690 --> 04:46:48,540
um I'll be talking to you today about my

4728
04:46:52,368 --> 04:46:50,700
work on novel methylated biosignatures

4729
04:46:54,288 --> 04:46:52,378
and specifically their application to

4730
04:46:55,310 --> 04:46:54,298
exoplanets which I usually don't have to

4731
04:46:58,128 --> 04:46:55,320
say because I'm usually talking to

4732
04:47:00,170 --> 04:46:58,138
astronomers so that's kind of fun

4733
04:47:02,448 --> 04:47:00,180
um there's a little bit of a breakdown

4734
04:47:04,368 --> 04:47:02,458
diagram here on the far side that's my

4735
04:47:06,350 --> 04:47:04,378
left so you're right

4736
04:47:07,788 --> 04:47:06,360
um that's kind of showing the processing

4737
04:47:10,250 --> 04:47:07,798
of these molecules all the way from

4738
04:47:11,930 --> 04:47:10,260
surface fluxes atmospheric chemistry

4739
04:47:13,190 --> 04:47:11,940
um the production of spectral features

4740
04:47:15,708 --> 04:47:13,200
and we're kind of thinking about how

4741
04:47:17,868 --> 04:47:15,718
this will vary across a variety of

4742
04:47:20,510 --> 04:47:17,878
Stellar types so that's kind of just a

4743
04:47:22,490 --> 04:47:20,520
very quick uh summary breakdown

4744
04:47:24,350 --> 04:47:22,500
um so let's jump into talking about why

4745
04:47:27,410 --> 04:47:24,360
we're specifically interested in these

4746
04:47:29,448 --> 04:47:27,420
methylated gases um and the answer is

4747
04:47:31,010 --> 04:47:29,458
largely that there's a major false

4748
04:47:33,050 --> 04:47:31,020
positive problem

4749
04:47:34,610 --> 04:47:33,060
um for the first biosignature detections

4750
04:47:36,650 --> 04:47:34,620
a lot of molecules

4751
04:47:38,570 --> 04:47:36,660
um Like Oxygen ozone methane things like

4752
04:47:41,750 --> 04:47:38,580
that that we expect to be potentially

4753
04:47:43,730 --> 04:47:41,760
the first molecules detected that could

4754
04:47:45,470 --> 04:47:43,740
be connected to life in terrestrial

4755
04:47:47,868 --> 04:47:45,480
exoplanet atmospheres can also be

4756
04:47:49,610 --> 04:47:47,878
produced by a variety of planetary

4757
04:47:51,890 --> 04:47:49,620
processes including thermodynamic

4758
04:47:54,948 --> 04:47:51,900
equilibrium chemistry and so these

4759
04:47:57,770 --> 04:47:54,958
methylated gases are specifically uh

4760
04:47:59,330 --> 04:47:57,780
almost exclusively produced by life and

4761
04:48:01,430 --> 04:47:59,340
all of the other Pathways that we've

4762
04:48:03,708 --> 04:48:01,440
investigated have been very minimal so

4763
04:48:05,330 --> 04:48:03,718
we're really excited that these gases

4764
04:48:08,330 --> 04:48:05,340
could potentially be a very strong

4765
04:48:10,368 --> 04:48:08,340
affirmative uh signal of life

4766
04:48:13,010 --> 04:48:10,378
um and these gases are generated by the

4767
04:48:16,310 --> 04:48:13,020
process of volatile methylation which

4768
04:48:19,250 --> 04:48:16,320
actually we believe to be a descendant

4769
04:48:21,470 --> 04:48:19,260
or perhaps a Rel relative in some way of

4770
04:48:22,850 --> 04:48:21,480
the process of DNA methylation which for

4771
04:48:25,070 --> 04:48:22,860
you biologists out there I'm sure you're

4772
04:48:27,410 --> 04:48:25,080
all much more familiar with than I but

4773
04:48:29,690 --> 04:48:27,420
we see volatile methylation in a variety

4774
04:48:32,270 --> 04:48:29,700
of different ecosystems including

4775
04:48:33,650 --> 04:48:32,280
microbial mats the open ocean and

4776
04:48:37,430 --> 04:48:33,660
primarily actually a lot of terrestrial

4777
04:48:39,288 --> 04:48:37,440
Marine kind of crossover ecosystems we

4778
04:48:41,628 --> 04:48:39,298
also see it done by a variety of

4779
04:48:43,190 --> 04:48:41,638
organisms primarily a single cellular

4780
04:48:45,530 --> 04:48:43,200
life but we do also see everyone's

4781
04:48:49,490 --> 04:48:45,540
favorite Brassica vegetables

4782
04:48:51,230 --> 04:48:49,500
um also produce methylated gases and we

4783
04:48:52,670 --> 04:48:51,240
think in particular that methylation is

4784
04:48:55,010 --> 04:48:52,680
connected to the process of

4785
04:48:56,810 --> 04:48:55,020
environmental detoxification

4786
04:48:58,788 --> 04:48:56,820
um and that the Need For Life to kind of

4787
04:49:00,288 --> 04:48:58,798
control its environment is possibly a

4788
04:49:02,030 --> 04:49:00,298
fundamental characteristic of life

4789
04:49:03,590 --> 04:49:02,040
itself and so when we're thinking about

4790
04:49:06,650 --> 04:49:03,600
you know what life might look like under

4791
04:49:08,090 --> 04:49:06,660
fundamentally different biogeochemistry

4792
04:49:09,470 --> 04:49:08,100
um you know we're it's probably still

4793
04:49:10,788 --> 04:49:09,480
going to need to be controlling that

4794
04:49:12,650 --> 04:49:10,798
surroundings in some ways we're really

4795
04:49:15,170 --> 04:49:12,660
excited about that potential tie-in as

4796
04:49:17,270 --> 04:49:15,180
well we're not the first people to think

4797
04:49:19,430 --> 04:49:17,280
about methylated biosignatures there are

4798
04:49:22,730 --> 04:49:19,440
a previous study specifically cigarette

4799
04:49:25,368 --> 04:49:22,740
all 2005 and Domingo Goldman at all 2011

4800
04:49:28,368 --> 04:49:25,378
which specifically show one an enhanced

4801
04:49:30,050 --> 04:49:28,378
buildup level around M dwarfs and two a

4802
04:49:32,810 --> 04:49:30,060
secondary ethane biosignature that's

4803
04:49:35,030 --> 04:49:32,820
produced by atmospheric photolysis of

4804
04:49:36,170 --> 04:49:35,040
dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl disulfide

4805
04:49:38,330 --> 04:49:36,180
um and that produces a potentially

4806
04:49:39,650 --> 04:49:38,340
detectable ethane signature

4807
04:49:42,230 --> 04:49:39,660
um and so we're going to follow a

4808
04:49:44,090 --> 04:49:42,240
relatively similar uh pathway we're

4809
04:49:45,770 --> 04:49:44,100
jumping from labland that we've been in

4810
04:49:47,270 --> 04:49:45,780
for the last couple of talks to modeling

4811
04:49:49,850 --> 04:49:47,280
land

4812
04:49:51,590 --> 04:49:49,860
um and uh primarily we're going to be

4813
04:49:52,970 --> 04:49:51,600
talking about uh photochemical and

4814
04:49:54,650 --> 04:49:52,980
spectral modeling basically thinking

4815
04:49:55,850 --> 04:49:54,660
about how these gases are processed in

4816
04:49:57,650 --> 04:49:55,860
the atmosphere

4817
04:49:59,150 --> 04:49:57,660
um and what those potential signals uh

4818
04:50:01,250 --> 04:49:59,160
might look like

4819
04:50:03,708 --> 04:50:01,260
um just jumping into some results

4820
04:50:05,990 --> 04:50:03,718
um we have first here methyl bromide

4821
04:50:07,970 --> 04:50:06,000
which is again on your left

4822
04:50:10,010 --> 04:50:07,980
um and we have methyl iodine which is on

4823
04:50:12,288 --> 04:50:10,020
I think you're right

4824
04:50:14,150 --> 04:50:12,298
um and you'll notice that as I said

4825
04:50:15,770 --> 04:50:14,160
before for methyl chloride they see an

4826
04:50:18,350 --> 04:50:15,780
atmospheric buildup level that's much

4827
04:50:21,170 --> 04:50:18,360
higher around these M dwarf uh cooler

4828
04:50:23,390 --> 04:50:21,180
redder stars and we actually see that uh

4829
04:50:25,250 --> 04:50:23,400
buildup replicated and actually uh even

4830
04:50:26,868 --> 04:50:25,260
more enhanced for methyl bromide and

4831
04:50:28,610 --> 04:50:26,878
this result for methyl iodide is from

4832
04:50:30,050 --> 04:50:28,620
like literally last week um so that's

4833
04:50:31,730 --> 04:50:30,060
brand new

4834
04:50:33,230 --> 04:50:31,740
um and we're also seeing again the same

4835
04:50:35,390 --> 04:50:33,240
sort of enhanced buildup you'll notice

4836
04:50:36,530 --> 04:50:35,400
that it's to a lesser degree and we

4837
04:50:38,690 --> 04:50:36,540
think that's probably because it's just

4838
04:50:42,110 --> 04:50:38,700
a larger molecule and so it's a larger

4839
04:50:44,208 --> 04:50:42,120
molecule it's going to be hit by more uh

4840
04:50:45,350 --> 04:50:44,218
potentially active uh photochemical

4841
04:50:48,050 --> 04:50:45,360
light

4842
04:50:50,690 --> 04:50:48,060
so we use this photochemical model to to

4843
04:50:51,948 --> 04:50:50,700
create profiles of gases in the

4844
04:50:53,990 --> 04:50:51,958
atmosphere and kind of figure out where

4845
04:50:55,310 --> 04:50:54,000
everything is where where it's at in the

4846
04:50:57,350 --> 04:50:55,320
atmosphere and then we're using like I

4847
04:50:59,390 --> 04:50:57,360
said a series of spectral models

4848
04:51:00,708 --> 04:50:59,400
um so this these are mid-infrared

4849
04:51:02,270 --> 04:51:00,718
emission Spectra

4850
04:51:03,830 --> 04:51:02,280
um and the most important thing that

4851
04:51:05,810 --> 04:51:03,840
I'll call your attention to here there's

4852
04:51:07,250 --> 04:51:05,820
kind of a lot going on but the bottom

4853
04:51:09,050 --> 04:51:07,260
row is actually showing an experiment

4854
04:51:11,448 --> 04:51:09,060
that we did where we add multiple

4855
04:51:13,010 --> 04:51:11,458
methylated gases in this case methyl

4856
04:51:14,750 --> 04:51:13,020
chloride and methyl bromide and you'll

4857
04:51:16,850 --> 04:51:14,760
actually notice that the features that

4858
04:51:17,930 --> 04:51:16,860
we see especially for Proxima Centauri

4859
04:51:19,670 --> 04:51:17,940
which is going to be that plot all the

4860
04:51:21,230 --> 04:51:19,680
way down in the bottom corner

4861
04:51:22,970 --> 04:51:21,240
um that feature is actually a little bit

4862
04:51:24,350 --> 04:51:22,980
wider and a little bit deeper than just

4863
04:51:25,970 --> 04:51:24,360
kind of the simple sum of the features

4864
04:51:27,948 --> 04:51:25,980
and that's partially because we're doing

4865
04:51:29,270 --> 04:51:27,958
self-consistent photochemistry

4866
04:51:31,910 --> 04:51:29,280
um and so you do get higher buildup

4867
04:51:33,590 --> 04:51:31,920
levels and also because this absorption

4868
04:51:35,208 --> 04:51:33,600
feature in here 10 microns is actually

4869
04:51:37,070 --> 04:51:35,218
the acetah halogen Bond and so

4870
04:51:38,990 --> 04:51:37,080
acetochlorine and Cedar bromine are sort

4871
04:51:40,310 --> 04:51:39,000
of uh next to each other and overlapping

4872
04:51:42,050 --> 04:51:40,320
a little bit but really creating this

4873
04:51:43,850 --> 04:51:42,060
much larger feature um so we're

4874
04:51:46,310 --> 04:51:43,860
optimistic that a future telescope

4875
04:51:48,770 --> 04:51:46,320
capable of minute infrared emission

4876
04:51:50,810 --> 04:51:48,780
spectroscopy could detect these

4877
04:51:52,788 --> 04:51:50,820
um and we also think that while this

4878
04:51:54,410 --> 04:51:52,798
could detect a methylated gas we could

4879
04:51:57,410 --> 04:51:54,420
potentially fingerprint a specific

4880
04:52:00,590 --> 04:51:57,420
methylated gas using extremely high

4881
04:52:02,930 --> 04:52:00,600
resolution ground-based spectroscopy

4882
04:52:05,390 --> 04:52:02,940
um and potentially one mode that we

4883
04:52:06,890 --> 04:52:05,400
could use for the emission spectroscopy

4884
04:52:09,230 --> 04:52:06,900
that I was just showing is the life

4885
04:52:10,550 --> 04:52:09,240
telescope which is a concept Mission

4886
04:52:11,810 --> 04:52:10,560
um that's actually run by the European

4887
04:52:13,670 --> 04:52:11,820
Space Agency where they're using

4888
04:52:16,670 --> 04:52:13,680
interferometry to essentially get a

4889
04:52:17,930 --> 04:52:16,680
larger uh approximation of a telescope

4890
04:52:19,070 --> 04:52:17,940
rather than putting like 100 meter

4891
04:52:20,390 --> 04:52:19,080
telescope in space because that's

4892
04:52:21,230 --> 04:52:20,400
actually going to be very difficult to

4893
04:52:22,550 --> 04:52:21,240
do

4894
04:52:24,948 --> 04:52:22,560
um and so you could see here that

4895
04:52:26,208 --> 04:52:24,958
there's um simulated error bars for the

4896
04:52:27,590 --> 04:52:26,218
observations

4897
04:52:29,628 --> 04:52:27,600
um and that there's kind of a noticeable

4898
04:52:31,490 --> 04:52:29,638
difference uh between the atmospheres

4899
04:52:33,590 --> 04:52:31,500
without these methylated gases and

4900
04:52:36,050 --> 04:52:33,600
especially the higher flux cases

4901
04:52:39,170 --> 04:52:36,060
um and we can also look at this as a

4902
04:52:40,310 --> 04:52:39,180
kind of comparison to the uh Sigma of

4903
04:52:41,810 --> 04:52:40,320
the detection and you can see we get

4904
04:52:43,430 --> 04:52:41,820
some pretty significantly large features

4905
04:52:45,830 --> 04:52:43,440
here and we're optimistic again that if

4906
04:52:47,448 --> 04:52:45,840
any biosignatures are detectable on

4907
04:52:49,430 --> 04:52:47,458
these planets um these are very

4908
04:52:51,288 --> 04:52:49,440
optimistic planets where uh simulating

4909
04:52:53,990 --> 04:52:51,298
for but hopefully these methylated gases

4910
04:52:55,550 --> 04:52:54,000
will be among uh those bio signatures

4911
04:52:57,288 --> 04:52:55,560
that it's possible to detect so I will

4912
04:52:59,030 --> 04:52:57,298
leave you with my conclusions I think I

4913
04:53:01,250 --> 04:52:59,040
am right on time

4914
04:53:03,050 --> 04:53:01,260
um I'm at poster nine which is right on

4915
04:53:04,730 --> 04:53:03,060
the other side of this wall or you can

4916
04:53:12,470 --> 04:53:04,740
feel free to contact me my information

4917
04:53:19,070 --> 04:53:16,010
thank you Michaela up next we have

4918
04:53:25,010 --> 04:53:19,080
Jordan mccague from Georgia Institute of

4919
04:53:28,490 --> 04:53:26,330
all right hello everyone my name is

4920
04:53:30,350 --> 04:53:28,500
Jordan mckaig and I am a PhD candidate

4921
04:53:31,910 --> 04:53:30,360
at Georgia Tech I'm working with Dr

4922
04:53:34,430 --> 04:53:31,920
Chris Carr on using solid state

4923
04:53:36,110 --> 04:53:34,440
nanopores to detect biosignatures and

4924
04:53:37,550 --> 04:53:36,120
think about potential for agnostic life

4925
04:53:39,288 --> 04:53:37,560
detection

4926
04:53:40,490 --> 04:53:39,298
so throughout our universe or throughout

4927
04:53:42,410 --> 04:53:40,500
our solar system rather there are a

4928
04:53:44,090 --> 04:53:42,420
variety of planetary bodies that have

4929
04:53:45,830 --> 04:53:44,100
conditions thought to be hospitable for

4930
04:53:47,510 --> 04:53:45,840
life so things that are in the middle of

4931
04:53:50,270 --> 04:53:47,520
this fine diagram containing the right

4932
04:53:52,070 --> 04:53:50,280
raw materials energy sources solvents

4933
04:53:54,288 --> 04:53:52,080
and climate conditions for living things

4934
04:53:55,970 --> 04:53:54,298
to possibly persist many of these

4935
04:53:57,350 --> 04:53:55,980
environments are aqueous and saline

4936
04:53:59,868 --> 04:53:57,360
environments and as we've discussed

4937
04:54:01,610 --> 04:53:59,878
previously today and yesterday salts

4938
04:54:03,530 --> 04:54:01,620
have a major influence on the ability of

4939
04:54:05,690 --> 04:54:03,540
an organism to live in an environment as

4940
04:54:07,788 --> 04:54:05,700
well as the potential for Bio signature

4941
04:54:09,530 --> 04:54:07,798
um excuse me sorry biosignature

4942
04:54:12,288 --> 04:54:09,540
preservation and I'm particularly

4943
04:54:13,970 --> 04:54:12,298
interested in how salts can interact

4944
04:54:16,250 --> 04:54:13,980
with these biomolecules in terms of

4945
04:54:18,350 --> 04:54:16,260
doing detection with nanopores

4946
04:54:20,090 --> 04:54:18,360
so specifically the biosignatures that

4947
04:54:22,550 --> 04:54:20,100
I'm interested in are nucleic acids and

4948
04:54:24,948 --> 04:54:22,560
ribosomes nucleic acids that's your DNA

4949
04:54:26,628 --> 04:54:24,958
and RNA it's a linear charge polymer

4950
04:54:29,270 --> 04:54:26,638
that is responsible for storing and

4951
04:54:30,948 --> 04:54:29,280
regulating genetic information ribosomes

4952
04:54:33,890 --> 04:54:30,958
are cellular Machinery that translate

4953
04:54:34,550 --> 04:54:33,900
this information into usable proteins

4954
04:54:35,930 --> 04:54:34,560
um

4955
04:54:37,788 --> 04:54:35,940
oh sorry

4956
04:54:39,890 --> 04:54:37,798
excuse me nucleic acids and ribosomes

4957
04:54:41,628 --> 04:54:39,900
are ubiquitous to all known life and are

4958
04:54:43,670 --> 04:54:41,638
part of the central dogma biology so

4959
04:54:45,590 --> 04:54:43,680
this is a paradigm in biology that

4960
04:54:47,570 --> 04:54:45,600
traces the flow of information from

4961
04:54:50,510 --> 04:54:47,580
these charged Polymers of DNA and RNA

4962
04:54:52,730 --> 04:54:50,520
through proteins

4963
04:54:54,170 --> 04:54:52,740
so it's been proposed that molecules of

4964
04:54:55,610 --> 04:54:54,180
similar structure and function but

4965
04:54:56,868 --> 04:54:55,620
different biochemistry from some of

4966
04:54:59,390 --> 04:54:56,878
these things could actually serve as

4967
04:55:01,190 --> 04:54:59,400
evidence for life as we don't know it

4968
04:55:02,930 --> 04:55:01,200
um in 2017 it was proposed that linear

4969
04:55:05,270 --> 04:55:02,940
charged polymers with repeating units

4970
04:55:07,550 --> 04:55:05,280
analogous to nucleic acids like DNA and

4971
04:55:09,110 --> 04:55:07,560
RNA could serve as an agnostic by a

4972
04:55:10,670 --> 04:55:09,120
signature and we are also working on a

4973
04:55:12,650 --> 04:55:10,680
paper arguing that translation

4974
04:55:14,750 --> 04:55:12,660
performing molecules of a quantized size

4975
04:55:16,610 --> 04:55:14,760
analogous ribosomes could similarly

4976
04:55:18,110 --> 04:55:16,620
serve this function since these don't

4977
04:55:19,490 --> 04:55:18,120
have the same biochemistry of Life as we

4978
04:55:20,990 --> 04:55:19,500
know it here on Earth it would require

4979
04:55:22,550 --> 04:55:21,000
detection with a method that doesn't

4980
04:55:24,770 --> 04:55:22,560
necessitate any specific chemical

4981
04:55:28,368 --> 04:55:24,780
composition which leads us to solid

4982
04:55:31,490 --> 04:55:28,378
state nanopores this is an agnostic mode

4983
04:55:33,110 --> 04:55:31,500
of detection which requires a molecule

4984
04:55:35,868 --> 04:55:33,120
to be suspended in a conductive solution

4985
04:55:37,128 --> 04:55:35,878
so your nanopore here is a nanometer

4986
04:55:39,350 --> 04:55:37,138
scale pore that's drilled into a

4987
04:55:40,850 --> 04:55:39,360
membrane a current is passed over it and

4988
04:55:43,310 --> 04:55:40,860
a voltage or a pressure differential

4989
04:55:44,390 --> 04:55:43,320
drives molecules through the pore as

4990
04:55:45,948 --> 04:55:44,400
things go through on these

4991
04:55:47,150 --> 04:55:45,958
translocations create blockages and

4992
04:55:49,310 --> 04:55:47,160
current which can be used to get

4993
04:55:50,930 --> 04:55:49,320
information about the biomolecules

4994
04:55:52,430 --> 04:55:50,940
and I just want to highlight again this

4995
04:55:53,868 --> 04:55:52,440
does not require specific biochemistry

4996
04:55:55,250 --> 04:55:53,878
making it exciting for not only

4997
04:55:56,628 --> 04:55:55,260
investigating living things here on

4998
04:55:57,948 --> 04:55:56,638
Earth but also potentially elsewhere in

4999
04:55:59,990 --> 04:55:57,958
the solar system

5000
04:56:01,670 --> 04:56:00,000
so what we did was show a proof of

5001
04:56:03,590 --> 04:56:01,680
concept for something called the

5002
04:56:05,570 --> 04:56:03,600
anterior Nano counter which was a

5003
04:56:07,010 --> 04:56:05,580
proprietary solid state nanoportin

5004
04:56:08,750 --> 04:56:07,020
shreds and these are all the different

5005
04:56:11,690 --> 04:56:08,760
biomolecules that we analyze including

5006
04:56:13,128 --> 04:56:11,700
some DNA samples RNA and ribosomes and

5007
04:56:15,050 --> 04:56:13,138
if you'd like to hear more details about

5008
04:56:16,850 --> 04:56:15,060
how specifically this went down please

5009
04:56:19,910 --> 04:56:16,860
come talk to me at my poster

5010
04:56:23,690 --> 04:56:19,920
and then also I have some of the example

5011
04:56:25,190 --> 04:56:23,700
um results so first we have a few graphs

5012
04:56:27,350 --> 04:56:25,200
showing just different example events

5013
04:56:29,750 --> 04:56:27,360
with signature specific events for each

5014
04:56:31,250 --> 04:56:29,760
biomolecule structure and then some heat

5015
04:56:33,110 --> 04:56:31,260
maps showing the change in conductance

5016
04:56:35,030 --> 04:56:33,120
in the dwell time for all the events in

5017
04:56:36,948 --> 04:56:35,040
a specific run and then some overlaid

5018
04:56:39,050 --> 04:56:36,958
samples of what all these events looked

5019
04:56:41,448 --> 04:56:39,060
like and what I just want to highlight

5020
04:56:42,890 --> 04:56:41,458
here is um let's see do I have

5021
04:56:45,708 --> 04:56:42,900
okay great

5022
04:56:48,050 --> 04:56:45,718
um I have overlay DNA events all here in

5023
04:56:50,330 --> 04:56:48,060
the blue this is a circular plasmid um

5024
04:56:52,368 --> 04:56:50,340
so it's just a circular piece of DNA and

5025
04:56:54,050 --> 04:56:52,378
it is a pretty short dwell time but also

5026
04:56:55,070 --> 04:56:54,060
a much larger change in current and this

5027
04:56:57,410 --> 04:56:55,080
is probably due to the circular

5028
04:56:59,448 --> 04:56:57,420
structure instead of a linear polymer

5029
04:57:00,948 --> 04:56:59,458
um so when you have a circular piece of

5030
04:57:03,288 --> 04:57:00,958
DNA going through the nanopore you would

5031
04:57:04,910 --> 04:57:03,298
have four strands of DNA instead of the

5032
04:57:07,310 --> 04:57:04,920
two strands that's in a regular linear

5033
04:57:08,990 --> 04:57:07,320
fragment similarly for linear fragments

5034
04:57:10,970 --> 04:57:09,000
we have these two right here with this

5035
04:57:12,350 --> 04:57:10,980
one in red being a shorter fragment and

5036
04:57:14,390 --> 04:57:12,360
the one in black being a longer fragment

5037
04:57:15,590 --> 04:57:14,400
which is reflected in that longer dwell

5038
04:57:17,570 --> 04:57:15,600
time

5039
04:57:19,550 --> 04:57:17,580
then I also have the data for the

5040
04:57:22,250 --> 04:57:19,560
ribosomal detection so there are a few

5041
04:57:24,110 --> 04:57:22,260
key classes of results here the ones in

5042
04:57:27,170 --> 04:57:24,120
box a we interpreted as being intact

5043
04:57:28,610 --> 04:57:27,180
ribosomes since they are larger and then

5044
04:57:29,930 --> 04:57:28,620
things in box B would have been smaller

5045
04:57:31,850 --> 04:57:29,940
particles which we actually think were

5046
04:57:33,470 --> 04:57:31,860
ribosomal fragments so we thought that

5047
04:57:35,750 --> 04:57:33,480
maybe we had some issues with the buffer

5048
04:57:38,270 --> 04:57:35,760
causing that precipitation which allows

5049
04:57:39,830 --> 04:57:38,280
us not only analyze the exact intact

5050
04:57:41,270 --> 04:57:39,840
ribosomes as well as fragments

5051
04:57:42,650 --> 04:57:41,280
themselves so if you'd like to hear more

5052
04:57:44,628 --> 04:57:42,660
please come talk to me at my poster I'll

5053
04:57:52,070 --> 04:57:44,638
be at number 19 which is um kind of over

5054
04:57:58,368 --> 04:57:55,550
wonderful thank you so much Jordan

5055
04:58:00,830 --> 04:57:58,378
um up next last but not least Justin

5056
04:58:07,550 --> 04:58:00,840
Park coming from Rensselaer Polytechnic

5057
04:58:12,110 --> 04:58:10,490
hello everybody my name is Justin Park I

5058
04:58:14,448 --> 04:58:12,120
am a second year PhD student at

5059
04:58:15,708 --> 04:58:14,458
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and one

5060
04:58:17,390 --> 04:58:15,718
thing we're interested in doing in our

5061
04:58:19,368 --> 04:58:17,400
Labs is reconstructing ancient

5062
04:58:21,288 --> 04:58:19,378
atmospheres as they pertain to important

5063
04:58:22,970 --> 04:58:21,298
evolutionary steps in our atmosphere's

5064
04:58:25,368 --> 04:58:22,980
history

5065
04:58:27,110 --> 04:58:25,378
so what I do is I look at ancient

5066
04:58:29,270 --> 04:58:27,120
atmospheres trapped in halite fluid

5067
04:58:30,890 --> 04:58:29,280
inclusions so halite as we've seen in

5068
04:58:32,990 --> 04:58:30,900
previous talks is an evaporative mineral

5069
04:58:34,730 --> 04:58:33,000
it forms in these really dry arid

5070
04:58:37,190 --> 04:58:34,740
environments where evaporation is the

5071
04:58:38,510 --> 04:58:37,200
dominating Force as it does so it can

5072
04:58:40,490 --> 04:58:38,520
form these things called fluid

5073
04:58:42,948 --> 04:58:40,500
inclusions as shown in the top right up

5074
04:58:45,530 --> 04:58:42,958
here and they can encapture air or brine

5075
04:58:47,810 --> 04:58:45,540
in the mineral Matrix now these can be

5076
04:58:49,910 --> 04:58:47,820
primary or secondary meaning they form

5077
04:58:51,530 --> 04:58:49,920
at the time the mineral precipitates or

5078
04:58:53,810 --> 04:58:51,540
forming sometime later with some

5079
04:58:55,788 --> 04:58:53,820
secondary fluid event and oftentimes

5080
04:58:58,850 --> 04:58:55,798
they form an assemblages of hundreds or

5081
04:59:00,590 --> 04:58:58,860
thousands of inclusions at once now what

5082
04:59:02,208 --> 04:59:00,600
I'm interested in doing is looking at

5083
04:59:04,128 --> 04:59:02,218
the gases that are trapped in these

5084
04:59:06,170 --> 04:59:04,138
primary inclusions and saying something

5085
04:59:08,448 --> 04:59:06,180
about the evolving composition of the

5086
04:59:10,788 --> 04:59:08,458
atmosphere

5087
04:59:12,230 --> 04:59:10,798
now we do have some evidence for what we

5088
04:59:14,570 --> 04:59:12,240
think the atmosphere looked like and how

5089
04:59:16,610 --> 04:59:14,580
it evolved here I have plotted one of

5090
04:59:19,190 --> 04:59:16,620
the major models suggesting the change

5091
04:59:22,010 --> 04:59:19,200
in partial pressure of nitrogen oxygen

5092
04:59:23,930 --> 04:59:22,020
or CO2 and methane as a function of time

5093
04:59:26,628 --> 04:59:23,940
starting with the moon forming event 4.5

5094
04:59:28,368 --> 04:59:26,638
billion years ago now if you'll notice

5095
04:59:30,050 --> 04:59:28,378
here there is a lot of uncertainty in

5096
04:59:32,448 --> 04:59:30,060
these measurements and this is due to

5097
04:59:33,530 --> 04:59:32,458
them being made with indirect proxy

5098
04:59:36,590 --> 04:59:33,540
measurements

5099
04:59:39,530 --> 04:59:36,600
now also in the period between 2 and 1

5100
04:59:41,990 --> 04:59:39,540
billion years ago here

5101
04:59:43,788 --> 04:59:42,000
we have this period known as the boring

5102
04:59:45,770 --> 04:59:43,798
billion and it's aptly named for the

5103
04:59:46,788 --> 04:59:45,780
apparent stagnancy of the atmospheric

5104
04:59:48,708 --> 04:59:46,798
evolution

5105
04:59:50,390 --> 04:59:48,718
now what we're interested in doing is

5106
04:59:53,330 --> 04:59:50,400
providing ancient atmospheric

5107
04:59:55,250 --> 04:59:53,340
constraints using fluid inclusions in

5108
04:59:58,070 --> 04:59:55,260
the period between these two points

5109
05:00:00,350 --> 04:59:58,080
using direct analysis from 1.4 billion

5110
05:00:02,810 --> 05:00:00,360
year old fluid inclusions

5111
05:00:05,270 --> 05:00:02,820
so we can do this by loading our samples

5112
05:00:07,610 --> 05:00:05,280
into a special crushing device crushing

5113
05:00:09,470 --> 05:00:07,620
them this ruptures our inclusions and we

5114
05:00:11,510 --> 05:00:09,480
can pass the gas directly into a

5115
05:00:13,670 --> 05:00:11,520
quadrupole mass spectrometer

5116
05:00:15,830 --> 05:00:13,680
when we do so we see peaks in our signal

5117
05:00:17,510 --> 05:00:15,840
that correspond to each Crush these

5118
05:00:19,730 --> 05:00:17,520
Peaks can be integrated and Quantified

5119
05:00:21,530 --> 05:00:19,740
by comparing to known calibration points

5120
05:00:23,510 --> 05:00:21,540
thus we can get an idea of the

5121
05:00:26,510 --> 05:00:23,520
composition and known amount of moles of

5122
05:00:27,890 --> 05:00:26,520
nitrogen oxygen argon and CO2 present in

5123
05:00:29,510 --> 05:00:27,900
these inclusions

5124
05:00:31,128 --> 05:00:29,520
when we backtrack and calculate the

5125
05:00:32,810 --> 05:00:31,138
ancient atmosphere composition we do

5126
05:00:34,788 --> 05:00:32,820
have to be wary of any aqueous

5127
05:00:36,530 --> 05:00:34,798
contributions as we know Henry's law

5128
05:00:38,030 --> 05:00:36,540
tells us this atmosphere may also be

5129
05:00:39,770 --> 05:00:38,040
dissolved in the brine phase and

5130
05:00:42,050 --> 05:00:39,780
equilibrium

5131
05:00:44,208 --> 05:00:42,060
so when we did this we saw some

5132
05:00:46,250 --> 05:00:44,218
variability in our results here I have

5133
05:00:48,830 --> 05:00:46,260
plotted the mole fraction of nitrogen

5134
05:00:51,350 --> 05:00:48,840
oxygen argon and CO2 as a function of

5135
05:00:53,628 --> 05:00:51,360
the size of each sample one thing we can

5136
05:00:55,128 --> 05:00:53,638
notice is that the primary and secondary

5137
05:00:57,050 --> 05:00:55,138
inclusions do capture different

5138
05:00:59,810 --> 05:00:57,060
atmospheres that are distinct from one

5139
05:01:01,788 --> 05:00:59,820
of one another now we're very interested

5140
05:01:03,650 --> 05:01:01,798
in the primary inclusions as that's the

5141
05:01:05,750 --> 05:01:03,660
environment that the mineral formed in

5142
05:01:07,970 --> 05:01:05,760
and we can compute a average partial

5143
05:01:10,070 --> 05:01:07,980
pressure or density of each gas and

5144
05:01:11,810 --> 05:01:10,080
compare it to the modern atmosphere

5145
05:01:14,390 --> 05:01:11,820
when we do that we saw some very

5146
05:01:16,310 --> 05:01:14,400
interesting things back 1.4 billion

5147
05:01:18,110 --> 05:01:16,320
years ago we found atmospheric nitrogen

5148
05:01:20,510 --> 05:01:18,120
was roughly the same partial pressure as

5149
05:01:22,310 --> 05:01:20,520
it is today atmospheric oxygen was

5150
05:01:24,708 --> 05:01:22,320
around a tenth as dense

5151
05:01:26,270 --> 05:01:24,718
argon was about half as dense and carbon

5152
05:01:28,788 --> 05:01:26,280
dioxide was actually eight times more

5153
05:01:31,010 --> 05:01:28,798
dense now each of these gases has really

5154
05:01:32,390 --> 05:01:31,020
important implications but due to time

5155
05:01:34,610 --> 05:01:32,400
I'm only going to have time to talk

5156
05:01:36,650 --> 05:01:34,620
about oxygen today

5157
05:01:38,390 --> 05:01:36,660
so when we looked at our oxygen results

5158
05:01:40,070 --> 05:01:38,400
there are measured partial pressure

5159
05:01:42,230 --> 05:01:40,080
revealed some pretty interesting things

5160
05:01:44,030 --> 05:01:42,240
here I have it compared to many of the

5161
05:01:46,368 --> 05:01:44,040
predicted models that have been proposed

5162
05:01:48,050 --> 05:01:46,378
what we saw is that we captured more

5163
05:01:50,390 --> 05:01:48,060
oxygen than these models would have

5164
05:01:51,890 --> 05:01:50,400
proposed this indicates that these

5165
05:01:53,390 --> 05:01:51,900
direct measurements might be able to

5166
05:01:54,470 --> 05:01:53,400
capture things that the proxies are

5167
05:01:55,970 --> 05:01:54,480
unable to

5168
05:01:58,310 --> 05:01:55,980
and this has some pretty important

5169
05:02:00,650 --> 05:01:58,320
implications the oxygen that we measured

5170
05:02:02,510 --> 05:02:00,660
is above theoretical lower limits

5171
05:02:04,610 --> 05:02:02,520
necessary for the early evolution of

5172
05:02:06,170 --> 05:02:04,620
life and it's also an agreement with

5173
05:02:08,750 --> 05:02:06,180
some evidence suggesting there was a

5174
05:02:11,150 --> 05:02:08,760
developed ozone layer at this time

5175
05:02:13,368 --> 05:02:11,160
now on the right here I have plotted a

5176
05:02:15,788 --> 05:02:13,378
phylogenetic tree showing the marked

5177
05:02:18,470 --> 05:02:15,798
diversification of red algae in the

5178
05:02:20,030 --> 05:02:18,480
mesopoterozoic Now red algae are very

5179
05:02:22,128 --> 05:02:20,040
important as they're some of the first

5180
05:02:23,868 --> 05:02:22,138
photosynthetic eukaryotes that gives

5181
05:02:25,128 --> 05:02:23,878
them an evolutionary advantage to

5182
05:02:26,330 --> 05:02:25,138
produce more oxygen than their

5183
05:02:28,368 --> 05:02:26,340
predecessors

5184
05:02:30,650 --> 05:02:28,378
and this becomes really interesting when

5185
05:02:32,628 --> 05:02:30,660
we compare this to our timing of the

5186
05:02:35,030 --> 05:02:32,638
deposition of our samples we can see

5187
05:02:37,070 --> 05:02:35,040
they're roughly contemporaneous and thus

5188
05:02:39,050 --> 05:02:37,080
our elevated oxygen measurements are

5189
05:02:41,868 --> 05:02:39,060
likely due to the presence of these red

5190
05:02:44,208 --> 05:02:41,878
algae so I hope I've shown here today

5191
05:02:46,070 --> 05:02:44,218
that the atmospheric oxygen here is

5192
05:02:47,510 --> 05:02:46,080
pointing a more Dynamic picture of the

5193
05:02:49,910 --> 05:02:47,520
boring billion and it might not have

5194
05:02:52,430 --> 05:02:49,920
been so boring at all we have important

5195
05:02:54,350 --> 05:02:52,440
implications of these ancient red algae

5196
05:02:56,150 --> 05:02:54,360
evolving at this time period that led to

5197
05:03:00,470 --> 05:02:56,160
this

5198
05:03:02,510 --> 05:03:00,480
inclusions can capture and maintain

5199
05:03:04,190 --> 05:03:02,520
direct evidence of ancient atmospheres

5200
05:03:05,270 --> 05:03:04,200
for hundreds of millions of years if not

5201
05:03:07,430 --> 05:03:05,280
billions

5202
05:03:08,868 --> 05:03:07,440
with mass spectrometry we can probe the

5203
05:03:10,670 --> 05:03:08,878
contents of the gas that are trapped

5204
05:03:12,890 --> 05:03:10,680
within these and we can look into how

5205
05:03:14,930 --> 05:03:12,900
the atmosphere has evolved we aimed to

5206
05:03:17,090 --> 05:03:14,940
make compositional measurements of the

5207
05:03:18,650 --> 05:03:17,100
atmosphere 1.4 billion years ago and we

5208
05:03:20,628 --> 05:03:18,660
found something very different than our

5209
05:03:22,490 --> 05:03:20,638
present atmosphere hopefully in the

5210
05:03:23,990 --> 05:03:22,500
future we can make isotopic ratio

5211
05:03:27,170 --> 05:03:24,000
measurements and see any further

5212
05:03:28,788 --> 05:03:27,180
Evolution trends so with that thank you

5213
05:03:30,230 --> 05:03:28,798
all for listening if you have any

5214
05:03:38,890 --> 05:03:30,240
questions I'd be happy to talk to you

5215
05:03:43,368 --> 05:03:41,868
wonderful thank you so much Justin all

5216
05:03:45,708 --> 05:03:43,378
right guys so

5217
05:03:47,330 --> 05:03:45,718
um our final poster session of the

5218
05:03:50,150 --> 05:03:47,340
conference will be beginning just now

5219
05:03:53,208 --> 05:03:50,160
out here and we will meet back here at 3

5220
05:03:56,510 --> 05:03:53,218
30 for our sadly final talk session

5221
05:03:57,890 --> 05:03:56,520
techno signatures and life detection all

5222
05:04:00,288 --> 05:03:57,900
right we'll see you then and I want to

5223
05:04:04,670 --> 05:04:00,298
say one more time if anyone is

5224
05:04:07,550 --> 05:04:04,680
interested in having a party like we did

5225
05:04:20,040 --> 05:04:07,560
come and talk to one of us okay thank

5226
05:04:43,868 --> 05:04:31,900
[Music]

5227
05:04:54,570 --> 05:04:45,708
thank you

5228
05:05:15,890 --> 05:05:04,930
[Music]

5229
05:05:15,900 --> 05:05:20,500
foreign

5230
05:06:31,090 --> 05:05:46,450
[Music]

5231
05:06:31,100 --> 05:06:38,360
thank you

5232
05:06:38,370 --> 05:06:45,368
[Music]

5233
05:06:45,378 --> 05:06:48,720
thank you

5234
05:07:25,070 --> 05:07:04,300
[Music]

5235
05:07:25,080 --> 05:07:30,250
foreign

5236
05:07:30,260 --> 05:07:50,750
[Music]

5237
05:07:59,480 --> 05:07:51,720
thank you

5238
05:08:27,850 --> 05:08:06,200
[Music]

5239
05:08:27,860 --> 05:08:32,480
thank you

5240
05:08:32,490 --> 05:08:40,868
[Music]

5241
05:08:40,878 --> 05:08:48,080
thank you

5242
05:09:32,170 --> 05:09:14,030
[Music]

5243
05:09:32,180 --> 05:09:35,500
thank you

5244
05:10:51,368 --> 05:09:43,130
[Music]

5245
05:10:51,378 --> 05:10:57,810
thank you

5246
05:10:57,820 --> 05:11:04,570
[Music]

5247
05:11:04,580 --> 05:11:15,170
thank you

5248
05:11:56,390 --> 05:11:26,960
[Music]

5249
05:11:56,400 --> 05:12:00,040
thank you

5250
05:12:00,050 --> 05:12:10,970
[Music]

5251
05:12:10,980 --> 05:12:15,670
foreign

5252
05:13:14,590 --> 05:12:41,590
[Music]

5253
05:13:24,650 --> 05:13:17,530
thank you

5254
05:13:24,660 --> 05:13:33,480
foreign

5255
05:14:18,730 --> 05:13:43,820
[Music]

5256
05:14:18,740 --> 05:14:25,380
thank you

5257
05:14:25,390 --> 05:14:42,850
[Music]

5258
05:14:42,860 --> 05:14:46,850
thank you

5259
05:15:24,250 --> 05:14:54,510
[Music]

5260
05:15:24,260 --> 05:15:27,630
thank you

5261
05:15:50,350 --> 05:15:43,210
[Music]

5262
05:15:50,360 --> 05:15:55,250
thank you

5263
05:16:15,010 --> 05:16:09,150
[Music]

5264
05:16:15,020 --> 05:16:26,510
thank you

5265
05:16:43,490 --> 05:16:38,270
[Music]

5266
05:16:43,500 --> 05:17:01,020
foreign

5267
05:17:19,750 --> 05:17:11,410
[Music]

5268
05:17:19,760 --> 05:17:27,010
thank you

5269
05:18:07,330 --> 05:17:32,770
[Music]

5270
05:18:07,340 --> 05:18:16,370
thank you

5271
05:18:35,180 --> 05:18:33,490
[Music]

5272
05:18:44,450 --> 05:18:35,190
thank you

5273
05:19:52,550 --> 05:19:00,590
[Music]

5274
05:20:21,100 --> 05:19:54,280
thank you

5275
05:21:22,010 --> 05:20:23,090
[Music]

5276
05:21:49,550 --> 05:21:23,710
thank you

5277
05:21:49,560 --> 05:22:03,368
[Music]

5278
05:22:15,560 --> 05:22:09,490
thank you

5279
05:23:34,628 --> 05:22:24,950
[Music]

5280
05:23:34,638 --> 05:23:37,970
thank you

5281
05:24:12,470 --> 05:23:57,540
[Music]

5282
05:24:12,480 --> 05:25:07,070
foreign

5283
05:25:07,080 --> 05:25:28,368
thank you

5284
05:25:28,378 --> 05:26:13,550
foreign

5285
05:26:13,560 --> 05:26:44,448
thank you

5286
05:26:44,458 --> 05:27:41,708
foreign

5287
05:28:41,990 --> 05:27:53,330
thank you

5288
05:28:42,000 --> 05:29:08,270
foreign

5289
05:29:08,280 --> 05:30:00,368
um

5290
05:30:00,378 --> 05:30:16,970
thank you

5291
05:36:02,208 --> 05:31:30,890
foreign

5292
05:36:02,218 --> 05:36:24,288
thank you

5293
05:36:24,298 --> 05:36:45,120
foreign

5294
05:37:13,990 --> 05:37:05,200
[Music]

5295
05:37:14,000 --> 05:37:18,430
thank you

5296
05:37:18,440 --> 05:37:37,510
[Music]

5297
05:37:40,500 --> 05:37:39,470
thank you

5298
05:38:00,600 --> 05:37:40,510
foreign

5299
05:39:20,930 --> 05:38:08,250
[Music]

5300
05:39:20,940 --> 05:39:32,280
foreign

5301
05:39:48,590 --> 05:39:39,590
[Music]

5302
05:39:48,600 --> 05:39:59,970
foreign

5303
05:39:59,980 --> 05:40:12,128
[Music]

5304
05:40:27,660 --> 05:40:13,850
thank you

5305
05:40:44,170 --> 05:40:35,040
[Music]

5306
05:40:44,180 --> 05:40:50,470
thank you

5307
05:41:22,110 --> 05:41:02,630
[Music]

5308
05:41:25,010 --> 05:41:22,120
foreign

5309
05:41:57,948 --> 05:41:25,020
[Music]

5310
05:41:57,958 --> 05:42:18,430
foreign

5311
05:42:18,440 --> 05:42:26,470
[Music]

5312
05:42:53,550 --> 05:42:46,030
thank you

5313
05:42:53,560 --> 05:43:13,930
[Music]

5314
05:43:13,940 --> 05:43:21,250
thank you

5315
05:43:21,260 --> 05:43:41,990
[Music]

5316
05:43:42,000 --> 05:43:46,120
thank you

5317
05:43:46,130 --> 05:43:53,708
[Music]

5318
05:43:53,718 --> 05:44:13,510
thank you

5319
05:44:35,570 --> 05:44:24,850
[Music]

5320
05:44:43,570 --> 05:44:38,110
foreign

5321
05:45:07,670 --> 05:44:49,440
[Music]

5322
05:45:07,680 --> 05:45:24,860
foreign

5323
05:45:47,090 --> 05:45:42,550
[Music]

5324
05:45:47,100 --> 05:45:54,860
foreign

5325
05:46:52,310 --> 05:46:07,270
[Music]

5326
05:46:52,320 --> 05:46:55,000
thank you

5327
05:47:30,350 --> 05:47:07,270
[Music]

5328
05:47:30,360 --> 05:47:37,270
foreign

5329
05:48:19,368 --> 05:47:43,030
[Music]

5330
05:48:19,378 --> 05:48:24,990
foreign

5331
05:48:25,000 --> 05:48:42,230
[Music]

5332
05:48:54,840 --> 05:48:43,560
foreign

5333
05:49:23,510 --> 05:49:13,560
[Music]

5334
05:49:42,990 --> 05:49:24,840
foreign

5335
05:49:43,000 --> 05:49:53,628
[Music]

5336
05:50:13,570 --> 05:49:54,860
foreign

5337
05:51:07,070 --> 05:50:24,870
[Music]

5338
05:51:13,530 --> 05:51:07,280
foreign

5339
05:51:49,460 --> 05:51:25,010
[Music]

5340
05:51:54,990 --> 05:51:49,470
thank you

5341
05:52:24,990 --> 05:52:07,270
[Music]

5342
05:52:43,020 --> 05:52:25,000
foreign

5343
05:53:04,430 --> 05:52:54,970
[Music]

5344
05:53:04,440 --> 05:53:13,560
foreign

5345
05:53:34,368 --> 05:53:19,490
[Music]

5346
05:53:34,378 --> 05:53:43,570
foreign

5347
05:55:22,190 --> 05:53:53,920
[Music]

5348
05:55:37,250 --> 05:55:25,000
foreign

5349
05:55:59,868 --> 05:55:42,640
[Music]

5350
05:55:59,878 --> 05:56:07,250
foreign

5351
05:56:35,448 --> 05:56:13,010
[Music]

5352
05:56:54,980 --> 05:56:37,240
thank you

5353
05:57:11,390 --> 05:57:07,260
[Music]

5354
05:57:25,000 --> 05:57:13,010
foreign

5355
05:57:25,010 --> 05:57:58,788
[Music]

5356
05:57:58,798 --> 05:58:08,910
thank you

5357
05:58:25,730 --> 05:58:20,980
[Music]

5358
05:58:25,740 --> 05:58:32,560
foreign

5359
05:58:32,570 --> 05:58:59,448
[Music]

5360
05:58:59,458 --> 05:59:07,320
thank you

5361
05:59:30,170 --> 05:59:24,380
[Music]

5362
05:59:30,180 --> 05:59:37,310
thank you

5363
05:59:37,320 --> 06:00:01,900
foreign

5364
06:00:01,910 --> 06:00:06,948
[Music]

5365
06:00:06,958 --> 06:00:13,580
thank you

5366
06:00:13,590 --> 06:00:46,730
[Music]

5367
06:01:44,150 --> 06:00:48,340
foreign

5368
06:01:44,160 --> 06:01:49,970
[Music]

5369
06:02:09,190 --> 06:02:00,170
foreign

5370
06:02:09,200 --> 06:02:31,850
[Music]

5371
06:02:31,860 --> 06:02:46,470
thank you

5372
06:02:46,480 --> 06:03:00,350
[Music]

5373
06:03:08,510 --> 06:03:01,910
relax

5374
06:03:08,520 --> 06:03:25,210
foreign

5375
06:04:15,910 --> 06:03:35,690
[Music]

5376
06:04:15,920 --> 06:04:19,070
thank you

5377
06:04:19,080 --> 06:04:25,910
foreign

5378
06:04:25,920 --> 06:05:25,250
[Music]

5379
06:06:19,730 --> 06:05:27,090
thank you

5380
06:06:23,150 --> 06:06:21,250
[Music]

5381
06:06:37,350 --> 06:06:23,160
thank you

5382
06:06:37,360 --> 06:07:57,250
[Music]

5383
06:07:57,260 --> 06:08:11,280
thank you

5384
06:08:31,670 --> 06:08:12,548
[Music]

5385
06:08:31,680 --> 06:09:04,120
foreign

5386
06:09:32,948 --> 06:09:05,470
[Music]

5387
06:09:32,958 --> 06:09:55,190
thank you

5388
06:10:26,560 --> 06:09:56,950
foreign

5389
06:10:26,570 --> 06:10:33,830
[Music]

5390
06:10:33,840 --> 06:10:52,610
thank you

5391
06:10:52,620 --> 06:11:07,390
foreign

5392
06:11:45,410 --> 06:11:25,030
[Music]

5393
06:11:45,420 --> 06:12:19,150
foreign

5394
06:12:47,270 --> 06:12:34,208
thank you

5395
06:13:28,750 --> 06:12:56,210
[Music]

5396
06:15:39,310 --> 06:14:58,868
thank you

5397
06:15:39,320 --> 06:15:55,970
[Music]

5398
06:16:27,300 --> 06:16:00,830
foreign

5399
06:16:27,310 --> 06:16:37,430
[Music]

5400
06:17:15,360 --> 06:17:09,530
thank you

5401
06:17:48,048 --> 06:17:32,150
[Music]

5402
06:17:48,058 --> 06:17:59,250
foreign

5403
06:18:19,190 --> 06:18:11,540
[Music]

5404
06:18:35,320 --> 06:18:28,490
foreign

5405
06:19:08,030 --> 06:18:43,560
[Music]

5406
06:19:08,040 --> 06:19:39,170
foreign

5407
06:19:39,180 --> 06:19:56,350
today

5408
06:19:56,360 --> 06:20:13,930
[Music]

5409
06:20:13,940 --> 06:20:19,580
thank you

5410
06:21:27,170 --> 06:20:51,390
[Music]

5411
06:21:27,180 --> 06:21:32,340
foreign

5412
06:21:32,350 --> 06:22:01,430
[Music]

5413
06:22:01,440 --> 06:22:07,910
thank you

5414
06:22:07,920 --> 06:22:36,260
foreign

5415
06:23:17,930 --> 06:22:43,290
[Music]

5416
06:23:52,010 --> 06:23:19,310
thank you

5417
06:23:52,020 --> 06:24:22,390
foreign

5418
06:24:22,400 --> 06:24:28,270
thank you

5419
06:24:28,280 --> 06:24:32,810
[Music]

5420
06:25:16,270 --> 06:25:10,128
foreign

5421
06:25:42,170 --> 06:25:32,270
[Music]

5422
06:27:45,788 --> 06:25:47,990
foreign

5423
06:27:45,798 --> 06:28:12,590
thank you

5424
06:28:12,600 --> 06:28:29,530
foreign

5425
06:29:48,590 --> 06:29:09,190
thank you

5426
06:32:35,110 --> 06:31:22,910
foreign

5427
06:33:42,650 --> 06:33:12,410
thank you

5428
06:41:05,180 --> 06:34:52,548
foreign

5429
06:41:42,650 --> 06:41:06,890
[Music]

5430
06:41:42,660 --> 06:41:47,750
okay

5431
06:42:23,690 --> 06:42:11,868
thanks

5432
06:42:23,700 --> 06:43:02,750
foreign

5433
06:43:02,760 --> 06:43:37,610
thank you

5434
06:43:37,620 --> 06:44:22,868
foreign

5435
06:44:22,878 --> 06:44:49,910
thank you

5436
06:44:49,920 --> 06:45:27,250
foreign

5437
06:46:38,990 --> 06:46:08,650
thank you

5438
06:46:39,000 --> 06:47:14,150
foreign

5439
06:47:14,160 --> 06:47:52,090
in it

5440
06:47:52,100 --> 06:48:29,510
thank you

5441
06:49:22,670 --> 06:48:32,150
seconds

5442
06:49:22,680 --> 06:49:55,090
foreign

5443
06:50:50,448 --> 06:50:13,670
thank you

5444
06:51:34,310 --> 06:51:03,288
foreign

5445
06:51:56,570 --> 06:51:51,180
[Music]

5446
06:51:59,330 --> 06:51:56,580
but before we start the talk session

5447
06:52:01,128 --> 06:51:59,340
officially Jaime Cordova would like to

5448
06:52:05,930 --> 06:52:01,138
make a quick announcement so I'm going

5449
06:52:12,708 --> 06:52:09,410
alrighty so hi everyone uh so I'm Jaime

5450
06:52:15,708 --> 06:52:12,718
I'm at UW Madison uh this is Rachel uh

5451
06:52:17,208 --> 06:52:15,718
from UCR we are both part of the early

5452
06:52:19,968 --> 06:52:17,218
career committee for the new life

5453
06:52:22,070 --> 06:52:19,978
research coordination Network

5454
06:52:24,110 --> 06:52:22,080
just to make you all aware so life

5455
06:52:27,110 --> 06:52:24,120
research for the life RCN is the newest

5456
06:52:28,730 --> 06:52:27,120
RCN uh part of NASA Astro bio we are a

5457
06:52:30,410 --> 06:52:28,740
network of astrobiologists focused on

5458
06:52:33,048 --> 06:52:30,420
the evolution of or on the co-evolution

5459
06:52:34,968 --> 06:52:33,058
of Earth and life uh we are looking to

5460
06:52:36,590 --> 06:52:34,978
explore ways to advance the science and

5461
06:52:38,570 --> 06:52:36,600
its implications for the search for life

5462
06:52:40,190 --> 06:52:38,580
on other worlds uh we just wanted to

5463
06:52:42,110 --> 06:52:40,200
make you all aware of this so you could

5464
06:52:43,310 --> 06:52:42,120
uh see our website here we have a

5465
06:52:45,948 --> 06:52:43,320
Twitter and we also have a YouTube

5466
06:52:48,110 --> 06:52:45,958
channel where we have our seminar series

5467
06:52:51,048 --> 06:52:48,120
the QR code that is on the screen right

5468
06:52:52,850 --> 06:52:51,058
now is for uh our main website but we do

5469
06:52:54,770 --> 06:52:52,860
have a seminar series that we started uh

5470
06:52:56,930 --> 06:52:54,780
we just had our first seminar series uh

5471
06:53:00,110 --> 06:52:56,940
last month we actually know this month

5472
06:53:02,570 --> 06:53:00,120
pass uh we just started in May our next

5473
06:53:05,628 --> 06:53:02,580
seminar it will be taking place on June

5474
06:53:08,390 --> 06:53:05,638
5th uh this is by uh Dr Maria revolia

5475
06:53:11,390 --> 06:53:08,400
Gomez from uh UCI and she'll be talking

5476
06:53:13,128 --> 06:53:11,400
about Innovations and constraints uh

5477
06:53:15,048 --> 06:53:13,138
evolution of metabolic rules and their

5478
06:53:17,390 --> 06:53:15,058
ecological relevance

5479
06:53:19,368 --> 06:53:17,400
you are welcome to scan the QR code

5480
06:53:21,830 --> 06:53:19,378
that's there uh then that'll take you to

5481
06:53:23,090 --> 06:53:21,840
our resume registration it is uh all

5482
06:53:25,070 --> 06:53:23,100
virtual

5483
06:53:26,448 --> 06:53:25,080
and it's going to be taking place on the

5484
06:53:29,030 --> 06:53:26,458
first Monday of ever

5485
06:53:30,530 --> 06:53:29,040
anything else you want to have

5486
06:53:32,510 --> 06:53:30,540
um as many of you know we also have

5487
06:53:34,610 --> 06:53:32,520
stickers for the life RCN so if you

5488
06:53:36,590 --> 06:53:34,620
would like one come see one of us yeah

5489
06:53:39,410 --> 06:53:36,600
yeah we're probably already given out

5490
06:53:40,850 --> 06:53:39,420
like a lot 100 of these but if you want

5491
06:53:42,708 --> 06:53:40,860
more we've got more so well you're

5492
06:53:44,570 --> 06:53:42,718
welcome to come get get some from uh

5493
06:53:46,730 --> 06:53:44,580
from either of us and uh if you have any

5494
06:53:49,070 --> 06:53:46,740
questions about the life RCN uh please

5495
06:53:58,610 --> 06:53:49,080
uh come up to us and uh we're happy to

5496
06:54:03,350 --> 06:54:01,250
all right thank you so much guys and we

5497
06:54:05,810 --> 06:54:03,360
already have our first presenter on

5498
06:54:08,030 --> 06:54:05,820
standby I'm here to welcome Rachel

5499
06:54:13,850 --> 06:54:08,040
Sabrina from the University of

5500
06:54:18,170 --> 06:54:15,530
great hi everyone

5501
06:54:19,548 --> 06:54:18,180
um yeah so my name is Rachel surprise

5502
06:54:21,530 --> 06:54:19,558
um I'm a PhD candidate at the University

5503
06:54:24,110 --> 06:54:21,540
of California Riverside and today I'm

5504
06:54:25,850 --> 06:54:24,120
going to be talking to you all about the

5505
06:54:27,830 --> 06:54:25,860
sedimentological signatures of

5506
06:54:29,868 --> 06:54:27,840
backgrounds in the pre-cambrian a novel

5507
06:54:31,430 --> 06:54:29,878
method for their detection

5508
06:54:33,530 --> 06:54:31,440
um automated detection in remote

5509
06:54:35,090 --> 06:54:33,540
contexts and implications for the search

5510
06:54:36,948 --> 06:54:35,100
for Life on Mars

5511
06:54:38,990 --> 06:54:36,958
so

5512
06:54:40,610 --> 06:54:39,000
it's well accepted that in Mars has

5513
06:54:43,250 --> 06:54:40,620
passed there was liquid water on the

5514
06:54:44,690 --> 06:54:43,260
surface right so this provides the

5515
06:54:47,270 --> 06:54:44,700
potential for there to have been past

5516
06:54:49,070 --> 06:54:47,280
microbial life and when we're thinking

5517
06:54:50,750 --> 06:54:49,080
about looking for evidence of this past

5518
06:54:51,770 --> 06:54:50,760
microbial life a lot of people in this

5519
06:54:53,208 --> 06:54:51,780
room

5520
06:54:55,310 --> 06:54:53,218
um like to think about

5521
06:54:58,430 --> 06:54:55,320
signatures of this microbial life that

5522
06:55:00,850 --> 06:54:58,440
are microscopic or molecular but as a

5523
06:55:03,708 --> 06:55:00,860
paleontologist I'm more interested in

5524
06:55:05,868 --> 06:55:03,718
macroscopic textural signatures that we

5525
06:55:09,170 --> 06:55:05,878
can observe in the sedimentological

5526
06:55:11,448 --> 06:55:09,180
record from standard imagery right

5527
06:55:13,968 --> 06:55:11,458
so to find these types of signatures

5528
06:55:15,948 --> 06:55:13,978
that could be useful for the search for

5529
06:55:17,390 --> 06:55:15,958
Life on Mars we can turn to the

5530
06:55:20,330 --> 06:55:17,400
Precambrian Earth

5531
06:55:21,410 --> 06:55:20,340
which is a really useful data set for us

5532
06:55:23,868 --> 06:55:21,420
to think about

5533
06:55:25,730 --> 06:55:23,878
how past microbial life expresses itself

5534
06:55:31,010 --> 06:55:25,740
in the sedimentological record because

5535
06:55:32,448 --> 06:55:31,020
it is dominated by a record of organic

5536
06:55:35,030 --> 06:55:32,458
matte grounds

5537
06:55:37,788 --> 06:55:35,040
um during a time when life on Earth was

5538
06:55:38,510 --> 06:55:37,798
very simple right

5539
06:55:41,810 --> 06:55:38,520
um

5540
06:55:43,968 --> 06:55:41,820
and luckily uh these organic backgrounds

5541
06:55:46,910 --> 06:55:43,978
formed by a consortia of prokaryotes and

5542
06:55:48,708 --> 06:55:46,920
eukaryotes mainly single cellular

5543
06:55:50,628 --> 06:55:48,718
um have a significant impact on the

5544
06:55:52,548 --> 06:55:50,638
sedimentological record

5545
06:55:53,930 --> 06:55:52,558
um we heard earlier today about

5546
06:55:56,628 --> 06:55:53,940
something called the extracellular

5547
06:55:58,610 --> 06:55:56,638
polymeric substance that microbes

5548
06:56:00,770 --> 06:55:58,620
excrete when they are forming a

5549
06:56:03,110 --> 06:56:00,780
background that is just kind of this

5550
06:56:05,750 --> 06:56:03,120
like sticky substrate and this has an

5551
06:56:08,690 --> 06:56:05,760
impact on the sedimentological record in

5552
06:56:11,330 --> 06:56:08,700
that it binds baffles and traps sediment

5553
06:56:13,548 --> 06:56:11,340
that it is living on and within and thus

5554
06:56:16,368 --> 06:56:13,558
prevents erosion and stabilizes sediment

5555
06:56:17,750 --> 06:56:16,378
in part this contributes to in carbonate

5556
06:56:19,010 --> 06:56:17,760
settings things that you'll probably

5557
06:56:21,230 --> 06:56:19,020
you're probably familiar with like

5558
06:56:23,510 --> 06:56:21,240
microbialites and stromatolites

5559
06:56:25,190 --> 06:56:23,520
but I'm more interested in how this is

5560
06:56:27,110 --> 06:56:25,200
expressed in solicit clastic settings

5561
06:56:29,390 --> 06:56:27,120
which is broadly applicable to the

5562
06:56:31,548 --> 06:56:29,400
Martian geologic environment right and

5563
06:56:33,288 --> 06:56:31,558
one way that it can be expressed is in

5564
06:56:35,330 --> 06:56:33,298
texture organic surfaces or iterative

5565
06:56:36,770 --> 06:56:35,340
Organo sedimentary surface textures I'm

5566
06:56:38,628 --> 06:56:36,780
showing you an example of that up here

5567
06:56:40,310 --> 06:56:38,638
on the right that's actually a fossil

5568
06:56:43,010 --> 06:56:40,320
surface

5569
06:56:45,410 --> 06:56:43,020
um and they also impact

5570
06:56:48,590 --> 06:56:45,420
um sedimentological packaging in a way

5571
06:56:49,910 --> 06:56:48,600
that we can identify and cross-section

5572
06:56:52,128 --> 06:56:49,920
so

5573
06:56:53,448 --> 06:56:52,138
when I'm talking about kind of these not

5574
06:56:55,310 --> 06:56:53,458
ground bio signatures I think this

5575
06:56:56,750 --> 06:56:55,320
brings up a really important question

5576
06:56:59,330 --> 06:56:56,760
that I want to kind of frame my whole

5577
06:57:01,430 --> 06:56:59,340
talk in in which is that if life ever

5578
06:57:03,110 --> 06:57:01,440
existed on Mars was it ever abundant

5579
06:57:05,510 --> 06:57:03,120
enough to form organic backgrounds and

5580
06:57:07,490 --> 06:57:05,520
impact the sedimentological record on a

5581
06:57:08,868 --> 06:57:07,500
macro macroscopic scale like we see in

5582
06:57:11,990 --> 06:57:08,878
the Precambrian

5583
06:57:13,030 --> 06:57:12,000
and my answer to that is I don't know

5584
06:57:15,230 --> 06:57:13,040
um

5585
06:57:17,810 --> 06:57:15,240
and the more I think about it the less

5586
06:57:20,390 --> 06:57:17,820
I'm convinced that it ever did but this

5587
06:57:22,968 --> 06:57:20,400
is still an outstanding question that we

5588
06:57:24,468 --> 06:57:22,978
need to think about and there's one way

5589
06:57:26,510 --> 06:57:24,478
to find out

5590
06:57:29,090 --> 06:57:26,520
um and again this is to Leverage The

5591
06:57:31,968 --> 06:57:29,100
pre-came Brand Rock record so as I

5592
06:57:34,490 --> 06:57:31,978
mentioned we have billions of years of

5593
06:57:37,128 --> 06:57:34,500
evidence of backgrounds existing in the

5594
06:57:38,810 --> 06:57:37,138
pre-cambrian a lot of which is fossil

5595
06:57:40,070 --> 06:57:38,820
evidence of mats like what I'm showing

5596
06:57:41,810 --> 06:57:40,080
up here on the right

5597
06:57:43,368 --> 06:57:41,820
these are not great bio signatures for

5598
06:57:45,250 --> 06:57:43,378
the search for Life on Mars because it

5599
06:57:49,310 --> 06:57:45,260
to identify them you would need to

5600
06:57:51,350 --> 06:57:49,320
excavate betting planes and it also

5601
06:57:53,930 --> 06:57:51,360
relies on the fossilization of these

5602
06:57:57,048 --> 06:57:53,940
surfaces that

5603
06:57:58,670 --> 06:57:57,058
um necessitates a lot of comp like a

5604
06:58:00,110 --> 06:57:58,680
suite of complex topanomic or

5605
06:58:02,750 --> 06:58:00,120
preservational processes that are not

5606
06:58:05,208 --> 06:58:02,760
guaranteed to have existed on Mars

5607
06:58:09,410 --> 06:58:05,218
um so instead I'm interested in looking

5608
06:58:11,030 --> 06:58:09,420
at the impacts of matte grounds and that

5609
06:58:13,070 --> 06:58:11,040
that extra polymeric substance

5610
06:58:14,448 --> 06:58:13,080
extracellular polymeric substance that

5611
06:58:17,810 --> 06:58:14,458
they secrete

5612
06:58:19,968 --> 06:58:17,820
um on sedimentological packaging

5613
06:58:21,770 --> 06:58:19,978
um as it manifests as discrete

5614
06:58:23,690 --> 06:58:21,780
sedimentary structures

5615
06:58:26,270 --> 06:58:23,700
um that cannot occur in the absence of

5616
06:58:28,670 --> 06:58:26,280
biological mediation

5617
06:58:30,368 --> 06:58:28,680
so one of these sedimentological

5618
06:58:33,288 --> 06:58:30,378
signatures that I'm talking about today

5619
06:58:35,030 --> 06:58:33,298
are called Palm cess ripples so I'm

5620
06:58:36,830 --> 06:58:35,040
showing you images of those here these

5621
06:58:39,048 --> 06:58:36,840
are from the nilpina edio national park

5622
06:58:41,270 --> 06:58:39,058
in South Australia which was recently

5623
06:58:43,788 --> 06:58:41,280
opened as a national park oh my

5624
06:58:45,048 --> 06:58:43,798
animations are weird sorry about that

5625
06:58:46,430 --> 06:58:45,058
um but if you want to read more about it

5626
06:58:47,628 --> 06:58:46,440
it was published

5627
06:58:49,490 --> 06:58:47,638
um

5628
06:58:51,948 --> 06:58:49,500
a little story about the national park

5629
06:58:54,770 --> 06:58:51,958
in NASA astrobiology recently

5630
06:58:58,430 --> 06:58:54,780
um but Palm says ripples are defined as

5631
06:59:00,410 --> 06:58:58,440
stacks of sandstone bedding planes that

5632
06:59:02,448 --> 06:59:00,420
have rippled bottoms and ripple top

5633
06:59:04,010 --> 06:59:02,458
surfaces so

5634
06:59:05,930 --> 06:59:04,020
we can see if we look at this bedding

5635
06:59:07,010 --> 06:59:05,940
plane here their ripples preserved on

5636
06:59:09,410 --> 06:59:07,020
the top

5637
06:59:11,390 --> 06:59:09,420
as well as on the bottom but what does

5638
06:59:13,250 --> 06:59:11,400
this mean in terms of like evidence for

5639
06:59:15,350 --> 06:59:13,260
life right

5640
06:59:16,968 --> 06:59:15,360
um we can look at this figure here to

5641
06:59:18,770 --> 06:59:16,978
see kind of the biological processes

5642
06:59:22,070 --> 06:59:18,780
behind the formation of these palmsest

5643
06:59:24,048 --> 06:59:22,080
ripples so looking at uh section B of

5644
06:59:26,690 --> 06:59:24,058
this figure when we think about

5645
06:59:29,330 --> 06:59:26,700
pre-cambrian ecosystems microbial mats

5646
06:59:31,430 --> 06:59:29,340
were ubiquitous within the world's

5647
06:59:34,368 --> 06:59:31,440
oceans covering the sea floor

5648
06:59:36,230 --> 06:59:34,378
so when these mats grew on the sea floor

5649
06:59:38,030 --> 06:59:36,240
what they would do is stabilize the

5650
06:59:41,750 --> 06:59:38,040
rippled surfaces

5651
06:59:43,548 --> 06:59:41,760
so when a new depositional event

5652
06:59:46,968 --> 06:59:43,558
occurred

5653
06:59:48,890 --> 06:59:46,978
the ripples were not eroded

5654
06:59:50,570 --> 06:59:48,900
um and are thus cast on the base of the

5655
06:59:52,730 --> 06:59:50,580
new depositional event

5656
06:59:54,650 --> 06:59:52,740
and then the two betting planes remain

5657
06:59:56,208 --> 06:59:54,660
as discrete bed forms that are not

5658
06:59:59,150 --> 06:59:56,218
Amalgamated together

5659
07:00:01,310 --> 06:59:59,160
so this then

5660
07:00:02,930 --> 07:00:01,320
continues as a process resulting in

5661
07:00:05,690 --> 07:00:02,940
stacks of these Sandstone betting planes

5662
07:00:09,948 --> 07:00:05,700
with no fine-grained inner beds

5663
07:00:12,288 --> 07:00:09,958
um and is a definitive signature of past

5664
07:00:13,788 --> 07:00:12,298
life that cannot occur in the absence of

5665
07:00:15,410 --> 07:00:13,798
biological mediation so this is

5666
07:00:17,208 --> 07:00:15,420
potentially a really interesting

5667
07:00:18,288 --> 07:00:17,218
biosignature for us to keep in mind when

5668
07:00:19,548 --> 07:00:18,298
we're thinking about the search for Life

5669
07:00:22,250 --> 07:00:19,558
on Mars

5670
07:00:24,410 --> 07:00:22,260
and just you can compare it to kind of

5671
07:00:26,390 --> 07:00:24,420
modern processes

5672
07:00:28,310 --> 07:00:26,400
um or a broadleaf and Resort conditions

5673
07:00:29,750 --> 07:00:28,320
where we don't have backgrounds if you

5674
07:00:32,868 --> 07:00:29,760
get the deposition of sandstone on

5675
07:00:34,430 --> 07:00:32,878
Sandstone the ripples are going to erode

5676
07:00:35,930 --> 07:00:34,440
and the betting planes are going to

5677
07:00:37,490 --> 07:00:35,940
become Amalgamated resulting in a

5678
07:00:39,468 --> 07:00:37,500
cross-section something like this so you

5679
07:00:42,590 --> 07:00:39,478
can tell that they're very distinct

5680
07:00:46,610 --> 07:00:42,600
um cross-sections one with definitive

5681
07:00:48,530 --> 07:00:46,620
evidence of past microbial life

5682
07:00:50,390 --> 07:00:48,540
so all in all we can see that Palm says

5683
07:00:52,610 --> 07:00:50,400
ripples are

5684
07:00:53,868 --> 07:00:52,620
potentially good biosignatures for us to

5685
07:00:56,270 --> 07:00:53,878
keep in mind because they cannot be

5686
07:00:58,070 --> 07:00:56,280
formed by abiotic processes

5687
07:00:59,390 --> 07:00:58,080
and they can occur when and that is very

5688
07:01:01,730 --> 07:00:59,400
thin so they can even occur under

5689
07:01:04,128 --> 07:01:01,740
biofilm mediation so where it's not

5690
07:01:05,990 --> 07:01:04,138
dependent on the presence of eukaryotes

5691
07:01:07,968 --> 07:01:06,000
and they're easily identifiable as

5692
07:01:10,128 --> 07:01:07,978
macroscopic features in standard imagery

5693
07:01:12,890 --> 07:01:10,138
so you don't need a ton of analytical

5694
07:01:14,270 --> 07:01:12,900
methods to identify them

5695
07:01:16,850 --> 07:01:14,280
but this is not to say there are no

5696
07:01:18,650 --> 07:01:16,860
limitations right firstly this is

5697
07:01:20,750 --> 07:01:18,660
restricted to rippled faces you have to

5698
07:01:22,548 --> 07:01:20,760
have ripples occurring

5699
07:01:23,930 --> 07:01:22,558
um in order for this to be identifiable

5700
07:01:25,850 --> 07:01:23,940
and cross-section

5701
07:01:28,910 --> 07:01:25,860
but we know these are preserved on Mars

5702
07:01:31,128 --> 07:01:28,920
so this doesn't preclude the use of this

5703
07:01:32,810 --> 07:01:31,138
feature as a biosignature and

5704
07:01:34,910 --> 07:01:32,820
additionally the lithological criteria

5705
07:01:37,788 --> 07:01:34,920
is narrow you have to be be able to

5706
07:01:39,948 --> 07:01:37,798
identify the fact that this

5707
07:01:42,288 --> 07:01:39,958
cross-section is comprised of only

5708
07:01:44,930 --> 07:01:42,298
sandstone and nothing no like Clays or

5709
07:01:45,830 --> 07:01:44,940
silts um but again this is an ability we

5710
07:01:49,510 --> 07:01:45,840
have

5711
07:01:52,850 --> 07:01:49,520
um to ascertain on the Martian surface

5712
07:01:54,410 --> 07:01:52,860
so with this in mind we can kind of

5713
07:01:56,628 --> 07:01:54,420
think about well then how would we

5714
07:01:58,670 --> 07:01:56,638
detect them right I could go through by

5715
07:02:00,590 --> 07:01:58,680
hand and look at all of the images

5716
07:02:02,208 --> 07:02:00,600
coming out from the Mars perseverance

5717
07:02:03,948 --> 07:02:02,218
Rover

5718
07:02:05,208 --> 07:02:03,958
um but that's time consuming right so

5719
07:02:08,990 --> 07:02:05,218
there's some things we need to consider

5720
07:02:10,368 --> 07:02:09,000
in actually using this as a biosignature

5721
07:02:12,170 --> 07:02:10,378
um first you know there's a large number

5722
07:02:13,850 --> 07:02:12,180
of images

5723
07:02:16,968 --> 07:02:13,860
we would ideally like to have rapid

5724
07:02:18,948 --> 07:02:16,978
identification of these features like as

5725
07:02:20,510 --> 07:02:18,958
the images are taken so we can identify

5726
07:02:22,788 --> 07:02:20,520
Target sites of interest for further

5727
07:02:24,890 --> 07:02:22,798
analysis because Palm says ripples alone

5728
07:02:27,410 --> 07:02:24,900
will not be enough evidence for us to be

5729
07:02:29,330 --> 07:02:27,420
like oh there was life

5730
07:02:30,530 --> 07:02:29,340
um you would need expertise in

5731
07:02:32,090 --> 07:02:30,540
backgrounds and their impact on the

5732
07:02:33,590 --> 07:02:32,100
sentimentological record

5733
07:02:36,250 --> 07:02:33,600
and of course you want to minimize human

5734
07:02:39,110 --> 07:02:36,260
error so with all these caveats in mind

5735
07:02:41,090 --> 07:02:39,120
I was kind of thinking you know maybe

5736
07:02:42,170 --> 07:02:41,100
the best way for us to approach this

5737
07:02:45,530 --> 07:02:42,180
problem

5738
07:02:46,610 --> 07:02:45,540
is to use an automated technique to

5739
07:02:48,350 --> 07:02:46,620
identify

5740
07:02:49,850 --> 07:02:48,360
um polysest ripples in images of cross

5741
07:02:53,868 --> 07:02:49,860
sections

5742
07:02:56,208 --> 07:02:53,878
so this is exactly what I did but I am

5743
07:02:58,250 --> 07:02:56,218
not an expert in this so I collaborated

5744
07:03:00,830 --> 07:02:58,260
with the visualization in intelligent

5745
07:03:02,930 --> 07:03:00,840
systems laboratory or viz lab in the

5746
07:03:05,330 --> 07:03:02,940
College of Engineering at UCR and worked

5747
07:03:08,510 --> 07:03:05,340
with Dr birbanu and Panama genital Agata

5748
07:03:09,948 --> 07:03:08,520
who did a lot of this work with me

5749
07:03:12,468 --> 07:03:09,958
and the first thing I did was show them

5750
07:03:14,868 --> 07:03:12,478
my data set from the pre-cambrian

5751
07:03:17,570 --> 07:03:14,878
sedimentological record of we had

5752
07:03:19,430 --> 07:03:17,580
starting about 200 images of palm cess

5753
07:03:22,850 --> 07:03:19,440
ripples because this project was born in

5754
07:03:23,510 --> 07:03:22,860
covid and I had no access to the field

5755
07:03:25,010 --> 07:03:23,520
um

5756
07:03:27,468 --> 07:03:25,020
so we started with this relatively

5757
07:03:28,788 --> 07:03:27,478
limited data set and identified caveats

5758
07:03:31,368 --> 07:03:28,798
of the data set that the program would

5759
07:03:33,468 --> 07:03:31,378
need to overcome including variable

5760
07:03:35,208 --> 07:03:33,478
scale of images variable resolution of

5761
07:03:36,650 --> 07:03:35,218
images and it would need to have the

5762
07:03:38,208 --> 07:03:36,660
ability to account for extraneous

5763
07:03:40,850 --> 07:03:38,218
features that are not related to pound

5764
07:03:42,948 --> 07:03:40,860
test ripples like plants fractures Talus

5765
07:03:45,288 --> 07:03:42,958
dust and shadows

5766
07:03:47,570 --> 07:03:45,298
um and all three of these problems are

5767
07:03:50,570 --> 07:03:47,580
problems that we would also have

5768
07:03:53,030 --> 07:03:50,580
um in like Mars or images coming from

5769
07:03:54,110 --> 07:03:53,040
Mars besides the plants

5770
07:03:56,590 --> 07:03:54,120
um

5771
07:04:00,110 --> 07:03:56,600
so we started developing this program

5772
07:04:02,030 --> 07:04:00,120
and phase one we developed the scene

5773
07:04:04,548 --> 07:04:02,040
aware perception augmentation using

5774
07:04:05,810 --> 07:04:04,558
composite embedding for segmentation or

5775
07:04:10,548 --> 07:04:05,820
space egg

5776
07:04:11,810 --> 07:04:10,558
which uses quora and sge to identify

5777
07:04:16,490 --> 07:04:11,820
images

5778
07:04:18,110 --> 07:04:16,500
crop so these are just kind of a

5779
07:04:20,090 --> 07:04:18,120
schematic of those different different

5780
07:04:22,670 --> 07:04:20,100
methodologies if you're interested in

5781
07:04:23,868 --> 07:04:22,680
the actual computer vision aspect of it

5782
07:04:27,170 --> 07:04:23,878
I encourage you to look at our paper

5783
07:04:30,530 --> 07:04:27,180
genre legada at all 2021

5784
07:04:33,230 --> 07:04:30,540
and this first past this first pass

5785
07:04:36,170 --> 07:04:33,240
their phase one development

5786
07:04:37,910 --> 07:04:36,180
um was able to identify policest ripples

5787
07:04:40,310 --> 07:04:37,920
in cross-section so you can see in the

5788
07:04:41,690 --> 07:04:40,320
pink box that is space egg and it

5789
07:04:44,390 --> 07:04:41,700
outperforms other state-of-the-art

5790
07:04:47,990 --> 07:04:44,400
techniques for identifying

5791
07:04:50,208 --> 07:04:48,000
um planar features in imagery

5792
07:04:53,270 --> 07:04:50,218
and identifies Palm says Ripple bed

5793
07:04:55,968 --> 07:04:53,280
Junctions with an 89 accuracy rate

5794
07:04:58,430 --> 07:04:55,978
but 89 is not that great we thought we

5795
07:05:00,048 --> 07:04:58,440
could do more if we had more images so

5796
07:05:04,610 --> 07:05:00,058
once covered restrictions lifted a

5797
07:05:06,110 --> 07:05:04,620
little bit we took 800 more images to uh

5798
07:05:09,590 --> 07:05:06,120
kind of do phase two of this project

5799
07:05:12,590 --> 07:05:09,600
wherein we developed SpaceX 2.0

5800
07:05:15,530 --> 07:05:12,600
which instead uses used a combination of

5801
07:05:19,610 --> 07:05:15,540
Aurora and base net shown here this

5802
07:05:23,750 --> 07:05:19,620
paper is currently in review and this

5803
07:05:26,270 --> 07:05:23,760
um gave us a 92.32 accuracy so much

5804
07:05:28,850 --> 07:05:26,280
improved and again we see that it

5805
07:05:31,610 --> 07:05:28,860
outperforms other techniques

5806
07:05:34,368 --> 07:05:31,620
as well as our original space egg

5807
07:05:36,170 --> 07:05:34,378
so you can see it's much better at

5808
07:05:39,048 --> 07:05:36,180
segmenting out the planar features that

5809
07:05:42,530 --> 07:05:39,058
we are interested in and like really

5810
07:05:43,788 --> 07:05:42,540
concentrating on the regions of Interest

5811
07:05:45,468 --> 07:05:43,798
so

5812
07:05:49,250 --> 07:05:45,478
to kind of

5813
07:05:50,930 --> 07:05:49,260
conclude Palm says ripples are an

5814
07:05:52,788 --> 07:05:50,940
important and definitive biosignature

5815
07:05:55,250 --> 07:05:52,798
that should be included in Target

5816
07:05:57,048 --> 07:05:55,260
structures on Mars and we have developed

5817
07:05:59,930 --> 07:05:57,058
a technique for accurately detecting

5818
07:06:01,730 --> 07:05:59,940
them using automated methodologies which

5819
07:06:03,170 --> 07:06:01,740
is potentially useful for our search for

5820
07:06:05,330 --> 07:06:03,180
Life on Mars

5821
07:06:07,070 --> 07:06:05,340
um and just to say our next steps this

5822
07:06:09,708 --> 07:06:07,080
project is not done our next step is to

5823
07:06:11,750 --> 07:06:09,718
develop a classifier where we can feed

5824
07:06:13,430 --> 07:06:11,760
through a bulk of images of different

5825
07:06:15,590 --> 07:06:13,440
different geologic features it will be

5826
07:06:17,750 --> 07:06:15,600
able to sort out between likely pound

5827
07:06:20,868 --> 07:06:17,760
says Ripples and non-palm test Ripple

5828
07:06:23,030 --> 07:06:20,878
cross sections and then those likely

5829
07:06:25,548 --> 07:06:23,040
poems as Ripple cross sections will be

5830
07:06:28,250 --> 07:06:25,558
fed into space egg 2.0 and that will

5831
07:06:31,070 --> 07:06:28,260
give us a probability of

5832
07:06:32,990 --> 07:06:31,080
um the presence of a pound cess Ripples

5833
07:06:35,448 --> 07:06:33,000
and we'll also have the ability to

5834
07:06:36,530 --> 07:06:35,458
classify morphology in other aspects of

5835
07:06:41,208 --> 07:06:36,540
these features

5836
07:06:43,368 --> 07:06:41,218
so with that I would like to think on my

5837
07:06:45,048 --> 07:06:43,378
funding sources as well as everyone who

5838
07:06:47,208 --> 07:06:45,058
contributed to this product project

5839
07:06:49,610 --> 07:06:47,218
through taking imagery or ground true

5840
07:06:51,230 --> 07:06:49,620
thing and I would like to thank Ross and

5841
07:06:53,750 --> 07:06:51,240
June Fargo for access to the nolpinia

5842
07:06:55,730 --> 07:06:53,760
national park on their property and

5843
07:06:57,530 --> 07:06:55,740
acknowledge that this land lies within

5844
07:06:58,968 --> 07:06:57,540
the item on a traditional lands and

5845
07:07:00,170 --> 07:06:58,978
again there's the QR code for the life

5846
07:07:07,070 --> 07:07:00,180
RCN

5847
07:07:10,968 --> 07:07:09,530
okay fantastic Rachel do we have any

5848
07:07:16,250 --> 07:07:10,978
questions

5849
07:07:20,150 --> 07:07:18,048
uh I was wondering and first of all

5850
07:07:22,070 --> 07:07:20,160
thank you for a great talk uh I was

5851
07:07:24,230 --> 07:07:22,080
wondering does anything about those

5852
07:07:25,430 --> 07:07:24,240
Ripples and texture or any other factors

5853
07:07:26,750 --> 07:07:25,440
change

5854
07:07:29,030 --> 07:07:26,760
um over the course of the Precambrian

5855
07:07:30,948 --> 07:07:29,040
it's like are there any connections like

5856
07:07:33,410 --> 07:07:30,958
major events like oxygenation or other

5857
07:07:35,990 --> 07:07:33,420
things and if so like can we infer

5858
07:07:38,090 --> 07:07:36,000
anything can we infer any like make any

5859
07:07:40,010 --> 07:07:38,100
past climate inferences for something

5860
07:07:43,548 --> 07:07:40,020
like Mars this is a really good question

5861
07:07:47,448 --> 07:07:43,558
and talk to me after I finish my postdoc

5862
07:07:47,458 --> 07:07:56,330
anyone else

5863
07:08:00,410 --> 07:07:58,190
so I'm wondering if there's any images

5864
07:08:02,810 --> 07:08:00,420
from Mars that this can be applied to

5865
07:08:04,850 --> 07:08:02,820
now or we just have to reorient the

5866
07:08:06,230 --> 07:08:04,860
cameras to sort of start doing that

5867
07:08:08,330 --> 07:08:06,240
there are definitely images that this

5868
07:08:10,128 --> 07:08:08,340
can be applied to it like that's kind of

5869
07:08:12,590 --> 07:08:10,138
why I'm like harping on this bio

5870
07:08:13,730 --> 07:08:12,600
signature because it's like most of our

5871
07:08:17,390 --> 07:08:13,740
imagery we're getting is of

5872
07:08:20,150 --> 07:08:17,400
cross-sections from the Martian surface

5873
07:08:21,410 --> 07:08:20,160
um so yeah where once we have the

5874
07:08:23,270 --> 07:08:21,420
classifier we're going to start running

5875
07:08:25,010 --> 07:08:23,280
them through from what I've seen just

5876
07:08:25,968 --> 07:08:25,020
like looking at them I don't see

5877
07:08:28,128 --> 07:08:25,978
anything

5878
07:08:32,930 --> 07:08:28,138
um that would look like it but it's an

5879
07:08:37,730 --> 07:08:35,690
I I was just wondering I wondering if

5880
07:08:39,770 --> 07:08:37,740
you guys were using any kind of like uh

5881
07:08:41,868 --> 07:08:39,780
like depth data uh for this because it

5882
07:08:43,730 --> 07:08:41,878
feels like the these uh sort of in the

5883
07:08:45,250 --> 07:08:43,740
images that looked very like quite 3D

5884
07:08:47,690 --> 07:08:45,260
and you know if you have like two images

5885
07:08:50,090 --> 07:08:47,700
yeah so we did

5886
07:08:52,850 --> 07:08:50,100
we did um take that into consideration

5887
07:08:55,850 --> 07:08:52,860
kind of looking at the the depth of the

5888
07:08:57,410 --> 07:08:55,860
images and it didn't really change

5889
07:08:59,510 --> 07:08:57,420
um kind of the performance of the

5890
07:09:02,208 --> 07:08:59,520
program so I believe it's incorporated

5891
07:09:05,510 --> 07:09:02,218
into it but it's not a huge aspect of it

5892
07:09:15,890 --> 07:09:07,128
we're going to take one more over here

5893
07:09:19,730 --> 07:09:18,410
hi interesting talk kind of similar um

5894
07:09:21,708 --> 07:09:19,740
have you ever thought about applying

5895
07:09:24,948 --> 07:09:21,718
this to like maybe like

5896
07:09:27,410 --> 07:09:24,958
um debated diagnostic like bio faces

5897
07:09:31,548 --> 07:09:27,420
that are in the fossil record like um

5898
07:09:36,590 --> 07:09:34,548
I'm not quite clear on what you're like

5899
07:09:39,048 --> 07:09:36,600
um just similar like at least other like

5900
07:09:41,510 --> 07:09:39,058
sure matter later microbial systems that

5901
07:09:43,548 --> 07:09:41,520
like have debated like um sources yeah

5902
07:09:44,390 --> 07:09:43,558
that's a really interesting question

5903
07:09:46,850 --> 07:09:44,400
um

5904
07:09:50,390 --> 07:09:46,860
no so this is like specifically

5905
07:09:52,010 --> 07:09:50,400
developed just for like this one feature

5906
07:09:54,770 --> 07:09:52,020
um I think it is work that other people

5907
07:09:57,288 --> 07:09:54,780
are doing that are not me

5908
07:09:59,448 --> 07:09:57,298
um but yeah there's definitely other

5909
07:10:00,948 --> 07:09:59,458
like computer vision programs that have

5910
07:10:01,968 --> 07:10:00,958
been developed to identify similar

5911
07:10:05,208 --> 07:10:01,978
features

5912
07:10:08,510 --> 07:10:07,010
all right we're gonna let Mike ask a

5913
07:10:13,910 --> 07:10:08,520
question he's been working hard for us

5914
07:10:16,548 --> 07:10:15,590
okay this is actually my question not

5915
07:10:18,890 --> 07:10:16,558
online

5916
07:10:20,330 --> 07:10:18,900
um I'm just curious uh if you did see

5917
07:10:21,890 --> 07:10:20,340
something on Mars what would you need to

5918
07:10:23,270 --> 07:10:21,900
actually confirm that could you do it

5919
07:10:24,890 --> 07:10:23,280
visually or would you need sample return

5920
07:10:26,750 --> 07:10:24,900
or

5921
07:10:28,430 --> 07:10:26,760
yeah that's a really good question I'm

5922
07:10:31,430 --> 07:10:28,440
from my perspective I think it's like a

5923
07:10:34,250 --> 07:10:31,440
first pass ID I think like

5924
07:10:36,590 --> 07:10:34,260
there's it is a definitive bio signature

5925
07:10:39,650 --> 07:10:36,600
but I wouldn't never want to just like

5926
07:10:41,868 --> 07:10:39,660
say oh space egg 2.0 said there's like a

5927
07:10:43,788 --> 07:10:41,878
99 chance and that's definitive evidence

5928
07:10:46,990 --> 07:10:43,798
I think

5929
07:10:49,430 --> 07:10:47,000
um yeah sample return or like further

5930
07:10:52,490 --> 07:10:49,440
analysis of

5931
07:10:56,150 --> 07:10:52,500
um that section would be needed to like

5932
07:10:56,160 --> 07:11:05,990
foreign

5933
07:11:11,090 --> 07:11:09,170
thank you Rachel our next speaker is

5934
07:11:17,330 --> 07:11:11,100
John Malloy from Arizona State

5935
07:11:21,650 --> 07:11:18,830
thank you

5936
07:11:23,390 --> 07:11:21,660
um yeah I'm here to talk about a

5937
07:11:25,670 --> 07:11:23,400
different kind of biosignature

5938
07:11:26,930 --> 07:11:25,680
um kind of introduce assembly Theory

5939
07:11:28,968 --> 07:11:26,940
I don't know if this is the right group

5940
07:11:31,250 --> 07:11:28,978
to be very controversial about it with

5941
07:11:33,288 --> 07:11:31,260
or if you guys all accept it so we're

5942
07:11:36,350 --> 07:11:33,298
gonna we're gonna see what happens

5943
07:11:37,548 --> 07:11:36,360
um but mostly the main reason I'm a fan

5944
07:11:39,530 --> 07:11:37,558
of this Theory the reason really talked

5945
07:11:42,708 --> 07:11:39,540
about it is that there's two major

5946
07:11:45,170 --> 07:11:42,718
problems that is currently in the field

5947
07:11:46,430 --> 07:11:45,180
of astrobiology at least from my opinion

5948
07:11:48,708 --> 07:11:46,440
um the first one is that we don't have a

5949
07:11:50,208 --> 07:11:48,718
universal definition of life

5950
07:11:51,410 --> 07:11:50,218
um again not sure if you guys agree with

5951
07:11:52,968 --> 07:11:51,420
this or if that's really controversial

5952
07:11:54,830 --> 07:11:52,978
no idea

5953
07:11:58,850 --> 07:11:54,840
um but honestly we don't know what we're

5954
07:12:01,010 --> 07:11:58,860
looking for out elsewhere and

5955
07:12:03,288 --> 07:12:01,020
because of that kind of the biochemistry

5956
07:12:05,270 --> 07:12:03,298
that we see or could potentially see we

5957
07:12:08,510 --> 07:12:05,280
have no idea what that could look like

5958
07:12:12,468 --> 07:12:08,520
comparison on Earth so kind of what we

5959
07:12:13,490 --> 07:12:12,478
need to do is find a universal pattern

5960
07:12:15,468 --> 07:12:13,500
of life

5961
07:12:17,690 --> 07:12:15,478
first and then build our detection

5962
07:12:19,070 --> 07:12:17,700
methods based on that

5963
07:12:20,628 --> 07:12:19,080
um I think going out there seeing what

5964
07:12:22,548 --> 07:12:20,638
we see is incredibly useful incredibly

5965
07:12:24,410 --> 07:12:22,558
interesting but then you end up with

5966
07:12:26,150 --> 07:12:24,420
like a phosphine problem of how do we

5967
07:12:27,530 --> 07:12:26,160
explain what we see

5968
07:12:29,570 --> 07:12:27,540
um if we determine what we're looking

5969
07:12:31,850 --> 07:12:29,580
for first and then build a method based

5970
07:12:34,430 --> 07:12:31,860
on that Universal Property we're able to

5971
07:12:35,510 --> 07:12:34,440
be a little more stringent a little more

5972
07:12:37,070 --> 07:12:35,520
um

5973
07:12:38,390 --> 07:12:37,080
a little more robust about what we're

5974
07:12:41,270 --> 07:12:38,400
actually finding

5975
07:12:42,590 --> 07:12:41,280
so given that given that kind of

5976
07:12:44,990 --> 07:12:42,600
solution

5977
07:12:48,410 --> 07:12:45,000
um the basic idea of assembly theory is

5978
07:12:50,208 --> 07:12:48,420
that life produces complex things for

5979
07:12:52,070 --> 07:12:50,218
example if we were to go to Enceladus

5980
07:12:53,390 --> 07:12:52,080
and find an iPhone sitting on the bottom

5981
07:12:56,448 --> 07:12:53,400
of the ocean

5982
07:12:58,128 --> 07:12:56,458
um somehow unless Steve Jobs flew on a

5983
07:13:00,590 --> 07:12:58,138
plane and put it there

5984
07:13:03,590 --> 07:13:00,600
um we would say something Enceladus made

5985
07:13:05,570 --> 07:13:03,600
a complex thing made it made an iPhone

5986
07:13:06,708 --> 07:13:05,580
um that's weird that's interesting that

5987
07:13:08,090 --> 07:13:06,718
would certainly be a really interesting

5988
07:13:08,690 --> 07:13:08,100
bio signature

5989
07:13:10,788 --> 07:13:08,700
um

5990
07:13:13,250 --> 07:13:10,798
especially if we saw thousands of them

5991
07:13:15,350 --> 07:13:13,260
if it was littered in iPhones there'd be

5992
07:13:19,070 --> 07:13:15,360
some kind of process on Enceladus that

5993
07:13:20,150 --> 07:13:19,080
would create and select for a complex

5994
07:13:23,030 --> 07:13:20,160
object

5995
07:13:25,070 --> 07:13:23,040
so it's kind of idea is that life makes

5996
07:13:27,708 --> 07:13:25,080
complex things it makes a lot of them

5997
07:13:29,930 --> 07:13:27,718
and what assembly Theory does is

5998
07:13:31,610 --> 07:13:29,940
specifically measure that give a measure

5999
07:13:32,510 --> 07:13:31,620
of the complexity you can measure of how

6000
07:13:34,788 --> 07:13:32,520
much

6001
07:13:36,350 --> 07:13:34,798
memory is

6002
07:13:40,968 --> 07:13:36,360
um part of the system that makes

6003
07:13:42,708 --> 07:13:40,978
something really complex in a lot of it

6004
07:13:45,110 --> 07:13:42,718
so kind of what this is what we're

6005
07:13:47,390 --> 07:13:45,120
talking about is specifically it's a

6006
07:13:49,310 --> 07:13:47,400
number of joining steps required to

6007
07:13:51,350 --> 07:13:49,320
build an object from a base set of

6008
07:13:52,910 --> 07:13:51,360
fragments that's a lot of words that's

6009
07:13:55,310 --> 07:13:52,920
really confusing

6010
07:13:58,010 --> 07:13:55,320
um so start with Legos and we'll go up

6011
07:14:01,368 --> 07:13:58,020
from there if you were to make this

6012
07:14:03,350 --> 07:14:01,378
thing like this big Square rectangle

6013
07:14:05,868 --> 07:14:03,360
whatever thing you would start with this

6014
07:14:07,610 --> 07:14:05,878
green and green and red block and you

6015
07:14:09,288 --> 07:14:07,620
would start joining them together in the

6016
07:14:11,330 --> 07:14:09,298
most optimal way possible essentially

6017
07:14:13,368 --> 07:14:11,340
the way that minimizes the joining steps

6018
07:14:15,110 --> 07:14:13,378
to make that thing at the end

6019
07:14:18,110 --> 07:14:15,120
um specifically there's five of them

6020
07:14:21,530 --> 07:14:18,120
here you notice that you reuse this

6021
07:14:23,930 --> 07:14:21,540
double a couple times and you reuse the

6022
07:14:25,788 --> 07:14:23,940
square once as well so you're able to

6023
07:14:27,830 --> 07:14:25,798
reuse the thing you already make there's

6024
07:14:30,288 --> 07:14:27,840
five joining steps the ma of this

6025
07:14:31,788 --> 07:14:30,298
particular Lego block will be five

6026
07:14:33,230 --> 07:14:31,798
um and you can do this for lots of

6027
07:14:35,570 --> 07:14:33,240
different things you can do this for

6028
07:14:37,128 --> 07:14:35,580
Strings like Gage was talking about

6029
07:14:39,708 --> 07:14:37,138
um yesterday where if you want to make

6030
07:14:40,968 --> 07:14:39,718
Abracadabra you're going to have a

6031
07:14:44,628 --> 07:14:40,978
number of steps particularly seven

6032
07:14:46,910 --> 07:14:44,638
you're going to reuse Abra along the way

6033
07:14:50,390 --> 07:14:46,920
and you can do this for chemicals which

6034
07:14:51,770 --> 07:14:50,400
is kind of more astrological relevant

6035
07:14:55,010 --> 07:14:51,780
um you're able to start with your base

6036
07:14:56,448 --> 07:14:55,020
fragments in this case it's a element a

6037
07:14:58,150 --> 07:14:56,458
bond and a different element which is

6038
07:15:00,650 --> 07:14:58,160
defined by the thing you're looking for

6039
07:15:01,730 --> 07:15:00,660
and you're able to build up the steps

6040
07:15:03,288 --> 07:15:01,740
along the way

6041
07:15:04,968 --> 07:15:03,298
I think one thing I want to emphasize is

6042
07:15:06,948 --> 07:15:04,978
that these steps don't necessarily have

6043
07:15:08,868 --> 07:15:06,958
any physical meaning like this window

6044
07:15:10,788 --> 07:15:08,878
guy isn't

6045
07:15:12,288 --> 07:15:10,798
maybe maybe you can't make this in a lab

6046
07:15:14,330 --> 07:15:12,298
who knows

6047
07:15:16,730 --> 07:15:14,340
um and it doesn't particularly matter

6048
07:15:18,530 --> 07:15:16,740
for this metric um this is not what I'm

6049
07:15:21,890 --> 07:15:18,540
saying this is a physical property it's

6050
07:15:24,410 --> 07:15:21,900
a theoretical way of reusing the

6051
07:15:26,810 --> 07:15:24,420
symmetry of the object that you're

6052
07:15:28,610 --> 07:15:26,820
ending up with so

6053
07:15:29,390 --> 07:15:28,620
kind of keep that in mind

6054
07:15:31,070 --> 07:15:29,400
um

6055
07:15:33,948 --> 07:15:31,080
when you're doing this this is all from

6056
07:15:36,170 --> 07:15:33,958
paper in 2021 from Stuart Marshall and

6057
07:15:39,590 --> 07:15:36,180
Cole Mathis both at the University of

6058
07:15:40,910 --> 07:15:39,600
Glasgow and we're able to do ma over a

6059
07:15:42,948 --> 07:15:40,920
ton of things

6060
07:15:45,048 --> 07:15:42,958
um it unsurprisingly correlates with

6061
07:15:47,150 --> 07:15:45,058
molecular weights because as things get

6062
07:15:49,548 --> 07:15:47,160
bigger you get more steps to make them

6063
07:15:51,590 --> 07:15:49,558
but it's not a one-to-one ratio there's

6064
07:15:52,850 --> 07:15:51,600
a lot of things kind of here that are

6065
07:15:54,948 --> 07:15:52,860
high molecular weight below assembly

6066
07:15:57,708 --> 07:15:54,958
Theory because they have high symmetry

6067
07:16:00,230 --> 07:15:57,718
um so they're not necessarily as complex

6068
07:16:03,110 --> 07:16:00,240
they require less steps to make

6069
07:16:05,270 --> 07:16:03,120
um just again keep that in mind

6070
07:16:06,530 --> 07:16:05,280
and the reason why we're so excited

6071
07:16:09,230 --> 07:16:06,540
about this the reason why we want to use

6072
07:16:12,410 --> 07:16:09,240
this for an astrobiological signature is

6073
07:16:14,208 --> 07:16:12,420
that when you look at these compounds in

6074
07:16:16,310 --> 07:16:14,218
a mass spec

6075
07:16:19,548 --> 07:16:16,320
um you're able to see a lot of these

6076
07:16:21,830 --> 07:16:19,558
different Peaks a mass spec takes a

6077
07:16:23,090 --> 07:16:21,840
compound fragments it based on

6078
07:16:24,948 --> 07:16:23,100
ionization a lot of different things

6079
07:16:27,170 --> 07:16:24,958
there's lots of ways to do it this one

6080
07:16:29,448 --> 07:16:27,180
particularly was an orbitrap so if

6081
07:16:32,090 --> 07:16:29,458
fragments things twice and you end up

6082
07:16:33,830 --> 07:16:32,100
with a number of different Peaks now

6083
07:16:35,868 --> 07:16:33,840
kind of notice as a correlation the

6084
07:16:37,490 --> 07:16:35,878
lower things the lower ma things the

6085
07:16:40,610 --> 07:16:37,500
less complex things don't have as many

6086
07:16:41,930 --> 07:16:40,620
Peaks as the higher complex things

6087
07:16:43,570 --> 07:16:41,940
um again kind of make sense bigger

6088
07:16:45,530 --> 07:16:43,580
things are more complex

6089
07:16:46,730 --> 07:16:45,540
there's a really strong correlation

6090
07:16:49,128 --> 07:16:46,740
between the two

6091
07:16:51,890 --> 07:16:49,138
which is really really exciting again

6092
07:16:53,270 --> 07:16:51,900
it's not intuitively obvious that you

6093
07:16:55,250 --> 07:16:53,280
have a theoretical measure that has no

6094
07:16:58,310 --> 07:16:55,260
correlation in physical reality actually

6095
07:17:01,128 --> 07:16:58,320
corresponds to a mass spec signature

6096
07:17:02,390 --> 07:17:01,138
um so when we saw this

6097
07:17:04,070 --> 07:17:02,400
we kind of ran with this and we're

6098
07:17:05,448 --> 07:17:04,080
saying hey we can put a mask back in

6099
07:17:09,170 --> 07:17:05,458
space we've done it before we've done it

6100
07:17:11,448 --> 07:17:09,180
since the 1970s so why don't we look at

6101
07:17:14,330 --> 07:17:11,458
what kind of mass specs are needed think

6102
07:17:15,190 --> 07:17:14,340
about ma as a specific bio signature and

6103
07:17:18,830 --> 07:17:15,200
then

6104
07:17:21,468 --> 07:17:18,840
use Mass Spec to go out and find it and

6105
07:17:24,110 --> 07:17:21,478
the thing we're looking for specifically

6106
07:17:25,548 --> 07:17:24,120
again from this 2021 paper is that all

6107
07:17:28,250 --> 07:17:25,558
of biochemistry

6108
07:17:30,468 --> 07:17:28,260
has an MA greater than 15.

6109
07:17:31,128 --> 07:17:30,478
um anything below 15 leads to see on

6110
07:17:33,468 --> 07:17:31,138
Earth

6111
07:17:35,750 --> 07:17:33,478
is a mixture of biotic abiotic things

6112
07:17:36,830 --> 07:17:35,760
they're found throughout the geosphere

6113
07:17:39,170 --> 07:17:36,840
and everything

6114
07:17:41,208 --> 07:17:39,180
but above 15 is only things made by

6115
07:17:43,788 --> 07:17:41,218
things that we know are alive

6116
07:17:45,468 --> 07:17:43,798
um like whiskey a few other things they

6117
07:17:47,750 --> 07:17:45,478
kind of had some phono Glasgow measuring

6118
07:17:50,750 --> 07:17:47,760
a bunch of stuff but essentially

6119
07:17:51,890 --> 07:17:50,760
anything above 15 what we say is hey

6120
07:17:53,810 --> 07:17:51,900
this

6121
07:17:55,548 --> 07:17:53,820
from what we know about life on Earth

6122
07:17:59,150 --> 07:17:55,558
let's extrapolate it to be a universal

6123
07:18:01,128 --> 07:17:59,160
property that's something that's complex

6124
07:18:03,948 --> 07:18:01,138
um for the rest of the talk I think just

6125
07:18:05,628 --> 07:18:03,958
15 it might be a little fuzzy I also

6126
07:18:07,730 --> 07:18:05,638
measured 20.

6127
07:18:09,468 --> 07:18:07,740
um I consider 20 as about as about as a

6128
07:18:11,570 --> 07:18:09,478
specific bio signature so you'll see two

6129
07:18:12,590 --> 07:18:11,580
numbers later on um that's where the 20

6130
07:18:14,090 --> 07:18:12,600
comes from is just give it a little

6131
07:18:16,250 --> 07:18:14,100
wiggle room

6132
07:18:17,628 --> 07:18:16,260
so now the issue with that if we're

6133
07:18:19,310 --> 07:18:17,638
going to send a mass back into space it

6134
07:18:20,510 --> 07:18:19,320
needs to be high resolution

6135
07:18:22,548 --> 07:18:20,520
um you can't have something like this

6136
07:18:24,650 --> 07:18:22,558
where you only have a couple Peaks

6137
07:18:25,788 --> 07:18:24,660
you need something that has the right

6138
07:18:28,010 --> 07:18:25,798
number of peaks in order to find

6139
07:18:29,390 --> 07:18:28,020
something that's high and complex

6140
07:18:30,830 --> 07:18:29,400
um if you find something send something

6141
07:18:32,330 --> 07:18:30,840
that's low resolution it's not going to

6142
07:18:33,948 --> 07:18:32,340
be good enough

6143
07:18:37,010 --> 07:18:33,958
um so

6144
07:18:38,690 --> 07:18:37,020
and when we look at stuff today you'll

6145
07:18:40,368 --> 07:18:38,700
see this chart a couple times so we want

6146
07:18:41,510 --> 07:18:40,378
to explain it real fast this is

6147
07:18:47,150 --> 07:18:41,520
essentially

6148
07:18:49,128 --> 07:18:47,160
of how big the molecule is and this is

6149
07:18:52,850 --> 07:18:49,138
the mass resolution of the particular

6150
07:18:55,310 --> 07:18:52,860
objects times 10 000.

6151
07:18:57,048 --> 07:18:55,320
um all of these ones off here are off

6152
07:18:59,390 --> 07:18:57,058
the chart like they just have really

6153
07:19:01,490 --> 07:18:59,400
have Big M over Z ratios and these two

6154
07:19:03,170 --> 07:19:01,500
would have a really high resolution

6155
07:19:06,048 --> 07:19:03,180
um so this is good

6156
07:19:07,548 --> 07:19:06,058
now these things take up rooms

6157
07:19:08,930 --> 07:19:07,558
um like an orbitrap it's not that big

6158
07:19:11,208 --> 07:19:08,940
but you need a bunch of vacuum stuff

6159
07:19:13,610 --> 07:19:11,218
like it's about as big as this Podium

6160
07:19:14,930 --> 07:19:13,620
roughly if you want a really good one

6161
07:19:16,128 --> 07:19:14,940
um you can't just launch that on a

6162
07:19:19,128 --> 07:19:16,138
spaceship that's like it's really mad

6163
07:19:19,968 --> 07:19:19,138
when you want something that big so how

6164
07:19:22,010 --> 07:19:19,978
do we

6165
07:19:24,048 --> 07:19:22,020
like the stuff we do today is roughly

6166
07:19:25,968 --> 07:19:24,058
down here um Ricky yaravalo's group in

6167
07:19:29,810 --> 07:19:25,978
University of Maryland College Park

6168
07:19:33,110 --> 07:19:29,820
um has this mini orbitrap that's decent

6169
07:19:35,090 --> 07:19:33,120
but still like not still on that scale

6170
07:19:37,190 --> 07:19:35,100
um so how could how could can we get how

6171
07:19:40,670 --> 07:19:37,200
is that good enough how much do we need

6172
07:19:41,868 --> 07:19:40,680
in order to determine definitively that

6173
07:19:44,330 --> 07:19:41,878
you have a mass spec signal stick

6174
07:19:46,128 --> 07:19:44,340
signature

6175
07:19:48,830 --> 07:19:46,138
um so what we did we did some chemical

6176
07:19:50,750 --> 07:19:48,840
enumeration we built some graphs

6177
07:19:52,850 --> 07:19:50,760
um specifically built some formulas and

6178
07:19:55,190 --> 07:19:52,860
said hey given a specific number of

6179
07:19:57,410 --> 07:19:55,200
chemicals this case Zero to six carbons

6180
07:19:59,510 --> 07:19:57,420
any number of hydrogens then nitrogen

6181
07:20:01,070 --> 07:19:59,520
oxofhosphorus sulfur how many different

6182
07:20:02,390 --> 07:20:01,080
formulas do we get how big is the

6183
07:20:03,708 --> 07:20:02,400
chemical space that could potentially be

6184
07:20:05,930 --> 07:20:03,718
out there

6185
07:20:08,090 --> 07:20:05,940
um answer is pretty big you get lots of

6186
07:20:10,730 --> 07:20:08,100
different formulas unsurprising

6187
07:20:13,430 --> 07:20:10,740
um they can be modeled with a normal

6188
07:20:15,770 --> 07:20:13,440
normal curve so I can do this for any

6189
07:20:18,770 --> 07:20:15,780
number of upper limit and any number

6190
07:20:20,510 --> 07:20:18,780
like up to 10 atoms up to five atoms if

6191
07:20:22,310 --> 07:20:20,520
I want to measure more I can do a

6192
07:20:23,270 --> 07:20:22,320
different normal curve

6193
07:20:25,190 --> 07:20:23,280
um

6194
07:20:27,048 --> 07:20:25,200
now this next slide might trigger people

6195
07:20:29,090 --> 07:20:27,058
I apologize

6196
07:20:31,250 --> 07:20:29,100
um I did random chemistry based on that

6197
07:20:32,810 --> 07:20:31,260
because again we don't know what that is

6198
07:20:35,030 --> 07:20:32,820
going to look like

6199
07:20:36,230 --> 07:20:35,040
um so I built random I built random

6200
07:20:37,910 --> 07:20:36,240
structures from random formulas

6201
07:20:39,650 --> 07:20:37,920
essentially building putting random

6202
07:20:41,510 --> 07:20:39,660
bonds together

6203
07:20:44,510 --> 07:20:41,520
um this might not exist this probably

6204
07:20:45,590 --> 07:20:44,520
doesn't exist anywhere but um I kind of

6205
07:20:46,730 --> 07:20:45,600
hope it doesn't because that would be

6206
07:20:47,390 --> 07:20:46,740
weird

6207
07:20:50,270 --> 07:20:47,400
um

6208
07:20:52,430 --> 07:20:50,280
but what we what we did is we built it

6209
07:20:53,990 --> 07:20:52,440
we put it through RG kits 3D and better

6210
07:20:55,310 --> 07:20:54,000
software so we know this is at least

6211
07:20:57,288 --> 07:20:55,320
physically possible it doesn't break the

6212
07:20:58,730 --> 07:20:57,298
rules of physics the thermodynamics are

6213
07:21:01,368 --> 07:20:58,740
really weird who knows how long this

6214
07:21:02,810 --> 07:21:01,378
lasts but again our assumptions we don't

6215
07:21:03,890 --> 07:21:02,820
know what this looks like

6216
07:21:05,390 --> 07:21:03,900
um and this actually is a good

6217
07:21:06,530 --> 07:21:05,400
assumption you'll see a few graphs later

6218
07:21:08,390 --> 07:21:06,540
that we're not actually that far off

6219
07:21:10,910 --> 07:21:08,400
from reality but

6220
07:21:13,670 --> 07:21:10,920
um just bear with me for now so I did

6221
07:21:15,048 --> 07:21:13,680
this for 10 000 different structures

6222
07:21:17,690 --> 07:21:15,058
um made a bunch of made a bunch of

6223
07:21:19,910 --> 07:21:17,700
random chemicals and found the m a of

6224
07:21:21,350 --> 07:21:19,920
them so we have molecular weights we

6225
07:21:22,968 --> 07:21:21,360
have assembly index

6226
07:21:25,430 --> 07:21:22,978
and you see that most of them started to

6227
07:21:28,430 --> 07:21:25,440
get high m a and you get a likelihood

6228
07:21:31,070 --> 07:21:28,440
very quickly of well what is the

6229
07:21:34,010 --> 07:21:31,080
likelihood of finding a high m a object

6230
07:21:35,208 --> 07:21:34,020
at a particular molecular weight

6231
07:21:37,010 --> 07:21:35,218
so

6232
07:21:39,048 --> 07:21:37,020
we have a number we have a size of

6233
07:21:40,430 --> 07:21:39,058
chemical space we have molecular weights

6234
07:21:43,190 --> 07:21:40,440
and we know how often those things are

6235
07:21:45,530 --> 07:21:43,200
high m a we're essentially able to then

6236
07:21:47,448 --> 07:21:45,540
put that on a Precision curve and say

6237
07:21:49,368 --> 07:21:47,458
what's the Precision which can be

6238
07:21:50,410 --> 07:21:49,378
translated into resolution of the

6239
07:21:52,490 --> 07:21:50,420
particular

6240
07:21:54,590 --> 07:21:52,500
number of

6241
07:21:56,570 --> 07:21:54,600
chemical species that have a high ma in

6242
07:21:59,930 --> 07:21:56,580
that case or that particular M over Z

6243
07:22:01,548 --> 07:21:59,940
ratio we take the integral of that

6244
07:22:05,090 --> 07:22:01,558
particular line our goal is to find 10

6245
07:22:06,170 --> 07:22:05,100
or fewer just to put a number on it and

6246
07:22:07,670 --> 07:22:06,180
then we end up with something looks like

6247
07:22:10,730 --> 07:22:07,680
this

6248
07:22:14,868 --> 07:22:10,740
um so our in an ideal case

6249
07:22:17,270 --> 07:22:14,878
what we have is something about 552 000

6250
07:22:18,650 --> 07:22:17,280
um M over Delta M Mass resolution Which

6251
07:22:20,570 --> 07:22:18,660
is far fewer than what we have in

6252
07:22:23,208 --> 07:22:20,580
commercial orbitraps those are on the

6253
07:22:24,770 --> 07:22:23,218
orders like Millions 10 Millions

6254
07:22:26,690 --> 07:22:24,780
um but it's not what we've sent to space

6255
07:22:28,548 --> 07:22:26,700
it's about four times better than what

6256
07:22:29,270 --> 07:22:28,558
we've sent the space so far

6257
07:22:31,190 --> 07:22:29,280
um

6258
07:22:32,868 --> 07:22:31,200
those ones we sent so those ones set

6259
07:22:35,090 --> 07:22:32,878
into space are decent like in this

6260
07:22:37,548 --> 07:22:35,100
little curve here they're good they're

6261
07:22:39,890 --> 07:22:37,558
able to determine High m a molecules but

6262
07:22:41,510 --> 07:22:39,900
we still want to get as high up on this

6263
07:22:42,650 --> 07:22:41,520
graph as possible

6264
07:22:44,448 --> 07:22:42,660
um so it's more of an engineering

6265
07:22:45,948 --> 07:22:44,458
challenge this is more saying hey

6266
07:22:47,930 --> 07:22:45,958
Engineers if you can go out and build

6267
07:22:49,310 --> 07:22:47,940
something like this give an unknown

6268
07:22:50,930 --> 07:22:49,320
chemical space we're confident that

6269
07:22:53,090 --> 07:22:50,940
you'll be able to detect a high ma

6270
07:22:56,330 --> 07:22:53,100
molecule if it's out there

6271
07:22:58,670 --> 07:22:56,340
um and quickly just to finish up

6272
07:23:01,730 --> 07:22:58,680
um I know the chemicals were really bad

6273
07:23:04,490 --> 07:23:01,740
and really not Earth-like

6274
07:23:06,948 --> 07:23:04,500
um so we determine our spacecraft our

6275
07:23:10,010 --> 07:23:06,958
sermon our resolution based on existing

6276
07:23:11,990 --> 07:23:10,020
chemistry we used keg keto Encyclopedia

6277
07:23:14,628 --> 07:23:12,000
of genes of genomes I'm mostly saying

6278
07:23:16,430 --> 07:23:14,638
how good is our prediction based on

6279
07:23:19,070 --> 07:23:16,440
those random chemicals

6280
07:23:21,288 --> 07:23:19,080
um this is MOMA this is the one that's

6281
07:23:23,150 --> 07:23:21,298
launching soon to Mars

6282
07:23:24,350 --> 07:23:23,160
um it's not that great at distinguishing

6283
07:23:26,930 --> 07:23:24,360
formulas

6284
07:23:28,430 --> 07:23:26,940
um there's a lot of overlaps but if you

6285
07:23:30,590 --> 07:23:28,440
look at something like corals or our

6286
07:23:31,910 --> 07:23:30,600
recommended one you're not you're really

6287
07:23:34,548 --> 07:23:31,920
not that bad you're getting maximum of

6288
07:23:35,330 --> 07:23:34,558
five so it's pretty good

6289
07:23:40,070 --> 07:23:35,340
um

6290
07:23:41,628 --> 07:23:40,080
and even better when we start saying hey

6291
07:23:43,070 --> 07:23:41,638
does random chemistry correspond with

6292
07:23:45,288 --> 07:23:43,080
reality

6293
07:23:47,330 --> 07:23:45,298
um it does thankfully

6294
07:23:50,330 --> 07:23:47,340
um kind of as a test we took 200

6295
07:23:51,770 --> 07:23:50,340
formulas from that form of enumeration

6296
07:23:53,150 --> 07:23:51,780
um got a hundred different isomers of

6297
07:23:55,310 --> 07:23:53,160
those formulas both from Pub chem so

6298
07:23:56,868 --> 07:23:55,320
existing chemistry GDB which from John

6299
07:23:58,788 --> 07:23:56,878
Louise Raymond's group and burn which is

6300
07:24:00,708 --> 07:23:58,798
a generated database of potential

6301
07:24:03,770 --> 07:24:00,718
chemistry here on Earth and then random

6302
07:24:05,390 --> 07:24:03,780
structure generation like we did and if

6303
07:24:07,910 --> 07:24:05,400
they were separate we'd say we have a

6304
07:24:09,288 --> 07:24:07,920
problem but all of these kind of the ma

6305
07:24:12,890 --> 07:24:09,298
space of all those chemicals is about

6306
07:24:15,110 --> 07:24:12,900
the same so we actually end up roughly a

6307
07:24:16,968 --> 07:24:15,120
recommendation on random chemistry seems

6308
07:24:18,230 --> 07:24:16,978
to be sufficient based on life we see

6309
07:24:18,948 --> 07:24:18,240
today

6310
07:24:21,650 --> 07:24:18,958
um

6311
07:24:23,390 --> 07:24:21,660
so kind of a recommendation if we take

6312
07:24:24,590 --> 07:24:23,400
this melt blacker assembly Theory as a

6313
07:24:27,170 --> 07:24:24,600
biosignature

6314
07:24:29,930 --> 07:24:27,180
we have a mass range of mass specs to

6315
07:24:31,968 --> 07:24:29,940
shoot for we have a resolution and it's

6316
07:24:34,070 --> 07:24:31,978
a worst case scenario and what we're

6317
07:24:37,070 --> 07:24:34,080
showing is that this roughly represents

6318
07:24:39,048 --> 07:24:37,080
m a of chemical space

6319
07:24:41,030 --> 07:24:39,058
um there's lots of people to thank

6320
07:24:42,708 --> 07:24:41,040
um mostly the ASU group that is mostly

6321
07:24:50,810 --> 07:24:42,718
sitting at the front table so thank you

6322
07:24:50,820 --> 07:24:55,368
thank you John any questions

6323
07:24:55,378 --> 07:25:00,410
felt all freaked out by the chemistry

6324
07:25:07,448 --> 07:25:03,830
hi great talk

6325
07:25:11,448 --> 07:25:07,458
um I'm wondering why is the random set

6326
07:25:12,708 --> 07:25:11,458
smaller on the area that it takes than a

6327
07:25:13,910 --> 07:25:12,718
pumpkin

6328
07:25:16,610 --> 07:25:13,920
yeah

6329
07:25:19,730 --> 07:25:16,620
um that is a that's a great question

6330
07:25:23,030 --> 07:25:19,740
um I think my answer is that it's

6331
07:25:26,208 --> 07:25:23,040
possibly a sampling issue of random

6332
07:25:28,490 --> 07:25:26,218
space is probably bigger but the density

6333
07:25:30,590 --> 07:25:28,500
of different compounds that it could

6334
07:25:32,868 --> 07:25:30,600
sample in random chemistry is just so

6335
07:25:34,968 --> 07:25:32,878
high on that little part right there

6336
07:25:36,708 --> 07:25:34,978
like I'm just not sampling enough to get

6337
07:25:39,650 --> 07:25:36,718
a distribution

6338
07:25:41,868 --> 07:25:39,660
um or or or I am and I'm not

6339
07:25:43,250 --> 07:25:41,878
um getting the edges as much

6340
07:25:44,868 --> 07:25:43,260
um I think it's interesting question of

6341
07:25:46,548 --> 07:25:44,878
how life can be a little more spread out

6342
07:25:49,730 --> 07:25:46,558
I think there's an interesting function

6343
07:25:52,070 --> 07:25:49,740
a functionality argument going on um I

6344
07:25:54,770 --> 07:25:52,080
think yeah random chemistry I think it's

6345
07:25:56,030 --> 07:25:54,780
so dense in the middle that I'm just not

6346
07:25:56,750 --> 07:25:56,040
exploring the edges as well as I could

6347
07:26:01,368 --> 07:25:56,760
be

6348
07:26:07,910 --> 07:26:05,030
hi uh this is very very interesting so

6349
07:26:09,770 --> 07:26:07,920
um I guess would you mind uh maybe going

6350
07:26:10,788 --> 07:26:09,780
over the

6351
07:26:13,730 --> 07:26:10,798
um

6352
07:26:15,890 --> 07:26:13,740
uh basically what led you to your

6353
07:26:19,910 --> 07:26:15,900
resolution and

6354
07:26:21,948 --> 07:26:19,920
um and uh Max M over Z calculations a

6355
07:26:26,150 --> 07:26:21,958
little bit uh

6356
07:26:27,590 --> 07:26:26,160
I guess more in detail uh about how that

6357
07:26:31,610 --> 07:26:27,600
connects to

6358
07:26:35,868 --> 07:26:31,620
um msms uh measurements is is this

6359
07:26:37,430 --> 07:26:35,878
um just with M over Z or okay yeah so um

6360
07:26:40,190 --> 07:26:37,440
yeah it's a great question so I'm not

6361
07:26:41,690 --> 07:26:40,200
assuming any fragmentation here

6362
07:26:42,948 --> 07:26:41,700
um mostly because we don't know exactly

6363
07:26:45,590 --> 07:26:42,958
what we're going to send or if it's an

6364
07:26:47,410 --> 07:26:45,600
ms1 or MS2 machine

6365
07:26:50,510 --> 07:26:47,420
um so I'm just assuming that there's a

6366
07:26:53,750 --> 07:26:50,520
there's a particular structure it's

6367
07:26:55,910 --> 07:26:53,760
ionized so I knock off a hydrogen and

6368
07:26:58,010 --> 07:26:55,920
then that's a single Peak that you get

6369
07:27:00,890 --> 07:26:58,020
what's the resolution to distinguish

6370
07:27:03,350 --> 07:27:00,900
those Peaks um which one thing is worst

6371
07:27:05,628 --> 07:27:03,360
case add fragmentation and add like a

6372
07:27:07,850 --> 07:27:05,638
really add a decent orbitrap and this

6373
07:27:08,990 --> 07:27:07,860
probably becomes a lot better but it's

6374
07:27:10,310 --> 07:27:09,000
hard to predict exactly what that

6375
07:27:12,110 --> 07:27:10,320
fragmentation is

6376
07:27:13,610 --> 07:27:12,120
um there's a team in Glasgow

6377
07:27:15,110 --> 07:27:13,620
um led by Emma chiric that's like trying

6378
07:27:15,830 --> 07:27:15,120
to figure that out right now

6379
07:27:17,690 --> 07:27:15,840
um

6380
07:27:19,010 --> 07:27:17,700
as you can imagine it's a difficult like

6381
07:27:20,208 --> 07:27:19,020
Mass specs are weird

6382
07:27:23,810 --> 07:27:20,218
um it's a difficult problem to predict

6383
07:27:26,090 --> 07:27:23,820
and extrapolate yeah because I guess I'm

6384
07:27:28,190 --> 07:27:26,100
wondering you know obviously

6385
07:27:30,288 --> 07:27:28,200
um ion neutral Mass spectrometer and

6386
07:27:34,250 --> 07:27:30,298
Cassini did not have nearly this

6387
07:27:36,048 --> 07:27:34,260
resolution uh but if the fragmentation

6388
07:27:38,448 --> 07:27:36,058
that you can assume happened when those

6389
07:27:40,368 --> 07:27:38,458
ice creams collided with it

6390
07:27:43,968 --> 07:27:40,378
um could be assumed to be an MS2 like

6391
07:27:45,830 --> 07:27:43,978
event then and if that you know if MS2

6392
07:27:47,750 --> 07:27:45,840
makes it that much better then maybe you

6393
07:27:50,868 --> 07:27:47,760
could look at it from this perspective

6394
07:27:52,850 --> 07:27:50,878
yeah no I didn't I think if we hadn't I

6395
07:27:54,830 --> 07:27:52,860
think I would love to see a number of

6396
07:27:57,230 --> 07:27:54,840
how much that correlates

6397
07:27:59,390 --> 07:27:57,240
um yeah I think that's the I think

6398
07:28:01,070 --> 07:27:59,400
that's probably the next step on where

6399
07:28:04,070 --> 07:28:01,080
to go with this yeah

6400
07:28:08,628 --> 07:28:06,708
okay uh we could probably take one more

6401
07:28:10,610 --> 07:28:08,638
question and you're the lucky man right

6402
07:28:12,708 --> 07:28:10,620
next to me

6403
07:28:14,990 --> 07:28:12,718
it's a very interesting talk uh you

6404
07:28:17,448 --> 07:28:15,000
talked about the lower limit on Ma is

6405
07:28:19,788 --> 07:28:17,458
there any upper limit on Ma

6406
07:28:22,070 --> 07:28:19,798
so like up a little bit of how far

6407
07:28:23,390 --> 07:28:22,080
biochemistry can go yeah

6408
07:28:25,570 --> 07:28:23,400
um it's a great question

6409
07:28:31,250 --> 07:28:25,580
so

6410
07:28:33,288 --> 07:28:31,260
small small molecules we're not using

6411
07:28:35,390 --> 07:28:33,298
this in peptides or anything mostly

6412
07:28:37,250 --> 07:28:35,400
because the base fragments that we're

6413
07:28:39,048 --> 07:28:37,260
talking about in this case are elements

6414
07:28:41,868 --> 07:28:39,058
to bonds and we talked like something

6415
07:28:44,510 --> 07:28:41,878
like DNA molecule then Things become so

6416
07:28:46,910 --> 07:28:44,520
massive so massive that since it's an NP

6417
07:28:48,830 --> 07:28:46,920
complex NP complete problem if that'll

6418
07:28:49,968 --> 07:28:48,840
take forever to compute

6419
07:28:52,610 --> 07:28:49,978
um so I think like

6420
07:28:54,170 --> 07:28:52,620
It's Quickly depends on your definition

6421
07:28:55,788 --> 07:28:54,180
of a base fragment and what you want

6422
07:28:56,990 --> 07:28:55,798
your what you want those joining steps

6423
07:28:59,448 --> 07:28:57,000
to be

6424
07:29:02,810 --> 07:28:59,458
um it's essentially DNA I imagine would

6425
07:29:05,030 --> 07:29:02,820
be in tens of millions if not higher if

6426
07:29:07,730 --> 07:29:05,040
we're using this particular definition

6427
07:29:09,650 --> 07:29:07,740
for using amino acids or base pairs

6428
07:29:11,448 --> 07:29:09,660
Things become a little different

6429
07:29:12,708 --> 07:29:11,458
um I have some interesting results in

6430
07:29:14,690 --> 07:29:12,718
like patent chemistry that I'm happy to

6431
07:29:15,890 --> 07:29:14,700
share afterwards to show like we have a

6432
07:29:17,810 --> 07:29:15,900
little bit of upper limit of like what

6433
07:29:19,968 --> 07:29:17,820
chemistry can look like but um

6434
07:29:21,350 --> 07:29:19,978
I mean that's more of a computational

6435
07:29:30,350 --> 07:29:21,360
limit than anything

6436
07:29:33,890 --> 07:29:32,030
thank you John

6437
07:29:35,030 --> 07:29:33,900
um the extra guys go find him in the

6438
07:29:38,208 --> 07:29:35,040
break because I know you have awesome

6439
07:29:40,968 --> 07:29:38,218
questions for him up next we have Macy

6440
07:29:47,448 --> 07:29:40,978
Houston she's coming from Penn State

6441
07:29:50,628 --> 07:29:48,530
hello

6442
07:29:52,850 --> 07:29:50,638
um my name is Macy Houston

6443
07:29:54,288 --> 07:29:52,860
um I'm sort of a fifth year grad student

6444
07:29:55,610 --> 07:29:54,298
at Penn State

6445
07:29:57,590 --> 07:29:55,620
um in astronomy as you may have guessed

6446
07:30:00,170 --> 07:29:57,600
from my background

6447
07:30:02,030 --> 07:30:00,180
um but I just successfully defended my

6448
07:30:08,930 --> 07:30:02,040
thesis last week so I've gone ahead and

6449
07:30:13,010 --> 07:30:11,030
I don't get my diploma and start my post

6450
07:30:15,530 --> 07:30:13,020
back until August but I'm still going to

6451
07:30:17,330 --> 07:30:15,540
call myself Dr Houston now

6452
07:30:19,548 --> 07:30:17,340
um so I'm going to be talking about

6453
07:30:20,930 --> 07:30:19,558
something that was not in my thesis so I

6454
07:30:22,368 --> 07:30:20,940
hadn't thought about too much for a

6455
07:30:23,208 --> 07:30:22,378
couple months but I'm getting back to it

6456
07:30:24,830 --> 07:30:23,218
now

6457
07:30:26,330 --> 07:30:24,840
um this is some work I'm doing as part

6458
07:30:29,090 --> 07:30:26,340
of the Penn State extraterrestrial

6459
07:30:31,310 --> 07:30:29,100
Intelligence Center and um this work is

6460
07:30:34,010 --> 07:30:31,320
actually being led by Dr Sophia shake at

6461
07:30:37,368 --> 07:30:34,020
The seti Institute

6462
07:30:38,810 --> 07:30:37,378
so um this project came out of a group a

6463
07:30:41,390 --> 07:30:38,820
collaboration called characterizing

6464
07:30:44,030 --> 07:30:41,400
atmospheric techno signatures uh or cats

6465
07:30:46,310 --> 07:30:44,040
which I'm very glad we found a good

6466
07:30:47,810 --> 07:30:46,320
abbreviation for and

6467
07:30:50,270 --> 07:30:47,820
um so what this group is doing is just

6468
07:30:51,770 --> 07:30:50,280
kind of creating a library of possible

6469
07:30:53,930 --> 07:30:51,780
techno signatures and especially

6470
07:30:56,750 --> 07:30:53,940
focusing on atmospheric techno

6471
07:30:58,490 --> 07:30:56,760
signatures as jwst launches and we're

6472
07:31:02,750 --> 07:30:58,500
making a lot of advances in our ability

6473
07:31:04,070 --> 07:31:02,760
to characterize exoplanet atmospheres

6474
07:31:05,570 --> 07:31:04,080
um but this project we're talking about

6475
07:31:07,490 --> 07:31:05,580
today actually goes a bit more abroad

6476
07:31:09,110 --> 07:31:07,500
than that and we're thinking of all the

6477
07:31:10,128 --> 07:31:09,120
Techno signatures that we produce here

6478
07:31:11,570 --> 07:31:10,138
on Earth

6479
07:31:13,490 --> 07:31:11,580
so the project we're calling Earth

6480
07:31:16,430 --> 07:31:13,500
detecting Earth is establishing

6481
07:31:18,590 --> 07:31:16,440
benchmarks for detectability based on

6482
07:31:21,530 --> 07:31:18,600
how strong our techno signatures we

6483
07:31:22,788 --> 07:31:21,540
produce here on Earth are and how a far

6484
07:31:25,070 --> 07:31:22,798
away

6485
07:31:27,770 --> 07:31:25,080
um we you would be able to use our

6486
07:31:30,350 --> 07:31:27,780
telescopes to successfully detect our

6487
07:31:33,110 --> 07:31:30,360
techno signatures

6488
07:31:34,310 --> 07:31:33,120
so um this is a very preliminary version

6489
07:31:35,990 --> 07:31:34,320
of our plot here we're going to have

6490
07:31:38,150 --> 07:31:36,000
more techno signatures than this and we

6491
07:31:40,070 --> 07:31:38,160
still have to finish up a few

6492
07:31:41,690 --> 07:31:40,080
calculations to get all our distances

6493
07:31:42,948 --> 07:31:41,700
right but

6494
07:31:44,510 --> 07:31:42,958
um we're basically just trying to

6495
07:31:46,368 --> 07:31:44,520
calculate the detectable distance for

6496
07:31:48,530 --> 07:31:46,378
our telescopes to observe our techno

6497
07:31:50,510 --> 07:31:48,540
signatures for all of the Techno

6498
07:31:53,330 --> 07:31:50,520
signatures that we could think of that

6499
07:31:56,208 --> 07:31:54,708
so

6500
07:31:58,548 --> 07:31:56,218
um this is related to a similar concept

6501
07:32:00,708 --> 07:31:58,558
called the ignoscale which was proposed

6502
07:32:03,410 --> 07:32:00,718
by so cast novaro at all a couple years

6503
07:32:05,510 --> 07:32:03,420
ago this term is defined as these

6504
07:32:07,490 --> 07:32:05,520
relative size or intensity of a techno

6505
07:32:09,288 --> 07:32:07,500
signature in units of the same type no

6506
07:32:10,810 --> 07:32:09,298
signature as produced by Earth's

6507
07:32:13,730 --> 07:32:10,820
technology

6508
07:32:16,190 --> 07:32:13,740
so kind of the first step in our project

6509
07:32:18,830 --> 07:32:16,200
is to quantify the strength of Earth's

6510
07:32:20,868 --> 07:32:18,840
current day techno signatures and this

6511
07:32:24,468 --> 07:32:20,878
is kind of defining the power level that

6512
07:32:26,330 --> 07:32:24,478
is an ignoscale value of one

6513
07:32:28,190 --> 07:32:26,340
and then we're going to determine what

6514
07:32:30,530 --> 07:32:28,200
distance we can use our technology to

6515
07:32:32,270 --> 07:32:30,540
detect those technical signatures and to

6516
07:32:33,670 --> 07:32:32,280
keep things kind of uniform among all

6517
07:32:37,250 --> 07:32:33,680
detective signatures we're looking at

6518
07:32:40,128 --> 07:32:37,260
we're adopting a signal noise ratio of

6519
07:32:41,930 --> 07:32:40,138
five but we're also going to talk a bit

6520
07:32:43,850 --> 07:32:41,940
about scaling relations you can use if

6521
07:32:45,910 --> 07:32:43,860
you want to get higher signal to noise

6522
07:32:49,250 --> 07:32:45,920
or something like that

6523
07:32:51,350 --> 07:32:49,260
so I'm just gonna gonna go through a few

6524
07:32:51,948 --> 07:32:51,360
of our calculations here

6525
07:32:54,590 --> 07:32:51,958
um

6526
07:32:56,930 --> 07:32:54,600
oh I don't know why it's covering my oh

6527
07:32:58,128 --> 07:32:56,940
well so uh the first kind of technical

6528
07:33:00,410 --> 07:32:58,138
signature I want to talk about is

6529
07:33:02,448 --> 07:33:00,420
intermittent celestially targeted radio

6530
07:33:03,830 --> 07:33:02,458
Transmissions

6531
07:33:07,010 --> 07:33:03,840
um so the types of signals that would

6532
07:33:08,690 --> 07:33:07,020
produce this are um Medi signals so

6533
07:33:10,968 --> 07:33:08,700
intentional messages that we have sent

6534
07:33:12,468 --> 07:33:10,978
out ostensibly to communicate with

6535
07:33:15,590 --> 07:33:12,478
extraterrestrial life but we don't

6536
07:33:17,330 --> 07:33:15,600
really do a lot of that so

6537
07:33:20,570 --> 07:33:17,340
um the more common types of signals we

6538
07:33:24,468 --> 07:33:20,580
send out are powerful radio signals

6539
07:33:26,628 --> 07:33:24,478
targeted at planets and asteroids in the

6540
07:33:29,208 --> 07:33:26,638
solar system in order to characterize

6541
07:33:31,670 --> 07:33:29,218
them with radar

6542
07:33:34,070 --> 07:33:31,680
so for our calculation we are assuming

6543
07:33:36,708 --> 07:33:34,080
that our radar transmitter is Arecibo

6544
07:33:39,770 --> 07:33:36,718
Rip but

6545
07:33:41,628 --> 07:33:39,780
um our Observer for radio observations

6546
07:33:45,288 --> 07:33:41,638
we are using the currently under

6547
07:33:47,510 --> 07:33:45,298
construction square kilometer array if

6548
07:33:48,590 --> 07:33:47,520
we assume assume an observation time of

6549
07:33:50,390 --> 07:33:48,600
one hour

6550
07:33:52,850 --> 07:33:50,400
then we get our Earth detecting Earth

6551
07:33:54,530 --> 07:33:52,860
detectable distance of 12 000 light

6552
07:33:55,850 --> 07:33:54,540
years for our most powerful radio

6553
07:33:58,788 --> 07:33:55,860
signals

6554
07:34:00,288 --> 07:33:58,798
so this is the highest number that we're

6555
07:34:02,030 --> 07:34:00,298
going to see in terms of our distances

6556
07:34:04,310 --> 07:34:02,040
here but I wanted to start with it to

6557
07:34:06,288 --> 07:34:04,320
really emphasize that

6558
07:34:07,788 --> 07:34:06,298
um I see techno signatures as a really

6559
07:34:09,830 --> 07:34:07,798
important part of the search for

6560
07:34:12,410 --> 07:34:09,840
biosignatures because when you think

6561
07:34:14,930 --> 07:34:12,420
about all of the signs of life that we

6562
07:34:16,548 --> 07:34:14,940
produce here on Earth our radio signals

6563
07:34:18,048 --> 07:34:16,558
are by far the most detectable thing

6564
07:34:21,288 --> 07:34:18,058
that we produce

6565
07:34:23,150 --> 07:34:21,298
so I really hope that the fields of

6566
07:34:25,368 --> 07:34:23,160
biosignatures detective signatures can

6567
07:34:26,690 --> 07:34:25,378
work closely together because I think we

6568
07:34:28,910 --> 07:34:26,700
want to take as many approaches as

6569
07:34:32,510 --> 07:34:28,920
possible to find any types of life we

6570
07:34:36,948 --> 07:34:34,670
so the next category of techno signature

6571
07:34:39,110 --> 07:34:36,958
is just another type of radio signal

6572
07:34:41,530 --> 07:34:39,120
intermittent celestially untargeted

6573
07:34:44,150 --> 07:34:41,540
leakage so these are

6574
07:34:46,250 --> 07:34:44,160
signals that we intentionally send into

6575
07:34:48,770 --> 07:34:46,260
the sky but not necessarily with the aim

6576
07:34:52,310 --> 07:34:48,780
of going to space so things like

6577
07:34:54,170 --> 07:34:52,320
Military and Commercial aircraft radar

6578
07:34:56,690 --> 07:34:54,180
we're just kind of assuming the standard

6579
07:34:58,430 --> 07:34:56,700
aircraft radar systems for a transmitter

6580
07:35:00,650 --> 07:34:58,440
and again observing with the square

6581
07:35:02,448 --> 07:35:00,660
kilometer array

6582
07:35:06,048 --> 07:35:02,458
and our Earth attacking earth distance

6583
07:35:07,548 --> 07:35:06,058
is a bit over 200 light years so this is

6584
07:35:10,850 --> 07:35:07,558
still a pretty big distance this

6585
07:35:13,190 --> 07:35:10,860
includes quite a number of stars

6586
07:35:16,368 --> 07:35:13,200
um if we're considering you know the

6587
07:35:18,110 --> 07:35:16,378
Stars within this distance range

6588
07:35:20,208 --> 07:35:18,120
uh the next Technic signature I want to

6589
07:35:22,490 --> 07:35:20,218
talk about is persistent omnidirectional

6590
07:35:25,548 --> 07:35:22,500
radio leakage so there was some early

6591
07:35:28,968 --> 07:35:25,558
work done on this topic actually in 1989

6592
07:35:30,110 --> 07:35:28,978
where um Sullivan at all simulated

6593
07:35:32,750 --> 07:35:30,120
um

6594
07:35:34,368 --> 07:35:32,760
the output of Earth's television Tower

6595
07:35:35,990 --> 07:35:34,378
Transmissions as you might be able to

6596
07:35:39,530 --> 07:35:36,000
observe them from space

6597
07:35:41,150 --> 07:35:39,540
and concluded that it's possible that

6598
07:35:43,190 --> 07:35:41,160
other life out in the universe knows

6599
07:35:45,410 --> 07:35:43,200
that we're here

6600
07:35:48,170 --> 07:35:45,420
um our TV signals aren't quite as

6601
07:35:51,048 --> 07:35:48,180
powerful now as they were in the peak

6602
07:35:53,350 --> 07:35:51,058
a time but we've got all kinds of mobile

6603
07:35:55,850 --> 07:35:53,360
cell phone towers all over the world now

6604
07:35:57,830 --> 07:35:55,860
so there's a really great paper that

6605
07:35:59,330 --> 07:35:57,840
just came out a few weeks ago by Mira

6606
07:36:01,368 --> 07:35:59,340
Sade at all

6607
07:36:03,530 --> 07:36:01,378
um that kind of does a similar

6608
07:36:05,750 --> 07:36:03,540
calculation to the Sullivan paper but

6609
07:36:08,390 --> 07:36:05,760
using mobile phone towers instead of

6610
07:36:14,330 --> 07:36:11,448
so we adopted their value of a

6611
07:36:16,310 --> 07:36:14,340
transmitter strength of four gigawatts

6612
07:36:19,490 --> 07:36:16,320
and again using the square kilometer

6613
07:36:21,530 --> 07:36:19,500
array as our radio detector and we got a

6614
07:36:22,670 --> 07:36:21,540
detectable distance of just under a

6615
07:36:24,890 --> 07:36:22,680
light year

6616
07:36:27,948 --> 07:36:24,900
so this is a little bit too short of a

6617
07:36:29,990 --> 07:36:27,958
distance to reach any nearby stars

6618
07:36:31,850 --> 07:36:30,000
um but it's getting pretty close and as

6619
07:36:33,830 --> 07:36:31,860
radio technology improves this kind of

6620
07:36:36,530 --> 07:36:33,840
uh thing is going to become more

6621
07:36:40,250 --> 07:36:38,150
um the next techno signature I want to

6622
07:36:43,190 --> 07:36:40,260
talk about is intermittent targeted

6623
07:36:44,750 --> 07:36:43,200
laser leakage so these are laser signals

6624
07:36:45,968 --> 07:36:44,760
that we happen to be sending out into

6625
07:36:50,030 --> 07:36:45,978
space

6626
07:36:50,990 --> 07:36:50,040
so for the non astronomers in the room

6627
07:36:53,270 --> 07:36:51,000
um

6628
07:36:56,270 --> 07:36:53,280
the example that I want to use here is

6629
07:36:58,910 --> 07:36:56,280
Adaptive Optics lasers Adaptive Optics

6630
07:37:01,430 --> 07:36:58,920
is an astronomy technique where you take

6631
07:37:03,650 --> 07:37:01,440
ground-based telescopes and distort

6632
07:37:05,628 --> 07:37:03,660
their mirrors and in order to account

6633
07:37:07,990 --> 07:37:05,638
for the effects of the atmosphere on the

6634
07:37:10,910 --> 07:37:08,000
light that we observed from space

6635
07:37:12,708 --> 07:37:10,920
and uh there are kind of a lot of

6636
07:37:14,570 --> 07:37:12,718
factors that goes into that but one

6637
07:37:16,968 --> 07:37:14,580
thing is that sometimes we need to

6638
07:37:19,910 --> 07:37:16,978
create an artificial guide star to

6639
07:37:22,368 --> 07:37:19,920
calibrate these and so what we do is

6640
07:37:24,468 --> 07:37:22,378
send really powerful lasers shooting

6641
07:37:25,910 --> 07:37:24,478
into the atmosphere so that's some

6642
07:37:28,070 --> 07:37:25,920
amount of that laser power hits the

6643
07:37:30,288 --> 07:37:28,080
atmosphere and bounces back for us to

6644
07:37:32,570 --> 07:37:30,298
observe while a lot of that laser power

6645
07:37:34,610 --> 07:37:32,580
just happens to go out into space

6646
07:37:38,810 --> 07:37:34,620
wherever it's headed

6647
07:37:40,910 --> 07:37:38,820
so um for our calculation for laser

6648
07:37:43,490 --> 07:37:40,920
leakage we use the Keck 10 meter

6649
07:37:44,510 --> 07:37:43,500
telescope and it's of Adaptive Optics

6650
07:37:46,490 --> 07:37:44,520
system

6651
07:37:49,070 --> 07:37:46,500
and we get a detectable distance of

6652
07:37:51,590 --> 07:37:49,080
about 10 layers so this distance does

6653
07:37:53,868 --> 07:37:51,600
include a few nearby stars but it's

6654
07:37:55,788 --> 07:37:53,878
important to note that we're not

6655
07:37:57,948 --> 07:37:55,798
actually directing these lasers at any

6656
07:38:00,770 --> 07:37:57,958
nearby stars because you only need to

6657
07:38:02,448 --> 07:38:00,780
use Adaptive Optics um the laser

6658
07:38:05,208 --> 07:38:02,458
artificial guide star if you don't have

6659
07:38:08,208 --> 07:38:05,218
a real well-known bright star you can

6660
07:38:10,548 --> 07:38:08,218
look at so we're never really doing that

6661
07:38:14,150 --> 07:38:10,558
right at nearby Stars which would be

6662
07:38:18,110 --> 07:38:15,830
so the next category of techno

6663
07:38:20,448 --> 07:38:18,120
signatures I want to get into are

6664
07:38:22,788 --> 07:38:20,458
um exoplanetary techno signatures that

6665
07:38:26,048 --> 07:38:22,798
you might detect for example in our in

6666
07:38:28,610 --> 07:38:26,058
the atmosphere of a planet

6667
07:38:30,708 --> 07:38:28,620
so we've got an example here of one

6668
07:38:33,170 --> 07:38:30,718
possible atmospheric pollutant which is

6669
07:38:35,270 --> 07:38:33,180
nitrogen dioxide and this is based on

6670
07:38:37,190 --> 07:38:35,280
work done by kaparapu at all a couple

6671
07:38:40,070 --> 07:38:37,200
years ago

6672
07:38:42,590 --> 07:38:40,080
so this simulation was performed using

6673
07:38:46,190 --> 07:38:42,600
the planetary Spectrum generator and

6674
07:38:47,750 --> 07:38:46,200
assuming that our Observer is a luvex

6675
07:38:49,968 --> 07:38:47,760
which I guess is now called habitable

6676
07:38:52,910 --> 07:38:49,978
worlds Observatory

6677
07:38:55,430 --> 07:38:52,920
um which is a space mission that's under

6678
07:38:57,890 --> 07:38:55,440
development but is the combination of

6679
07:39:00,230 --> 07:38:57,900
luvar and have exhibition Concepts that

6680
07:39:03,948 --> 07:39:00,240
was for a few months called lubex but

6681
07:39:06,350 --> 07:39:03,958
now this is already out of date so

6682
07:39:08,570 --> 07:39:06,360
um our detectable distance here is a

6683
07:39:11,030 --> 07:39:08,580
little over three light years so this

6684
07:39:11,628 --> 07:39:11,040
includes some nearby stars

6685
07:39:13,850 --> 07:39:11,638
um

6686
07:39:16,250 --> 07:39:13,860
but it's important to know that NO2 can

6687
07:39:17,810 --> 07:39:16,260
also be created through natural means so

6688
07:39:20,030 --> 07:39:17,820
there's a lot of complicated chemistry

6689
07:39:21,590 --> 07:39:20,040
at play here to determine whether it's

6690
07:39:24,708 --> 07:39:21,600
actually artificial

6691
07:39:26,448 --> 07:39:24,718
but a really important thing about the

6692
07:39:29,510 --> 07:39:26,458
Cathedral at spheric pollution

6693
07:39:31,368 --> 07:39:29,520
signatures is that you can use the same

6694
07:39:33,650 --> 07:39:31,378
observations to search for techno

6695
07:39:35,690 --> 07:39:33,660
signatures and biosignatures when you're

6696
07:39:36,708 --> 07:39:35,700
looking at the Spectra so I think it's a

6697
07:39:40,850 --> 07:39:36,718
really great way that these two

6698
07:39:45,230 --> 07:39:42,288
um and then the last techno signature

6699
07:39:48,230 --> 07:39:45,240
I'm going to talk about is City Lights

6700
07:39:50,690 --> 07:39:48,240
so I'm showing a picture here of Earth

6701
07:39:51,468 --> 07:39:50,700
as each part of the world appears at

6702
07:39:55,010 --> 07:39:51,478
night

6703
07:39:57,110 --> 07:39:55,020
with City Lights so for this calculation

6704
07:39:59,570 --> 07:39:57,120
we're using some work done by Thomas

6705
07:40:01,610 --> 07:39:59,580
Beatty where he assumes that our lights

6706
07:40:03,590 --> 07:40:01,620
are primarily from high pressure sodium

6707
07:40:05,810 --> 07:40:03,600
lamps

6708
07:40:07,968 --> 07:40:05,820
in this simulation our Observer is

6709
07:40:10,010 --> 07:40:07,978
luvore a so a slightly earlier version

6710
07:40:12,530 --> 07:40:10,020
of the lubex I talked about last time

6711
07:40:15,708 --> 07:40:12,540
Lou Barre was an earlier Mission concept

6712
07:40:17,208 --> 07:40:15,718
concept for that so this exact design is

6713
07:40:19,670 --> 07:40:17,218
not going to be launched in space but

6714
07:40:22,510 --> 07:40:19,680
we're going to have something similar

6715
07:40:26,030 --> 07:40:22,520
and our distance for this one is only

6716
07:40:28,250 --> 07:40:26,040
0.075 light years so this means

6717
07:40:30,530 --> 07:40:28,260
um you that we could only use something

6718
07:40:32,030 --> 07:40:30,540
like luvor to detect our city lights if

6719
07:40:33,650 --> 07:40:32,040
we're in the Oort cloud which is just

6720
07:40:35,330 --> 07:40:33,660
kind of the outer regions of the solar

6721
07:40:36,830 --> 07:40:35,340
system

6722
07:40:38,510 --> 07:40:36,840
um so if you want to detect this kind of

6723
07:40:41,448 --> 07:40:38,520
thing you're going to have to

6724
07:40:44,570 --> 07:40:41,458
uh have a planet that has a lot more

6725
07:40:48,830 --> 07:40:46,850
and so um I'll just kind of leave up my

6726
07:40:51,468 --> 07:40:48,840
summary slide here as the list of the

6727
07:40:53,030 --> 07:40:51,478
Techno signatures that we're looking at

6728
07:40:55,250 --> 07:40:53,040
um the first few on the list here are

6729
07:40:57,230 --> 07:40:55,260
the ones that we quickly went over I've

6730
07:40:58,730 --> 07:40:57,240
got a few more highlighted in yellow and

6731
07:40:59,930 --> 07:40:58,740
for those our calculations are still

6732
07:41:03,170 --> 07:40:59,940
underway

6733
07:41:04,310 --> 07:41:03,180
and then we've crossed a few out

6734
07:41:06,948 --> 07:41:04,320
um that turned out to be techno

6735
07:41:10,010 --> 07:41:06,958
signatures we've crossed off of um

6736
07:41:12,230 --> 07:41:10,020
consideration for various reasons mostly

6737
07:41:13,788 --> 07:41:12,240
because it's just not feasible to

6738
07:41:14,990 --> 07:41:13,798
observe them from space at all we'd be

6739
07:41:16,910 --> 07:41:15,000
talking about still in Earth's

6740
07:41:18,288 --> 07:41:16,920
atmosphere for our distance

6741
07:41:19,250 --> 07:41:18,298
or because

6742
07:41:20,990 --> 07:41:19,260
um

6743
07:41:23,150 --> 07:41:21,000
another possible techno signature is

6744
07:41:25,628 --> 07:41:23,160
observing the contents of Earth's

6745
07:41:28,310 --> 07:41:25,638
atmosphere over time and how it changes

6746
07:41:30,110 --> 07:41:28,320
but we decided for this project that

6747
07:41:32,628 --> 07:41:30,120
we're not going to get into things that

6748
07:41:35,690 --> 07:41:32,638
are based on changes over time because

6749
07:41:37,190 --> 07:41:35,700
uh this is already a really big paper as

6750
07:41:39,110 --> 07:41:37,200
is

6751
07:41:48,288 --> 07:41:39,120
um so yeah I can take questions I also

6752
07:41:52,310 --> 07:41:50,868
all right thank you Macy our new doctor

6753
07:41:53,690 --> 07:41:52,320
Houston

6754
07:41:55,190 --> 07:41:53,700
um unfortunately we only have time for

6755
07:41:58,670 --> 07:41:55,200
one question so I want to see some real

6756
07:42:02,628 --> 07:42:00,948
hi um thank you so much for your talk I

6757
07:42:04,190 --> 07:42:02,638
definitely agree with you that take my

6758
07:42:06,590 --> 07:42:04,200
signature and my signature scientists

6759
07:42:08,628 --> 07:42:06,600
need to work more closely together

6760
07:42:10,788 --> 07:42:08,638
um I was wondering I know the paper is

6761
07:42:12,650 --> 07:42:10,798
already super cool as it is but as a

6762
07:42:14,810 --> 07:42:12,660
sort of follow-up

6763
07:42:16,788 --> 07:42:14,820
um would it be possible to estimate what

6764
07:42:18,948 --> 07:42:16,798
sort of techno signal like how those

6765
07:42:20,570 --> 07:42:18,958
techno signatures would evolve

6766
07:42:22,070 --> 07:42:20,580
um in the future and if there's one

6767
07:42:25,610 --> 07:42:22,080
that's going to shoot up and at what

6768
07:42:28,610 --> 07:42:25,620
point in our future uh would we be

6769
07:42:30,850 --> 07:42:28,620
detectable to most terrestrial planets

6770
07:42:33,288 --> 07:42:30,860
in our galaxy

6771
07:42:34,548 --> 07:42:33,298
yeah we'll talk a little bit about that

6772
07:42:36,048 --> 07:42:34,558
in the discussion but we're not going to

6773
07:42:38,208 --> 07:42:36,058
get too quantitative

6774
07:42:41,330 --> 07:42:38,218
um but that is something that comes up

6775
07:42:43,310 --> 07:42:41,340
as in you know uh one of the main things

6776
07:42:46,070 --> 07:42:43,320
you hear people talk about this in is is

6777
07:42:47,750 --> 07:42:46,080
like radio leakage because like

6778
07:42:49,548 --> 07:42:47,760
if our cell phone towers were more

6779
07:42:51,708 --> 07:42:49,558
directed you know down at the Earth they

6780
07:42:53,570 --> 07:42:51,718
could be more efficient and maybe more

6781
07:42:55,610 --> 07:42:53,580
advanced technology has less leakage

6782
07:42:57,770 --> 07:42:55,620
into space just because

6783
07:42:59,150 --> 07:42:57,780
it's a waste of energy

6784
07:43:01,010 --> 07:42:59,160
um so yeah these are things we think

6785
07:43:02,690 --> 07:43:01,020
about I don't have any definitive

6786
07:43:08,710 --> 07:43:02,700
answers right now

6787
07:43:18,770 --> 07:43:14,628
[Applause]

6788
07:43:22,190 --> 07:43:18,780
okay our final speaker no pressure is

6789
07:43:27,708 --> 07:43:22,200
Evan Smith come on up Evan is coming

6790
07:43:27,718 --> 07:43:53,290
thank you good afternoon uh

6791
07:45:06,468 --> 07:43:58,548
[Music]

6792
07:45:14,970 --> 07:45:09,830
foreign

6793
07:45:37,310 --> 07:45:28,370
[Music]

6794
07:45:46,180 --> 07:45:40,210
foreign

6795
07:47:36,110 --> 07:45:56,850
[Music]

6796
07:47:36,120 --> 07:47:41,360
foreign

6797
07:48:23,810 --> 07:47:58,840
[Music]

6798
07:48:38,430 --> 07:48:25,070
foreign

6799
07:48:38,440 --> 07:48:49,490
[Music]

6800
07:48:57,740 --> 07:48:50,300
foreign

6801
07:49:38,628 --> 07:49:16,420
[Music]

6802
07:49:38,638 --> 07:49:54,380
thank you

6803
07:51:03,650 --> 07:50:04,070
[Music]

6804
07:51:03,660 --> 07:51:07,010
foreign

6805
07:51:07,020 --> 07:51:19,850
[Music]

6806
07:51:19,860 --> 07:51:24,370
foreign

6807
07:52:32,610 --> 07:51:30,860
[Music]

6808
07:52:41,870 --> 07:52:32,620
foreign

6809
07:53:27,110 --> 07:52:53,940
[Music]

6810
07:53:35,020 --> 07:53:28,090
thank you

6811
07:53:35,030 --> 07:53:40,910
[Music]

6812
07:53:40,920 --> 07:53:44,500
foreign

6813
07:54:57,048 --> 07:54:02,720
[Music]

6814
07:54:57,058 --> 07:55:03,290
me

6815
07:55:03,300 --> 07:55:13,930
[Music]

6816
07:55:30,980 --> 07:55:16,250
thank you

6817
07:56:02,430 --> 07:56:00,888
[Music]

6818
07:56:08,208 --> 07:56:02,440
thank you

6819
07:56:08,218 --> 07:56:14,180
foreign

6820
07:57:22,190 --> 07:56:35,470
[Music]

6821
07:57:29,370 --> 07:57:23,220
foreign

6822
07:58:14,690 --> 07:57:43,550
[Music]

6823
07:58:25,310 --> 07:58:16,400
thank you

6824
07:58:41,680 --> 07:58:26,620
foreign

6825
07:59:04,960 --> 07:58:50,200
[Music]

6826
07:59:13,750 --> 07:59:04,970
thank you

6827
07:59:37,310 --> 07:59:23,380
[Music]

6828
07:59:55,310 --> 07:59:37,320
foreign

6829
08:01:25,010 --> 08:00:07,670
[Music]

6830
08:01:48,720 --> 08:01:25,910
thank you

6831
08:01:48,730 --> 08:01:59,930
[Music]

6832
08:01:59,940 --> 08:02:03,780
foreign

6833
08:02:38,048 --> 08:02:26,530
[Music]

6834
08:02:38,058 --> 08:02:45,500
thank you

6835
08:04:36,468 --> 08:02:53,150
[Music]

6836
08:04:50,250 --> 08:04:37,570
foreign

6837
08:05:35,930 --> 08:05:29,310
[Music]

6838
08:05:35,940 --> 08:05:39,400
thank you

6839
08:07:03,888 --> 08:05:50,550
[Music]

6840
08:07:03,898 --> 08:07:09,100
foreign

6841
08:08:02,388 --> 08:07:20,950
[Music]

6842
08:08:02,398 --> 08:08:07,170
thank you

6843
08:08:18,290 --> 08:08:13,850
[Music]

6844
08:08:37,600 --> 08:08:18,300
foreign

6845
08:09:30,110 --> 08:08:50,060
[Music]

6846
08:09:30,120 --> 08:10:30,880
foreign

6847
08:10:30,890 --> 08:10:37,910
[Music]

6848
08:10:44,150 --> 08:10:38,880
thank you

6849
08:10:44,160 --> 08:10:59,740
foreign

6850
08:11:54,948 --> 08:11:42,870
[Music]

6851
08:11:54,958 --> 08:12:05,590
foreign

6852
08:13:09,830 --> 08:12:19,730
[Music]

6853
08:13:09,840 --> 08:13:27,870
foreign

6854
08:14:13,850 --> 08:13:39,730
[Music]

6855
08:14:13,860 --> 08:14:38,880
foreign

6856
08:15:27,130 --> 08:14:52,130
[Music]

6857
08:15:46,990 --> 08:15:27,140
foreign

6858
08:17:31,430 --> 08:15:52,820
[Music]

6859
08:17:31,440 --> 08:17:35,140
foreign

6860
08:18:36,888 --> 08:17:48,690
[Music]

6861
08:18:36,898 --> 08:18:44,060
thank you

6862
08:19:06,830 --> 08:18:59,810
[Music]

6863
08:19:06,840 --> 08:19:13,130
foreign

6864
08:19:49,010 --> 08:19:25,650
[Music]

6865
08:19:49,020 --> 08:19:57,420
foreign

6866
08:20:19,368 --> 08:20:06,580
[Music]

6867
08:20:32,510 --> 08:20:21,100
foreign

6868
08:20:56,208 --> 08:20:37,790
[Music]

6869
08:21:14,700 --> 08:20:57,410
foreign

6870
08:21:14,710 --> 08:21:26,448
[Music]

6871
08:21:26,458 --> 08:21:32,690
thank you

6872
08:21:32,700 --> 08:21:46,770
foreign

6873
08:23:23,560 --> 08:21:55,910
[Music]

6874
08:23:44,170 --> 08:23:23,570
foreign

6875
08:23:44,180 --> 08:24:01,090
[Music]

6876
08:24:26,230 --> 08:24:03,590
thank you

6877
08:24:53,750 --> 08:24:33,700
[Music]

6878
08:24:53,760 --> 08:24:58,880
foreign

6879
08:25:34,250 --> 08:25:22,630
[Music]

6880
08:25:34,260 --> 08:25:40,510
foreign

6881
08:26:04,910 --> 08:25:56,530
[Music]

6882
08:26:13,730 --> 08:26:06,170
foreign

6883
08:27:22,250 --> 08:26:23,150
[Music]

6884
08:27:22,260 --> 08:27:31,190
foreign

6885
08:27:52,968 --> 08:27:46,970
[Music]

6886
08:27:52,978 --> 08:27:57,000
foreign

6887
08:28:46,968 --> 08:28:11,370
[Music]

6888
08:28:51,350 --> 08:28:48,760
sweet

6889
08:29:06,708 --> 08:28:51,360
[Music]

6890
08:29:06,718 --> 08:29:11,860
foreign

6891
08:29:45,210 --> 08:29:34,490
[Music]

6892
08:30:18,350 --> 08:29:45,220
thank you

6893
08:30:18,360 --> 08:30:21,950
foreign

6894
08:31:08,090 --> 08:30:27,990
[Music]

6895
08:31:38,440 --> 08:31:09,560
foreign

6896
08:31:38,450 --> 08:32:07,490
[Music]

6897
08:33:14,060 --> 08:32:08,620
foreign

6898
08:33:14,070 --> 08:33:20,208
[Music]

6899
08:33:41,750 --> 08:33:21,660
foreign

6900
08:33:55,430 --> 08:33:48,200
[Music]

6901
08:34:20,120 --> 08:33:56,870
foreign

6902
08:34:20,130 --> 08:34:35,030
[Music]

6903
08:34:35,040 --> 08:34:39,000
thank you

6904
08:34:39,010 --> 08:35:09,708
[Music]

6905
08:35:09,718 --> 08:35:14,220
foreign

6906
08:36:01,690 --> 08:35:27,440
[Music]

6907
08:36:01,700 --> 08:36:08,700
thank you

6908
08:37:10,310 --> 08:36:19,490
[Music]

6909
08:37:40,720 --> 08:37:12,700
foreign

6910
08:40:06,888 --> 08:38:32,700
[Music]

6911
08:40:15,530 --> 08:40:08,700
foreign

6912
08:40:18,350 --> 08:40:15,540
[Music]

6913
08:40:20,750 --> 08:40:18,360
we're going to get started uh our second

6914
08:40:22,010 --> 08:40:20,760
keynote speaker of the conference holds

6915
08:40:23,810 --> 08:40:22,020
the Chancellor's distinguished

6916
08:40:26,690 --> 08:40:23,820
profession professorship in physics at

6917
08:40:28,490 --> 08:40:26,700
UCSD he's a theoretical physicist whose

6918
08:40:31,010 --> 08:40:28,500
work is wide-ranging and whose Twitter

6919
08:40:33,048 --> 08:40:31,020
bio says I'm interested in everything

6920
08:40:34,150 --> 08:40:33,058
before joining UCSD he was at the

6921
08:40:36,468 --> 08:40:34,160
University of Illinois at

6922
08:40:39,110 --> 08:40:36,478
Urbana-Champaign for over 30 years where

6923
08:40:40,968 --> 08:40:39,120
he led the bio complexity group within

6924
08:40:41,930 --> 08:40:40,978
the Carl R woes Institute for genomic

6925
08:40:43,968 --> 08:40:41,940
biology

6926
08:40:45,770 --> 08:40:43,978
and where he both founded and directed

6927
08:40:48,048 --> 08:40:45,780
the NASA astrobiology Institute for

6928
08:40:50,090 --> 08:40:48,058
Universal biology his research has been

6929
08:40:51,948 --> 08:40:50,100
highly multidisciplinary ranging from

6930
08:40:53,208 --> 08:40:51,958
condensed matter and hydrodynamics to

6931
08:40:55,788 --> 08:40:53,218
the ecology and evolution of living

6932
08:40:58,250 --> 08:40:55,798
systems among his many accolades Nigel

6933
08:41:00,410 --> 08:40:58,260
received the 2020 leop kadenoff prize

6934
08:41:02,270 --> 08:41:00,420
from the American physical Society for

6935
08:41:03,948 --> 08:41:02,280
quote profound contributions to the

6936
08:41:05,570 --> 08:41:03,958
fields of superconductivity fluid

6937
08:41:07,368 --> 08:41:05,580
turbulence and dynamical pattern

6938
08:41:08,810 --> 08:41:07,378
formation it's been a pleasure to have

6939
08:41:10,548 --> 08:41:08,820
him as a professor and it's a pleasure

6940
08:41:15,888 --> 08:41:10,558
to have him with us here today please

6941
08:41:15,898 --> 08:41:22,270
foreign

6942
08:41:27,770 --> 08:41:26,030
invitation to speak at the at Brad Khan

6943
08:41:29,990 --> 08:41:27,780
um I love this conference I've sent my

6944
08:41:31,310 --> 08:41:30,000
students to it I've been in it before I

6945
08:41:33,830 --> 08:41:31,320
think it's absolutely wonderful and I

6946
08:41:36,708 --> 08:41:33,840
was really thrilled to see that NASA is

6947
08:41:39,888 --> 08:41:36,718
still supporting it and even to uh to uh

6948
08:41:42,410 --> 08:41:39,898
to catch up with an old friend in class

6949
08:41:45,410 --> 08:41:42,420
and acquaintance for my days at the NASA

6950
08:41:47,510 --> 08:41:45,420
astrobiology Institute hi Mike so I'm

6951
08:41:51,530 --> 08:41:47,520
going to talk about something that that

6952
08:41:53,690 --> 08:41:51,540
by all right shouldn't exist and I don't

6953
08:41:56,570 --> 08:41:53,700
mean life itself

6954
08:41:58,788 --> 08:41:56,580
um I mean uh Universal aspects of living

6955
08:42:01,368 --> 08:41:58,798
systems I'm a physicist as you heard

6956
08:42:04,368 --> 08:42:01,378
from the introduction and so my approach

6957
08:42:07,368 --> 08:42:04,378
to anything is is ridiculously as simple

6958
08:42:10,610 --> 08:42:07,378
and is almost surely destined for

6959
08:42:12,350 --> 08:42:10,620
failure but we try to fail in a in a

6960
08:42:15,048 --> 08:42:12,360
grand way and at least see what we can

6961
08:42:17,628 --> 08:42:15,058
learn from our attempts to understand uh

6962
08:42:19,368 --> 08:42:17,638
the physical principles that govern uh

6963
08:42:21,468 --> 08:42:19,378
life so I'm going to talk about

6964
08:42:23,510 --> 08:42:21,478
Universal biology the genetic code in

6965
08:42:28,368 --> 08:42:23,520
the first billion years of life on Earth

6966
08:42:30,288 --> 08:42:28,378
and I have uh collaborators my first

6967
08:42:32,388 --> 08:42:30,298
collaborate I want to mention is uh Carl

6968
08:42:34,368 --> 08:42:32,398
woes who will feature in this story and

6969
08:42:37,010 --> 08:42:34,378
many of you may know Carl was he

6970
08:42:39,048 --> 08:42:37,020
discovered the Arca he was a very famous

6971
08:42:41,270 --> 08:42:39,058
evolutionary biologist and he was my

6972
08:42:44,530 --> 08:42:41,280
mentor when I started doing biology

6973
08:42:47,628 --> 08:42:44,540
about 20 years ago

6974
08:42:50,750 --> 08:42:47,638
I was one of my graduate students who

6975
08:42:52,910 --> 08:42:50,760
did a fantastic work on the generic code

6976
08:42:56,208 --> 08:42:52,920
and was in fact also at the uh

6977
08:42:58,548 --> 08:42:56,218
University of Wisconsin where Alex was

6978
08:43:02,208 --> 08:42:58,558
as a as a student before

6979
08:43:03,910 --> 08:43:02,218
um uh Apache Jaffa Paul is now uh as a

6980
08:43:07,730 --> 08:43:03,920
in in the Netherlands and tomato

6981
08:43:09,708 --> 08:43:07,740
bianchalani is now working in a genotech

6982
08:43:10,910 --> 08:43:09,718
here in California all right so I'm

6983
08:43:15,468 --> 08:43:10,920
going to tell you about work that was

6984
08:43:16,930 --> 08:43:15,478
done uh over the last uh 10 or 10 or 15

6985
08:43:19,430 --> 08:43:16,940
years or so

6986
08:43:21,230 --> 08:43:19,440
through the NASA astrobiology Institute

6987
08:43:23,570 --> 08:43:21,240
and I hope you're going to find it

6988
08:43:26,750 --> 08:43:23,580
interesting if you have any questions

6989
08:43:28,128 --> 08:43:26,760
feel free to interrupt during the during

6990
08:43:30,350 --> 08:43:28,138
the talk especially if it's a

6991
08:43:32,810 --> 08:43:30,360
clarification and I'll be of course be

6992
08:43:35,208 --> 08:43:32,820
happy to take questions as as we go

6993
08:43:37,250 --> 08:43:35,218
through to the end so the thing I want

6994
08:43:39,468 --> 08:43:37,260
to understand is what are the sorts of

6995
08:43:41,750 --> 08:43:39,478
evolutionary transitions that life must

6996
08:43:45,650 --> 08:43:41,760
inevitably pass through this is part of

6997
08:43:48,530 --> 08:43:45,660
a program that the NASA uh discussed in

6998
08:43:50,448 --> 08:43:48,540
The Marvelous astrobiology road map from

6999
08:43:52,730 --> 08:43:50,458
about 15 years ago

7000
08:43:55,010 --> 08:43:52,740
trying to understand a universal biology

7001
08:43:57,650 --> 08:43:55,020
and look for Universal characteristics

7002
08:43:59,330 --> 08:43:57,660
of life and the idea is if we can

7003
08:44:02,030 --> 08:43:59,340
understand what features of life on

7004
08:44:03,230 --> 08:44:02,040
Earth are not idiosyncratic but actually

7005
08:44:05,330 --> 08:44:03,240
just something that we should expect

7006
08:44:07,310 --> 08:44:05,340
from another planet and understanding

7007
08:44:09,650 --> 08:44:07,320
these processes understanding these

7008
08:44:12,410 --> 08:44:09,660
transitions may help us to come up with

7009
08:44:15,230 --> 08:44:12,420
uh biosignatures and we'll see that in

7010
08:44:18,048 --> 08:44:15,240
fact there are some prospects for that

7011
08:44:19,490 --> 08:44:18,058
so I want to understand basically can we

7012
08:44:22,310 --> 08:44:19,500
understand some features of Life

7013
08:44:24,230 --> 08:44:22,320
Universal features which you may say may

7014
08:44:26,750 --> 08:44:24,240
not exist but we'll see we'll see it's

7015
08:44:28,788 --> 08:44:26,760
the country and can we understand from

7016
08:44:30,468 --> 08:44:28,798
general dynamical principles without

7017
08:44:32,090 --> 08:44:30,478
necessarily having to worry about all

7018
08:44:34,368 --> 08:44:32,100
the chemical details

7019
08:44:36,708 --> 08:44:34,378
so I'm going to talk about two things in

7020
08:44:38,930 --> 08:44:36,718
this talk I'm going to talk about uh the

7021
08:44:42,110 --> 08:44:38,940
canonical genetic code and that's going

7022
08:44:44,030 --> 08:44:42,120
to be most the most of my talk I will

7023
08:44:46,250 --> 08:44:44,040
talk about biological homochoality

7024
08:44:48,948 --> 08:44:46,260
because it is important as a as a

7025
08:44:52,128 --> 08:44:48,958
biosignature it's been assumed to be a

7026
08:44:54,410 --> 08:44:52,138
biosignature but um but actually we'll

7027
08:44:56,410 --> 08:44:54,420
see in this talk that actually there are

7028
08:44:59,510 --> 08:44:56,420
dynamical reasons for thinking that

7029
08:45:01,548 --> 08:44:59,520
homocolity isn't inevitable outcome of

7030
08:45:04,128 --> 08:45:01,558
living systems

7031
08:45:06,170 --> 08:45:04,138
so I want to first start off though by

7032
08:45:08,868 --> 08:45:06,180
talking about are there any universal

7033
08:45:10,968 --> 08:45:08,878
features in biology and and how should

7034
08:45:12,530 --> 08:45:10,978
we think about them so I'm a physicist

7035
08:45:14,868 --> 08:45:12,540
so I start off by asking is there

7036
08:45:18,110 --> 08:45:14,878
universality in physics so here's an

7037
08:45:20,930 --> 08:45:18,120
example this is thermal conductivity or

7038
08:45:23,510 --> 08:45:20,940
various uh glassy materials this is raw

7039
08:45:25,610 --> 08:45:23,520
data and then when we process it in a

7040
08:45:28,128 --> 08:45:25,620
certain way the data from different

7041
08:45:29,868 --> 08:45:28,138
materials all collapse onto one uh

7042
08:45:31,670 --> 08:45:29,878
Universal curve except for this regime

7043
08:45:33,350 --> 08:45:31,680
over here and so that's something that

7044
08:45:34,150 --> 08:45:33,360
we try to understand if we want to

7045
08:45:37,548 --> 08:45:34,160
understand

7046
08:45:40,070 --> 08:45:37,558
glassy materials here's another example

7047
08:45:43,070 --> 08:45:40,080
which is a much better one this example

7048
08:45:45,350 --> 08:45:43,080
is looking at the magnetic field or the

7049
08:45:47,690 --> 08:45:45,360
magnetization in a magnet exposed to an

7050
08:45:51,170 --> 08:45:47,700
external magnetic field H at temperature

7051
08:45:52,850 --> 08:45:51,180
t as you go through the ferromagnetic

7052
08:45:54,948 --> 08:45:52,860
phase transition the transition that

7053
08:45:57,110 --> 08:45:54,958
makes stuff be magnetic at low

7054
08:45:59,930 --> 08:45:57,120
temperatures and not magnetic at high

7055
08:46:02,690 --> 08:45:59,940
temperatures and you the data you take

7056
08:46:05,750 --> 08:46:02,700
from a different external magnetic

7057
08:46:07,610 --> 08:46:05,760
fields different uh temperatures and

7058
08:46:09,770 --> 08:46:07,620
then if you process the data in the

7059
08:46:11,270 --> 08:46:09,780
right way all these data from five

7060
08:46:13,670 --> 08:46:11,280
different materials none of which are

7061
08:46:16,968 --> 08:46:13,680
look anything alike all fall onto one

7062
08:46:19,310 --> 08:46:16,978
universal curve and the prediction for

7063
08:46:22,250 --> 08:46:19,320
that curve is the solid line which goes

7064
08:46:24,830 --> 08:46:22,260
embarrassingly close to all the data and

7065
08:46:27,948 --> 08:46:24,840
it has no adjustable parameters

7066
08:46:30,410 --> 08:46:27,958
so that's another example of of scaling

7067
08:46:31,730 --> 08:46:30,420
and universality in physics and you

7068
08:46:33,830 --> 08:46:31,740
might say well this is this is really

7069
08:46:36,048 --> 08:46:33,840
great because what did the physicists do

7070
08:46:38,330 --> 08:46:36,058
they made a model of a magnetic system

7071
08:46:40,010 --> 08:46:38,340
and then they took that model worked out

7072
08:46:42,048 --> 08:46:40,020
its consequences did some calculations

7073
08:46:43,788 --> 08:46:42,058
and then showed that it gave a precise

7074
08:46:46,010 --> 08:46:43,798
prediction in agreement with experiments

7075
08:46:47,810 --> 08:46:46,020
that's what physicists usually do in

7076
08:46:49,250 --> 08:46:47,820
fact it's nothing like that at all well

7077
08:46:51,468 --> 08:46:49,260
actually it is it's a model of a model

7078
08:46:54,170 --> 08:46:51,478
of a model of a model of a model and

7079
08:46:55,850 --> 08:46:54,180
that that does all the work the first

7080
08:46:57,590 --> 08:46:55,860
model is a model of quantum chemistry

7081
08:46:59,510 --> 08:46:57,600
then there's a model of electronic

7082
08:47:01,368 --> 08:46:59,520
structure then there's a model of the

7083
08:47:03,830 --> 08:47:01,378
dipole moment on the electronic spins

7084
08:47:05,930 --> 08:47:03,840
that uses quantum mechanics and then you

7085
08:47:08,090 --> 08:47:05,940
say well quantum mechanics is too hard

7086
08:47:09,888 --> 08:47:08,100
so let's get rid of quantum mechanics so

7087
08:47:11,388 --> 08:47:09,898
then you have a classical and you still

7088
08:47:13,548 --> 08:47:11,398
can't do it and then you make some sort

7089
08:47:16,788 --> 08:47:13,558
of approximation that physicism to call

7090
08:47:18,708 --> 08:47:16,798
Landau Theory and then you you get the

7091
08:47:20,448 --> 08:47:18,718
results that I showed you

7092
08:47:22,388 --> 08:47:20,458
and the thing you want I want you to

7093
08:47:24,468 --> 08:47:22,398
understand the reason why I'm uh

7094
08:47:27,048 --> 08:47:24,478
tormenting you with this physics stuff

7095
08:47:30,170 --> 08:47:27,058
is because every step along the way here

7096
08:47:31,968 --> 08:47:30,180
is a non-systematic approximation you

7097
08:47:34,490 --> 08:47:31,978
cannot justify these approximations

7098
08:47:36,288 --> 08:47:34,500
starting from first principles from the

7099
08:47:39,590 --> 08:47:36,298
Schrodinger equation or whatever else it

7100
08:47:42,830 --> 08:47:39,600
is so the point is here is an example of

7101
08:47:45,650 --> 08:47:42,840
how a ludicrously simple model that has

7102
08:47:48,830 --> 08:47:45,660
no right to actually be able to describe

7103
08:47:50,990 --> 08:47:48,840
reality actually describes it precisely

7104
08:47:52,548 --> 08:47:51,000
and we know in this case why it works it

7105
08:47:54,170 --> 08:47:52,558
works in this case because of a thing

7106
08:47:56,090 --> 08:47:54,180
called renormalization group Theory

7107
08:47:58,548 --> 08:47:56,100
which Ken Wilson won the Nobel Prize for

7108
08:48:00,590 --> 08:47:58,558
inventing in the 1980s and so we

7109
08:48:02,868 --> 08:48:00,600
understand how all these approximations

7110
08:48:04,250 --> 08:48:02,878
that we made throw away stuff that

7111
08:48:06,230 --> 08:48:04,260
really doesn't matter for the thing that

7112
08:48:08,628 --> 08:48:06,240
we were trying to calculate

7113
08:48:11,150 --> 08:48:08,638
so that's the uh so that that tells you

7114
08:48:13,968 --> 08:48:11,160
that it is not impossible to make

7115
08:48:16,730 --> 08:48:13,978
ludicrously simple models and still have

7116
08:48:18,888 --> 08:48:16,740
some understanding of how the system

7117
08:48:20,750 --> 08:48:18,898
actually behaves

7118
08:48:23,690 --> 08:48:20,760
okay so but we're going to of course

7119
08:48:26,990 --> 08:48:23,700
apply that type of modeling philosophy

7120
08:48:30,170 --> 08:48:27,000
to biology but first of all let's ask

7121
08:48:31,788 --> 08:48:30,180
another question so for me as a

7122
08:48:34,548 --> 08:48:31,798
physicist I want to know do we learn new

7123
08:48:36,410 --> 08:48:34,558
physics when we study biology or is it

7124
08:48:38,930 --> 08:48:36,420
just insanely complicated Material

7125
08:48:40,910 --> 08:48:38,940
Science are they Universal phenomena do

7126
08:48:42,288 --> 08:48:40,920
they reveal anything important and what

7127
08:48:44,448 --> 08:48:42,298
do we miss by not understanding

7128
08:48:45,888 --> 08:48:44,458
Universal phenomena okay I'm going to

7129
08:48:47,810 --> 08:48:45,898
show you that there are Universal and

7130
08:48:49,670 --> 08:48:47,820
some of you will be very surprised at

7131
08:48:51,468 --> 08:48:49,680
the examples I'm going to show you I'm

7132
08:48:53,750 --> 08:48:51,478
also going to show you that if we don't

7133
08:48:55,430 --> 08:48:53,760
understand these Universal phenomena not

7134
08:48:58,190 --> 08:48:55,440
only can we not understand how life

7135
08:48:59,690 --> 08:48:58,200
started at all and how it evolved we

7136
08:49:03,590 --> 08:48:59,700
certainly can't understand how to do

7137
08:49:05,990 --> 08:49:03,600
things like respond to a pandemic or

7138
08:49:09,048 --> 08:49:06,000
deal with antibiotic resistance or

7139
08:49:11,570 --> 08:49:09,058
herbicide doesn't or Cancer all of these

7140
08:49:14,510 --> 08:49:11,580
things depend on understanding Evolution

7141
08:49:16,548 --> 08:49:14,520
and these Universal properties

7142
08:49:19,250 --> 08:49:16,558
okay so let's talk about Universal

7143
08:49:21,288 --> 08:49:19,260
biology so so uh let me give you an

7144
08:49:24,170 --> 08:49:21,298
example here

7145
08:49:26,990 --> 08:49:24,180
so this was a this was a headline on the

7146
08:49:29,330 --> 08:49:27,000
NASA website at some point uh 2013 about

7147
08:49:32,628 --> 08:49:29,340
10 years ago mystery of the missing

7148
08:49:35,690 --> 08:49:32,638
waves on Titan so basically people knew

7149
08:49:38,570 --> 08:49:35,700
that from looking at the uh at uh the

7150
08:49:41,330 --> 08:49:38,580
flow mechanics and and the atmosphere of

7151
08:49:43,968 --> 08:49:41,340
Tito that there should be uh waves on on

7152
08:49:46,610 --> 08:49:43,978
the surface of Titan

7153
08:49:48,170 --> 08:49:46,620
um and uh and uh so there was a mystery

7154
08:49:50,990 --> 08:49:48,180
they weren't there we couldn't see them

7155
08:49:53,930 --> 08:49:51,000
nobody knew why and then about a year

7156
08:49:58,128 --> 08:49:53,940
later uh Cassini Spies The wind-rippled

7157
08:49:59,868 --> 08:49:58,138
Waves uh on Titan so so suddenly side of

7158
08:50:02,388 --> 08:49:59,878
relief thank goodness you you can sleep

7159
08:50:05,090 --> 08:50:02,398
at night we found the waves on the

7160
08:50:08,270 --> 08:50:05,100
surface of the oceans of Titan okay so

7161
08:50:11,330 --> 08:50:08,280
that's a real real headline okay here's

7162
08:50:13,490 --> 08:50:11,340
what here's one that you oh okay so I

7163
08:50:14,750 --> 08:50:13,500
forget I forgot this we know the waves

7164
08:50:16,310 --> 08:50:14,760
on the ocean of Titan are missing

7165
08:50:18,288 --> 08:50:16,320
because there's a general theory of

7166
08:50:19,730 --> 08:50:18,298
two-phase fluid flow interfaces but

7167
08:50:21,888 --> 08:50:19,740
predict waves and the dispersion

7168
08:50:24,530 --> 08:50:21,898
characteristics so we knew what to look

7169
08:50:26,030 --> 08:50:24,540
for okay here's a headline that you

7170
08:50:28,910 --> 08:50:26,040
didn't see

7171
08:50:30,468 --> 08:50:28,920
mystery of the missing life on Titan and

7172
08:50:32,628 --> 08:50:30,478
then definitely not this one Cassini

7173
08:50:35,090 --> 08:50:32,638
Spies The Long sort life on Titan okay

7174
08:50:37,368 --> 08:50:35,100
anybody seen that headline it never

7175
08:50:39,770 --> 08:50:37,378
occurred okay and it's a joke right

7176
08:50:40,788 --> 08:50:39,780
because it's a joke because we don't

7177
08:50:42,888 --> 08:50:40,798
know if there's a missing life because

7178
08:50:44,030 --> 08:50:42,898
we don't have a theory that predicts the

7179
08:50:46,310 --> 08:50:44,040
existence of Life as a physical

7180
08:50:48,530 --> 08:50:46,320
phenomena so that's the first thing why

7181
08:50:49,968 --> 08:50:48,540
does life as a phenomenon exist and we

7182
08:50:51,830 --> 08:50:49,978
certainly don't understand what sort of

7183
08:50:53,150 --> 08:50:51,840
Life can exist in different uh

7184
08:50:57,530 --> 08:50:53,160
environments

7185
08:51:00,410 --> 08:50:57,540
so so um so so so actually going back to

7186
08:51:02,270 --> 08:51:00,420
going back to Cassini Cassini May indeed

7187
08:51:04,010 --> 08:51:02,280
have actually seen life

7188
08:51:06,190 --> 08:51:04,020
but not on Titan

7189
08:51:08,750 --> 08:51:06,200
it may have seen life

7190
08:51:10,850 --> 08:51:08,760
okay so how many people here know about

7191
08:51:13,788 --> 08:51:10,860
encelados

7192
08:51:15,530 --> 08:51:13,798
great a lot more a lot more people than

7193
08:51:18,410 --> 08:51:15,540
would as a typical physics colloquium

7194
08:51:21,650 --> 08:51:18,420
right so so good so so as you know

7195
08:51:23,690 --> 08:51:21,660
insolidos is a is an isolated World

7196
08:51:27,308 --> 08:51:23,700
orbiting Saturn

7197
08:51:29,868 --> 08:51:27,318
um it has a global ocean of liquid water

7198
08:51:32,270 --> 08:51:29,878
underneath the ice and we know that

7199
08:51:34,070 --> 08:51:32,280
because we can see how it wobbles and

7200
08:51:36,110 --> 08:51:34,080
because of the way it wobbles we can

7201
08:51:38,510 --> 08:51:36,120
detect there must be life underneath but

7202
08:51:41,510 --> 08:51:38,520
there must be water underneath and it

7203
08:51:43,788 --> 08:51:41,520
also obligingly has a crack in the ice

7204
08:51:45,530 --> 08:51:43,798
lots of cracks and so water squirts out

7205
08:51:47,150 --> 08:51:45,540
through the cracks and so you've got a

7206
08:51:49,250 --> 08:51:47,160
fountain a huge fountain and you can fly

7207
08:51:52,010 --> 08:51:49,260
satellites through the fountain and you

7208
08:51:53,448 --> 08:51:52,020
can look at the water that you uh that

7209
08:51:55,968 --> 08:51:53,458
you pick up

7210
08:51:58,010 --> 08:51:55,978
and that water you can analyze it's

7211
08:51:59,868 --> 08:51:58,020
chemistry and its chemistry looks very

7212
08:52:02,270 --> 08:51:59,878
similar to what we might see as an

7213
08:52:05,510 --> 08:52:02,280
alkaline hydrothermal vent here on Earth

7214
08:52:08,270 --> 08:52:05,520
so we Cassini wasn't instrumented for

7215
08:52:11,150 --> 08:52:08,280
looking at life but we may have seen

7216
08:52:13,670 --> 08:52:11,160
some signatures of life through that

7217
08:52:16,368 --> 08:52:13,680
experiment

7218
08:52:19,128 --> 08:52:16,378
so what is universal biology well

7219
08:52:20,990 --> 08:52:19,138
Universal biology is the idea that we

7220
08:52:23,150 --> 08:52:21,000
are interested in general principles and

7221
08:52:25,430 --> 08:52:23,160
not specific carbon chemistry details

7222
08:52:27,048 --> 08:52:25,440
and so we want to develop a theory of

7223
08:52:29,388 --> 08:52:27,058
universal biology divorced from

7224
08:52:31,730 --> 08:52:29,398
idiosyncratic details of the actual

7225
08:52:34,628 --> 08:52:31,740
chemistry and the and the geological

7226
08:52:37,850 --> 08:52:34,638
context and so on and this will involve

7227
08:52:40,308 --> 08:52:37,860
abstractions and and we use abstractions

7228
08:52:43,070 --> 08:52:40,318
all the time in in biology and we'll

7229
08:52:45,530 --> 08:52:43,080
talk about one of those in a minute

7230
08:52:47,510 --> 08:52:45,540
so in this slide is pretty much all we

7231
08:52:50,388 --> 08:52:47,520
know about Universal biology

7232
08:52:53,510 --> 08:52:50,398
so are you looking at it carefully

7233
08:52:55,788 --> 08:52:53,520
there's not much there so let's talk

7234
08:52:58,070 --> 08:52:55,798
instead about something where we do have

7235
08:52:59,270 --> 08:52:58,080
an understanding and that is universal

7236
08:53:01,308 --> 08:52:59,280
computation

7237
08:53:03,650 --> 08:53:01,318
so I wanted to tell you now about what

7238
08:53:05,868 --> 08:53:03,660
we what a universal biology would look

7239
08:53:09,708 --> 08:53:05,878
like if we could do it and we use as a

7240
08:53:11,208 --> 08:53:09,718
Model A computer so here's a picture of

7241
08:53:12,288 --> 08:53:11,218
my computer or something close to my

7242
08:53:17,570 --> 08:53:12,298
computer

7243
08:53:19,128 --> 08:53:17,580
see a few hundred miles up the road at

7244
08:53:21,770 --> 08:53:19,138
the Museum of computation in Mountain

7245
08:53:23,868 --> 08:53:21,780
View or in my case I saw it at the

7246
08:53:25,670 --> 08:53:23,878
science museum in London this is a

7247
08:53:28,250 --> 08:53:25,680
computer made out of COG wheels and

7248
08:53:31,070 --> 08:53:28,260
springs designed and partially built by

7249
08:53:35,090 --> 08:53:31,080
George Babbage in the 1900s it is the

7250
08:53:37,190 --> 08:53:35,100
authentic steampunk artifact

7251
08:53:40,128 --> 08:53:37,200
these two things are the same

7252
08:53:43,070 --> 08:53:40,138
they're the same algorithmically this

7253
08:53:45,468 --> 08:53:43,080
thing over here the left hand side is a

7254
08:53:48,170 --> 08:53:45,478
computer and you know that it's uh not

7255
08:53:50,388 --> 08:53:48,180
uh just a shiny chunk of glass plastic

7256
08:53:51,530 --> 08:53:50,398
and silicon it's actually a universal

7257
08:53:53,808 --> 08:53:51,540
turing machine

7258
08:53:55,430 --> 08:53:53,818
the thing on the right is also a2ing

7259
08:53:57,650 --> 08:53:55,440
machine because it has conditional

7260
08:53:59,090 --> 08:53:57,660
branching in its instruction set and so

7261
08:54:02,030 --> 08:53:59,100
it can be shown that it can be mapped

7262
08:54:03,308 --> 08:54:02,040
onto a universal turing machine so in

7263
08:54:05,510 --> 08:54:03,318
fact the two things are the same

7264
08:54:07,070 --> 08:54:05,520
although one of them is at many times

7265
08:54:08,628 --> 08:54:07,080
faster than the other

7266
08:54:10,968 --> 08:54:08,638
so a turing machine with an online

7267
08:54:13,330 --> 08:54:10,978
architecture is really what a computer

7268
08:54:16,910 --> 08:54:13,340
is and we have Hardware to instantiate

7269
08:54:19,548 --> 08:54:16,920
that that algorithm so the medium is not

7270
08:54:21,708 --> 08:54:19,558
the message here is a John Von Neumann

7271
08:54:23,690 --> 08:54:21,718
standing in front of another computer

7272
08:54:26,090 --> 08:54:23,700
that he built at The Institute for

7273
08:54:27,948 --> 08:54:26,100
advanced study in the 1950s in this

7274
08:54:31,250 --> 08:54:27,958
computer it's built out of thermionic

7275
08:54:33,888 --> 08:54:31,260
valves it's built out of relays and

7276
08:54:35,448 --> 08:54:33,898
switches so neither this nor this we're

7277
08:54:38,448 --> 08:54:35,458
seeing here the evolution of

7278
08:54:40,250 --> 08:54:38,458
computational Hardware but in all of

7279
08:54:41,750 --> 08:54:40,260
these machines they all do the same

7280
08:54:43,788 --> 08:54:41,760
thing they're all Universal Turing

7281
08:54:45,830 --> 08:54:43,798
machines and so we're looking at life we

7282
08:54:48,590 --> 08:54:45,840
should be thinking about life as making

7283
08:54:51,590 --> 08:54:48,600
a progression as you see over here but

7284
08:54:53,150 --> 08:54:51,600
executing the same sort of algorithmic

7285
08:54:55,850 --> 08:54:53,160
processes

7286
08:54:58,670 --> 08:54:55,860
now there's a new physical laws in in

7287
08:54:59,990 --> 08:54:58,680
biology well schrodigo and Dell Brooke

7288
08:55:02,448 --> 08:55:00,000
were the first physicists to work in

7289
08:55:04,250 --> 08:55:02,458
biology and their partial motivation was

7290
08:55:05,990 --> 08:55:04,260
to find new physical laws they were

7291
08:55:08,628 --> 08:55:06,000
thinking about quantum mechanics in the

7292
08:55:10,190 --> 08:55:08,638
1930s as they might see some deviations

7293
08:55:14,388 --> 08:55:10,200
from quantum mechanics or something like

7294
08:55:15,770 --> 08:55:14,398
that but today we not many people well

7295
08:55:18,830 --> 08:55:15,780
some people think that could be still

7296
08:55:20,690 --> 08:55:18,840
true but most of us think that uh the

7297
08:55:22,308 --> 08:55:20,700
real big question is trying to

7298
08:55:24,708 --> 08:55:22,318
understand emergence and the existence

7299
08:55:27,650 --> 08:55:24,718
of life itself how is it that matter

7300
08:55:30,350 --> 08:55:27,660
that molecules and atoms are

7301
08:55:33,468 --> 08:55:30,360
self-organize hierarchically create

7302
08:55:35,750 --> 08:55:33,478
replicating and evolvable structures we

7303
08:55:38,208 --> 08:55:35,760
don't have a clue about how that happens

7304
08:55:40,070 --> 08:55:38,218
how do molecules come to life

7305
08:55:41,270 --> 08:55:40,080
so if you want to understand biology in

7306
08:55:43,490 --> 08:55:41,280
the same way that we understand physical

7307
08:55:45,468 --> 08:55:43,500
phenomena we need to understand the

7308
08:55:49,070 --> 08:55:45,478
existence and not just the specific

7309
08:55:50,750 --> 08:55:49,080
realization of of living systems

7310
08:55:53,388 --> 08:55:50,760
and I'm going to take the perspective

7311
08:55:55,670 --> 08:55:53,398
here that living systems are dynamical

7312
08:55:56,808 --> 08:55:55,680
systems that are able to reprogram

7313
08:55:58,610 --> 08:55:56,818
themselves

7314
08:56:01,070 --> 08:55:58,620
so let's think about that

7315
08:56:03,350 --> 08:56:01,080
so here is the uh here is the fortune

7316
08:56:05,690 --> 08:56:03,360
cookie the program is the data the data

7317
08:56:08,510 --> 08:56:05,700
is the program okay this is Niels

7318
08:56:10,968 --> 08:56:08,520
barricelli who was uh the first person

7319
08:56:13,548 --> 08:56:10,978
to write a computer virus he was working

7320
08:56:15,650 --> 08:56:13,558
at The Institute for advanced study and

7321
08:56:17,510 --> 08:56:15,660
in the day while John Von Neumann was

7322
08:56:20,330 --> 08:56:17,520
using the computer one of the first

7323
08:56:23,330 --> 08:56:20,340
computers to solve the equations of

7324
08:56:26,448 --> 08:56:23,340
hydrodynamics to design hydrogen bombs

7325
08:56:28,030 --> 08:56:26,458
uh Niels bandicelli went in at night and

7326
08:56:30,708 --> 08:56:28,040
made a

7327
08:56:33,590 --> 08:56:30,718
computer viruses and then had them

7328
08:56:36,288 --> 08:56:33,600
compete and and evolve with each other

7329
08:56:38,808 --> 08:56:36,298
inside a fixed ecosystem which was the

7330
08:56:41,570 --> 08:56:38,818
memory of the of the computer

7331
08:56:44,510 --> 08:56:41,580
and he he understood what he was seeing

7332
08:56:47,030 --> 08:56:44,520
here uh was uh was actually meaning of

7333
08:56:49,850 --> 08:56:47,040
the phenomena that we see in evolving uh

7334
08:56:52,190 --> 08:56:49,860
evolvable ecosystems

7335
08:56:54,288 --> 08:56:52,200
so what do self programming systems uh

7336
08:56:56,930 --> 08:56:54,298
can do well living systems have the

7337
08:56:59,510 --> 08:56:56,940
capacity to evolve and evolving systems

7338
08:57:01,850 --> 08:56:59,520
can reprogram themselves so they're able

7339
08:57:04,490 --> 08:57:01,860
to respond to perturbations by creating

7340
08:57:06,888 --> 08:57:04,500
new functionality that is the defining

7341
08:57:08,150 --> 08:57:06,898
characteristic of living systems and

7342
08:57:10,368 --> 08:57:08,160
this is very different from physical

7343
08:57:13,010 --> 08:57:10,378
systems or engineered systems which are

7344
08:57:16,010 --> 08:57:13,020
by a fixed or predetermined uh equation

7345
08:57:17,930 --> 08:57:16,020
of motion or or behavior so the future

7346
08:57:21,048 --> 08:57:17,940
state of an evolvable system is

7347
08:57:23,150 --> 08:57:21,058
inherently unpredictable and maybe good

7348
08:57:26,208 --> 08:57:23,160
undecidable don't worry about that and

7349
08:57:27,968 --> 08:57:26,218
so this this uh this this feature means

7350
08:57:30,350 --> 08:57:27,978
that it's very difficult to control

7351
08:57:32,388 --> 08:57:30,360
evolving systems and we'll come to that

7352
08:57:33,770 --> 08:57:32,398
we'll turn to that at the end of The

7353
08:57:36,830 --> 08:57:33,780
Talk

7354
08:57:40,010 --> 08:57:36,840
now what do most biologists do well most

7355
08:57:41,690 --> 08:57:40,020
biologists do something rather strange

7356
08:57:44,570 --> 08:57:41,700
you could call it the inverse problem

7357
08:57:46,968 --> 08:57:44,580
imagine that you came down from Mars and

7358
08:57:49,128 --> 08:57:46,978
I gave you my computer and you had no

7359
08:57:52,548 --> 08:57:49,138
idea what this thing was what would you

7360
08:57:54,770 --> 08:57:52,558
be able to do to figure out that this

7361
08:57:56,628 --> 08:57:54,780
thing is not just an expensive door stop

7362
08:57:58,670 --> 08:57:56,638
but actually as a universal turing

7363
08:58:00,650 --> 08:57:58,680
machine with a Von Wyman architecture it

7364
08:58:03,410 --> 08:58:00,660
will be very very different very very

7365
08:58:05,628 --> 08:58:03,420
difficult to figure out from the

7366
08:58:07,730 --> 08:58:05,638
electronic circuits and the hardware and

7367
08:58:10,670 --> 08:58:07,740
so on but that's what the thing actually

7368
08:58:12,770 --> 08:58:10,680
did and so what we want to do in biology

7369
08:58:14,930 --> 08:58:12,780
is we have the inverse problem the

7370
08:58:16,368 --> 08:58:14,940
biology is already created and we want

7371
08:58:19,010 --> 08:58:16,378
to understand what is the abstract

7372
08:58:21,110 --> 08:58:19,020
theory of which it is an instantiation

7373
08:58:22,788 --> 08:58:21,120
and that abstract Theory would underline

7374
08:58:24,948 --> 08:58:22,798
all systems that exhibit the

7375
08:58:26,990 --> 08:58:24,958
characteristics of life so could you

7376
08:58:28,368 --> 08:58:27,000
could you if you didn't know about the

7377
08:58:31,128 --> 08:58:28,378
universal Turing machines with a Von

7378
08:58:33,410 --> 08:58:31,138
Wyman architecture could you deduce a

7379
08:58:37,788 --> 08:58:33,420
theoretical framework just by somebody

7380
08:58:39,948 --> 08:58:37,798
giving you a highly evolved computer

7381
08:58:41,808 --> 08:58:39,958
okay we've talked about abstraction so

7382
08:58:44,150 --> 08:58:41,818
now let's get down to a real abstraction

7383
08:58:47,090 --> 08:58:44,160
so I want to talk about the genetic code

7384
08:58:49,610 --> 08:58:47,100
and I figuratively find that people uh

7385
08:58:51,468 --> 08:58:49,620
from various wide-ranging audiences

7386
08:58:53,388 --> 08:58:51,478
don't quite know what I mean when I talk

7387
08:58:56,150 --> 08:58:53,398
about the genetic code so let's just

7388
08:58:59,330 --> 08:58:56,160
take a pause uh to uh to go through that

7389
08:59:03,230 --> 08:58:59,340
so in the modern world as you know uh

7390
08:59:06,770 --> 08:59:03,240
DNA contains our genome the DNA is built

7391
08:59:09,730 --> 08:59:06,780
from four nucleotide bases RNA

7392
08:59:13,250 --> 08:59:09,740
polymerase reads uh the the gene coding

7393
08:59:15,468 --> 08:59:13,260
segments some spits out uh mRNA that's

7394
08:59:18,410 --> 08:59:15,478
also built from four nucleotide bases

7395
08:59:21,288 --> 08:59:18,420
and then the ribosomes go along the MRNA

7396
08:59:23,750 --> 08:59:21,298
and they spit out the proteins and they

7397
08:59:26,990 --> 08:59:23,760
choose which proteins should go into the

7398
08:59:29,090 --> 08:59:27,000
protein sorry if you choose which amino

7399
08:59:31,308 --> 08:59:29,100
acids should go into the proteins from

7400
08:59:33,770 --> 08:59:31,318
the code that they're reading from the

7401
08:59:37,788 --> 08:59:33,780
from the MRNA and the way they read that

7402
08:59:41,090 --> 08:59:37,798
code is they read it in triplets so aug

7403
08:59:43,510 --> 08:59:41,100
ACA ggt and so on these are codon

7404
08:59:46,968 --> 08:59:43,520
Triplets of of

7405
08:59:48,650 --> 08:59:46,978
nucleotide bases and the genetic code it

7406
08:59:53,330 --> 08:59:48,660
tells you if you read this thing here

7407
08:59:55,430 --> 08:59:53,340
what amino acid is going to go into the

7408
08:59:57,830 --> 08:59:55,440
into the protein that you're building

7409
09:00:00,048 --> 08:59:57,840
and so this is a sort of cartoon here of

7410
09:00:01,808 --> 09:00:00,058
the whole translation process and you're

7411
09:00:04,170 --> 09:00:01,818
supposed to think of this huge machine

7412
09:00:05,270 --> 09:00:04,180
moving along like so

7413
09:00:07,670 --> 09:00:05,280
[Applause]

7414
09:00:10,070 --> 09:00:07,680
so just to summarize what the genetic

7415
09:00:11,808 --> 09:00:10,080
code is it's a map it's a map used by

7416
09:00:15,048 --> 09:00:11,818
the ribosome to translate the message

7417
09:00:18,048 --> 09:00:15,058
from A1A Triplets of four bases into the

7418
09:00:21,350 --> 09:00:18,058
20 amino acids of life and uh and and

7419
09:00:25,128 --> 09:00:21,360
we're going to discuss uh how that code

7420
09:00:27,830 --> 09:00:25,138
evolved now this is Carl Rose sitting uh

7421
09:00:29,690 --> 09:00:27,840
in his office on and on the New York

7422
09:00:34,490 --> 09:00:29,700
Times front page Thursday November the

7423
09:00:36,410 --> 09:00:34,500
3rd 1977. why is he there well it says

7424
09:00:39,288 --> 09:00:36,420
here scientists discover a form of life

7425
09:00:41,510 --> 09:00:39,298
that predates higher organisms

7426
09:00:43,968 --> 09:00:41,520
um I guess uh fake news is not just a

7427
09:00:45,708 --> 09:00:43,978
new invention it happened uh it happened

7428
09:00:48,590 --> 09:00:45,718
back in the 70s as well this is

7429
09:00:50,808 --> 09:00:48,600
partially true not not not not quite

7430
09:00:54,590 --> 09:00:50,818
true but in any case he had discovered

7431
09:00:57,230 --> 09:00:54,600
uh the uh the archaea so let me just

7432
09:00:59,628 --> 09:00:57,240
tell you uh what he had discovered so

7433
09:01:02,808 --> 09:00:59,638
this is the tree of life this is from a

7434
09:01:04,910 --> 09:01:02,818
paper by Norm Pace in 97

7435
09:01:08,208 --> 09:01:04,920
now you can see here there are three

7436
09:01:11,388 --> 09:01:08,218
domains the bacteria the archaea and the

7437
09:01:13,368 --> 09:01:11,398
eukaryotes you are over here but

7438
09:01:15,968 --> 09:01:13,378
actually everything else here is is

7439
09:01:18,708 --> 09:01:15,978
microbial and uh the and this this this

7440
09:01:21,288 --> 09:01:18,718
phylogenetic tree is a kind of map it's

7441
09:01:23,690 --> 09:01:21,298
built it's been elaborated on by now and

7442
09:01:25,610 --> 09:01:23,700
there's there's uh it's it's out of date

7443
09:01:27,590 --> 09:01:25,620
and there's uh some debates about

7444
09:01:29,448 --> 09:01:27,600
whether there's two domains or three

7445
09:01:31,548 --> 09:01:29,458
domains and so on and so forth but

7446
09:01:34,010 --> 09:01:31,558
fundamentally this is what uh what he

7447
09:01:36,468 --> 09:01:34,020
discovered now how did he uh how did he

7448
09:01:39,288 --> 09:01:36,478
discover this well what he did was

7449
09:01:42,288 --> 09:01:39,298
looked for patterns in uh in in

7450
09:01:44,868 --> 09:01:42,298
molecular sequences from parts of the

7451
09:01:46,610 --> 09:01:44,878
ribosome the 16s small subunit of the

7452
09:01:49,250 --> 09:01:46,620
ribosome and by looking at those

7453
09:01:51,530 --> 09:01:49,260
sequences was able to look at do the

7454
09:01:53,930 --> 09:01:51,540
what what today would call comparative

7455
09:01:55,430 --> 09:01:53,940
genomics and map out uh the the this

7456
09:01:57,948 --> 09:01:55,440
tree of life

7457
09:02:00,110 --> 09:01:57,958
and some around here is uh the last

7458
09:02:03,170 --> 09:02:00,120
Universal common ancestor or the last

7459
09:02:04,910 --> 09:02:03,180
Universal common ancestral community

7460
09:02:09,048 --> 09:02:04,920
so this is the paper that they wrote in

7461
09:02:11,150 --> 09:02:09,058
in 1977 and uh the the mystery that this

7462
09:02:14,150 --> 09:02:11,160
uh this this work

7463
09:02:16,430 --> 09:02:14,160
um uh left us with is the following we

7464
09:02:18,048 --> 09:02:16,440
know that the planet is about 4.6

7465
09:02:21,230 --> 09:02:18,058
billion years old

7466
09:02:24,530 --> 09:02:21,240
we know that the the last Universal

7467
09:02:26,388 --> 09:02:24,540
common ancestor even then was uh was

7468
09:02:28,968 --> 09:02:26,398
dated to at least three billion years

7469
09:02:31,010 --> 09:02:28,978
today we think it's about 3.6 3.8

7470
09:02:34,490 --> 09:02:31,020
billion years depending on who you're

7471
09:02:35,150 --> 09:02:34,500
talking to based on uh static

7472
09:02:44,330 --> 09:02:35,160
um

7473
09:02:47,090 --> 09:02:44,340
you know if they're various geological

7474
09:02:47,930 --> 09:02:47,100
evidence and and so on for matalites and

7475
09:02:50,208 --> 09:02:47,940
so on

7476
09:02:53,270 --> 09:02:50,218
um so so basically but something like

7477
09:02:56,090 --> 09:02:53,280
this but but the point that that woes

7478
09:02:58,250 --> 09:02:56,100
and fox were making is that a lot of the

7479
09:03:00,170 --> 09:02:58,260
of the time the planet was inhospitable

7480
09:03:03,650 --> 09:03:00,180
to life you had less than a billion

7481
09:03:05,330 --> 09:03:03,660
years in which life could evolve and it

7482
09:03:07,910 --> 09:03:05,340
evolved the complexity of something like

7483
09:03:09,948 --> 09:03:07,920
the modern cell in less than the billion

7484
09:03:11,690 --> 09:03:09,958
years and then after that there wasn't

7485
09:03:13,850 --> 09:03:11,700
very much cellular Evolution maybe

7486
09:03:15,288 --> 09:03:13,860
dinosaurs and multicellularity and

7487
09:03:17,208 --> 09:03:15,298
things like that but from a point of

7488
09:03:18,830 --> 09:03:17,218
view of the architecture of the cell uh

7489
09:03:22,610 --> 09:03:18,840
very little

7490
09:03:24,288 --> 09:03:22,620
so so what uh What uh uh woes and fox uh

7491
09:03:27,170 --> 09:03:24,298
here's some pictures of them doing their

7492
09:03:30,708 --> 09:03:27,180
work at the time uh what they what they

7493
09:03:33,590 --> 09:03:30,718
uh what they wrote was that uh that it

7494
09:03:35,990 --> 09:03:33,600
wasn't that the evolution speeded up at

7495
09:03:38,448 --> 09:03:36,000
the beginning and then slowed down uh

7496
09:03:40,308 --> 09:03:38,458
the last Universal common ancestor what

7497
09:03:43,610 --> 09:03:40,318
they wrote was that actually maybe

7498
09:03:45,288 --> 09:03:43,620
Evolution had a different character

7499
09:03:47,628 --> 09:03:45,298
um in its early phases and we're going

7500
09:03:49,968 --> 09:03:47,638
to see that there is evidence for that

7501
09:03:51,830 --> 09:03:49,978
now what kind of different mode could

7502
09:03:54,650 --> 09:03:51,840
there be of evolution

7503
09:03:56,930 --> 09:03:54,660
well most of us when you think about

7504
09:03:59,510 --> 09:03:56,940
Evolution you think about what is really

7505
09:04:01,788 --> 09:03:59,520
called vertical Evolution that is you

7506
09:04:03,350 --> 09:04:01,798
have your genes you give your genes to

7507
09:04:05,208 --> 09:04:03,360
your children they give their genes to

7508
09:04:08,030 --> 09:04:05,218
their children and so on and so forth

7509
09:04:10,670 --> 09:04:08,040
and so there's a a transfer of genetic

7510
09:04:12,530 --> 09:04:10,680
material of genes through the

7511
09:04:15,230 --> 09:04:12,540
generations

7512
09:04:17,570 --> 09:04:15,240
horizontal Gene transfer is a is a

7513
09:04:20,208 --> 09:04:17,580
different thing altogether horizontal

7514
09:04:22,730 --> 09:04:20,218
team transfer is the transfer of genes

7515
09:04:25,788 --> 09:04:22,740
from one organism to another that it is

7516
09:04:29,030 --> 09:04:25,798
not related to and I and this is uh this

7517
09:04:31,250 --> 09:04:29,040
is what happens uh in in bacteria

7518
09:04:34,010 --> 09:04:31,260
there's three ways that this can known

7519
09:04:36,048 --> 09:04:34,020
to happen here on Earth genes can be

7520
09:04:38,570 --> 09:04:36,058
transmitted through viruses through

7521
09:04:40,670 --> 09:04:38,580
direct contact or through uptake of free

7522
09:04:44,330 --> 09:04:40,680
DNA from the environment so the question

7523
09:04:46,788 --> 09:04:44,340
is what happens when all the all the

7524
09:04:49,250 --> 09:04:46,798
microbes in the world do this what

7525
09:04:52,128 --> 09:04:49,260
happens when all of early life is able

7526
09:04:54,048 --> 09:04:52,138
to uh to transfer genes

7527
09:04:57,490 --> 09:04:54,058
okay let me just give you two quick uh

7528
09:05:00,288 --> 09:04:57,500
anecdotes about that so this here is a

7529
09:05:03,170 --> 09:05:00,298
cyanophage it's a it's a phase that's in

7530
09:05:04,868 --> 09:05:03,180
in facts uh prochlorococcus one of the

7531
09:05:08,388 --> 09:05:04,878
most abundant organisms of the planet

7532
09:05:11,270 --> 09:05:08,398
and uh and and this here is a is a

7533
09:05:14,150 --> 09:05:11,280
phylogenetic tree of the of a gene that

7534
09:05:17,448 --> 09:05:14,160
is involved in the in photosystem too

7535
09:05:18,590 --> 09:05:17,458
and if you can read phylogenetic trees

7536
09:05:20,868 --> 09:05:18,600
it doesn't matter if you can't but if

7537
09:05:23,388 --> 09:05:20,878
you can read them what this shows you is

7538
09:05:26,208 --> 09:05:23,398
that this Gene was transferred back and

7539
09:05:30,590 --> 09:05:26,218
forth between a virus and the bacterial

7540
09:05:32,990 --> 09:05:30,600
host multiple times during evolution

7541
09:05:34,968 --> 09:05:33,000
and in fact the the the group that

7542
09:05:37,910 --> 09:05:34,978
discovered this sort of a little in

7543
09:05:40,610 --> 09:05:37,920
penitism's lab they wrote that to host

7544
09:05:42,230 --> 09:05:40,620
like genes acquired by phages undergo a

7545
09:05:44,690 --> 09:05:42,240
period of diversification and phase

7546
09:05:47,510 --> 09:05:44,700
genomes and serve as a genetic reservoir

7547
09:05:50,030 --> 09:05:47,520
for their hosts so the idea is I have a

7548
09:05:52,270 --> 09:05:50,040
gene that is a photosynthesis Gene that

7549
09:05:55,490 --> 09:05:52,280
that Gene helps her in photosynthesis

7550
09:05:57,530 --> 09:05:55,500
that Gene gets transferred by a viral

7551
09:06:01,070 --> 09:05:57,540
attack to phage

7552
09:06:04,128 --> 09:06:01,080
in phage that Gene can evolve much more

7553
09:06:05,690 --> 09:06:04,138
rapidly because there are less proof

7554
09:06:09,170 --> 09:06:05,700
readings and things like this that go on

7555
09:06:12,650 --> 09:06:09,180
in phage replication so as a result the

7556
09:06:14,630 --> 09:06:12,660
bacteria are get infected by new genes

7557
09:06:16,248 --> 09:06:14,640
from the phage but those genes have

7558
09:06:18,350 --> 09:06:16,258
evolved much more rapidly in the phase

7559
09:06:20,330 --> 09:06:18,360
than they would in the bacteria and so

7560
09:06:23,350 --> 09:06:20,340
there's a there's a mechanism by which

7561
09:06:26,568 --> 09:06:23,360
you could have rapid evolutionary change

7562
09:06:28,548 --> 09:06:26,578
mediated by phage or by other mechanisms

7563
09:06:30,408 --> 09:06:28,558
of horizontal Gene transfer and because

7564
09:06:32,928 --> 09:06:30,418
that is a network effect it's

7565
09:06:35,748 --> 09:06:32,938
extraordinarily efficient

7566
09:06:37,548 --> 09:06:35,758
and uh and um I'm not going to have time

7567
09:06:39,888 --> 09:06:37,558
to show you work that we did actually

7568
09:06:42,650 --> 09:06:39,898
modeling that that whole process

7569
09:06:44,990 --> 09:06:42,660
now this is the uh the uh with that

7570
09:06:47,088 --> 09:06:45,000
having said that and told you about an

7571
09:06:49,310 --> 09:06:47,098
other mode of transfer let me now tell

7572
09:06:51,708 --> 09:06:49,320
you about the genetic code so here is

7573
09:06:55,068 --> 09:06:51,718
the genetic code so the way you read it

7574
09:06:57,048 --> 09:06:55,078
is like this you you and then the First

7575
09:06:59,272 --> 09:06:57,058
Column up here so that brings you to

7576
09:07:00,650 --> 09:06:59,282
this cell that's phenylalanyl in and you

7577
09:07:03,588 --> 09:07:00,660
can do the same thing for all of these

7578
09:07:06,708 --> 09:07:03,598
of course it's a it's a it's a code of

7579
09:07:08,690 --> 09:07:06,718
triplets of for a nucleotide basis in

7580
09:07:10,190 --> 09:07:08,700
alphabet of four so in principle there

7581
09:07:12,588 --> 09:07:10,200
are 64 things you could code for but

7582
09:07:15,830 --> 09:07:12,598
there's only 20 amino acids so the code

7583
09:07:18,408 --> 09:07:15,840
is redundant and uh but it's not just

7584
09:07:19,908 --> 09:07:18,418
redundant it also has structure so if

7585
09:07:21,772 --> 09:07:19,918
you look here these are the most

7586
09:07:23,568 --> 09:07:21,782
hydrophobic amino acids these are the

7587
09:07:24,888 --> 09:07:23,578
most hydrophilic ones and you can see

7588
09:07:27,530 --> 09:07:24,898
that in the way that this code is

7589
09:07:32,088 --> 09:07:27,540
written there is structure here

7590
09:07:34,670 --> 09:07:32,098
the amino acids have are segmented in

7591
09:07:37,190 --> 09:07:34,680
this in this uh in this genetic code

7592
09:07:41,272 --> 09:07:37,200
table so one of the things that Carl was

7593
09:07:42,588 --> 09:07:41,282
did back in the 1960s was to measure a

7594
09:07:44,868 --> 09:07:42,598
quantity that he called polar

7595
09:07:46,368 --> 09:07:44,878
acquirement which measured this balance

7596
09:07:48,950 --> 09:07:46,378
between hydrophobicity and

7597
09:07:51,830 --> 09:07:48,960
hydrophilicity and gave a single number

7598
09:07:54,708 --> 09:07:51,840
which is small up over here and large

7599
09:07:58,248 --> 09:07:54,718
over here and and so he was able to

7600
09:08:01,030 --> 09:07:58,258
quantify that chemical difference

7601
09:08:03,408 --> 09:08:01,040
now you all know that the genetic code

7602
09:08:04,670 --> 09:08:03,418
is pretty much Universal it's not

7603
09:08:06,408 --> 09:08:04,680
exactly Universal there's small

7604
09:08:08,388 --> 09:08:06,418
variations and stop codons but it's

7605
09:08:09,470 --> 09:08:08,398
basically Universal but what I want to

7606
09:08:11,088 --> 09:08:09,480
tell you now is something that you may

7607
09:08:14,272 --> 09:08:11,098
not know about and that is that the

7608
09:08:16,368 --> 09:08:14,282
genetic code is pretty much optimal in

7609
09:08:18,588 --> 09:08:16,378
minimizing errors

7610
09:08:21,048 --> 09:08:18,598
okay so let's let's uh let's discuss

7611
09:08:22,728 --> 09:08:21,058
what we mean by that so let's suppose

7612
09:08:25,310 --> 09:08:22,738
that you were given the task of of

7613
09:08:28,310 --> 09:08:25,320
Designing intelligently a genetic code

7614
09:08:30,530 --> 09:08:28,320
okay well you might say well translation

7615
09:08:32,330 --> 09:08:30,540
is fundamentally important to a cellular

7616
09:08:34,850 --> 09:08:32,340
operation so we want to make sure that

7617
09:08:38,450 --> 09:08:34,860
any any mistakes any mutations or any

7618
09:08:40,068 --> 09:08:38,460
misreadings give you an amino acid which

7619
09:08:42,228 --> 09:08:40,078
is pretty close in clinical properties

7620
09:08:43,728 --> 09:08:42,238
to the one that you should have got and

7621
09:08:46,490 --> 09:08:43,738
if you could design a code like that

7622
09:08:49,548 --> 09:08:46,500
then then that would be great okay it

7623
09:08:52,850 --> 09:08:49,558
would be robust to errors so the

7624
09:08:55,548 --> 09:08:52,860
question is is our genetic code like

7625
09:08:58,190 --> 09:08:55,558
that I'm going to show you that it is

7626
09:08:59,748 --> 09:08:58,200
so here's the actual genetic code so

7627
09:09:02,272 --> 09:08:59,758
what you can do is you can make in the

7628
09:09:04,728 --> 09:09:02,282
computer alternative genetic codes just

7629
09:09:06,588 --> 09:09:04,738
by permuting the labels so here I'm

7630
09:09:08,690 --> 09:09:06,598
permuting the label so I get new codes

7631
09:09:10,850 --> 09:09:08,700
I'll be it with the same pattern of

7632
09:09:13,490 --> 09:09:10,860
degeneracy there's 20 factorial which is

7633
09:09:15,530 --> 09:09:13,500
about 10 to the 18 possible genetic code

7634
09:09:17,690 --> 09:09:15,540
that you could have in the computer

7635
09:09:21,470 --> 09:09:17,700
okay so now I can say all right I've

7636
09:09:23,810 --> 09:09:21,480
made this whole Suite of genetic codes

7637
09:09:26,990 --> 09:09:23,820
how good are they at minimizing errors

7638
09:09:29,568 --> 09:09:27,000
and uh and there's a way that you can

7639
09:09:32,030 --> 09:09:29,578
you can compute that and I'm not going

7640
09:09:33,650 --> 09:09:32,040
to go into the exact metric that one

7641
09:09:35,810 --> 09:09:33,660
uses

7642
09:09:38,208 --> 09:09:35,820
so there's a way that one can do that so

7643
09:09:41,030 --> 09:09:38,218
then one can ask well what should be the

7644
09:09:42,428 --> 09:09:41,040
output if we take all our genetic codes

7645
09:09:44,810 --> 09:09:42,438
that we've constructed in the computer

7646
09:09:46,670 --> 09:09:44,820
measure how good they are at minimizing

7647
09:09:49,428 --> 09:09:46,680
hours and then plot the probability

7648
09:09:51,350 --> 09:09:49,438
distribution how many times we see a

7649
09:09:53,990 --> 09:09:51,360
particular code with a particular score

7650
09:09:56,208 --> 09:09:54,000
and minimizing errors and the smaller

7651
09:09:58,248 --> 09:09:56,218
the the number here is on the horizontal

7652
09:09:59,748 --> 09:09:58,258
axis the better the code is at

7653
09:10:01,970 --> 09:09:59,758
minimizing error

7654
09:10:03,772 --> 09:10:01,980
okay so one possibility that you could

7655
09:10:06,350 --> 09:10:03,782
have is something like this you've got

7656
09:10:08,868 --> 09:10:06,360
some you know Bells roughly bell-shaped

7657
09:10:10,548 --> 09:10:08,878
curve and uh and then you that's what

7658
09:10:12,112 --> 09:10:10,558
you would get for any random genetic

7659
09:10:13,790 --> 09:10:12,122
code and then you look at the actual

7660
09:10:16,010 --> 09:10:13,800
genetic code it happens to be here in

7661
09:10:18,112 --> 09:10:16,020
the middle in this in this sketch and so

7662
09:10:20,928 --> 09:10:18,122
you would say okay well if that's what

7663
09:10:23,568 --> 09:10:20,938
happens then that means that the current

7664
09:10:27,888 --> 09:10:23,578
genetic code is just a frozen accident

7665
09:10:30,290 --> 09:10:27,898
there were some ancestral organism

7666
09:10:31,790 --> 09:10:30,300
it by accident it happens to be the one

7667
09:10:34,970 --> 09:10:31,800
that we're all descended from all life

7668
09:10:37,010 --> 09:10:34,980
on Earth it had some genetic code we all

7669
09:10:38,928 --> 09:10:37,020
have the same genetic code as it because

7670
09:10:42,888 --> 09:10:38,938
if we had a different genetic code then

7671
09:10:44,388 --> 09:10:42,898
we'd be mistranslating our genomes we'd

7672
09:10:45,950 --> 09:10:44,398
be getting the wrong amino acids and the

7673
09:10:49,130 --> 09:10:45,960
wrong proteins and so we wouldn't

7674
09:10:51,950 --> 09:10:49,140
survive and so the code must be what

7675
09:10:54,290 --> 09:10:51,960
Francis Crick in 1968 called a frozen

7676
09:10:56,088 --> 09:10:54,300
accident it's an accident because it

7677
09:10:58,248 --> 09:10:56,098
just comes from whatever was the last

7678
09:11:00,830 --> 09:10:58,258
Universal common ancestor and it's

7679
09:11:04,310 --> 09:11:00,840
frozen because if it evolves the changes

7680
09:11:07,428 --> 09:11:04,320
that it would happen would be deadly

7681
09:11:09,530 --> 09:11:07,438
well the other option is something like

7682
09:11:11,868 --> 09:11:09,540
this you've got a bell-shaped curve like

7683
09:11:14,088 --> 09:11:11,878
this and then the atrogenetic code is

7684
09:11:16,428 --> 09:11:14,098
somewhere down here in the Tails and if

7685
09:11:18,228 --> 09:11:16,438
that's true then that says heck the

7686
09:11:21,530 --> 09:11:18,238
genetic code that we have is not a

7687
09:11:24,112 --> 09:11:21,540
frozen accident it had to have evolved

7688
09:11:25,548 --> 09:11:24,122
so here are the data this was a these

7689
09:11:29,272 --> 09:11:25,558
are data taken from an experiment that

7690
09:11:31,790 --> 09:11:29,282
was done by freelance Hearst in 1998 so

7691
09:11:33,650 --> 09:11:31,800
they they generated 1 million genetic

7692
09:11:35,630 --> 09:11:33,660
codes and they scored them in a way

7693
09:11:37,548 --> 09:11:35,640
they're like I'm not going to go into in

7694
09:11:40,548 --> 09:11:37,558
detail and the actual genetic code is

7695
09:11:42,408 --> 09:11:40,558
way way down here in the tail so all

7696
09:11:44,748 --> 09:11:42,418
these random codes look nothing like

7697
09:11:47,748 --> 09:11:44,758
this actual universal genetic code the

7698
09:11:49,670 --> 09:11:47,758
canonical genetic code and so the title

7699
09:11:51,350 --> 09:11:49,680
of their paper was the genetic code is

7700
09:11:53,630 --> 09:11:51,360
one in a million

7701
09:11:56,510 --> 09:11:53,640
okay generate a million genetic codes

7702
09:11:58,908 --> 09:11:56,520
and and they're all worse than the one

7703
09:12:00,708 --> 09:11:58,918
that we actually have at minimizing

7704
09:12:02,150 --> 09:12:00,718
translation hours

7705
09:12:03,888 --> 09:12:02,160
actually we know that actually it's

7706
09:12:06,772 --> 09:12:03,898
actually more more like a hundred times

7707
09:12:08,928 --> 09:12:06,782
uh better than that

7708
09:12:11,568 --> 09:12:08,938
okay so now we have to ask the question

7709
09:12:13,190 --> 09:12:11,578
how did the genetic code get like this

7710
09:12:15,588 --> 09:12:13,200
how is it possible for the code to

7711
09:12:17,868 --> 09:12:15,598
evolve because Florence is quick already

7712
09:12:19,850 --> 09:12:17,878
told us that it can't evolve if you so

7713
09:12:21,408 --> 09:12:19,860
if you change the genetic code you're

7714
09:12:23,030 --> 09:12:21,418
going to start making the wrong amino

7715
09:12:25,010 --> 09:12:23,040
acids you make wrong amino acids you

7716
09:12:27,228 --> 09:12:25,020
make the wrong proteins everything dies

7717
09:12:31,130 --> 09:12:27,238
so we have to figure out how to do it

7718
09:12:33,530 --> 09:12:31,140
and and this is what we did in this

7719
09:12:35,388 --> 09:12:33,540
paper over here and I want to walk you

7720
09:12:37,908 --> 09:12:35,398
through not I'm not going to go into any

7721
09:12:40,190 --> 09:12:37,918
of the the modeling and the math and so

7722
09:12:42,650 --> 09:12:40,200
on I want to give you a feel of how we

7723
09:12:45,588 --> 09:12:42,660
can understand how it is possible for a

7724
09:12:46,908 --> 09:12:45,598
code to evolve

7725
09:12:48,530 --> 09:12:46,918
okay so we're going to do a thought

7726
09:12:51,588 --> 09:12:48,540
experiment and we're going to do the

7727
09:12:54,772 --> 09:12:51,598
thought experiment by involving in our

7728
09:13:00,650 --> 09:12:54,782
little story here the experts on codes

7729
09:13:06,670 --> 09:13:03,112
spies you're right

7730
09:13:12,530 --> 09:13:11,088
and possibly success 1960s TV shows

7731
09:13:15,048 --> 09:13:12,540
all right so we're going to do an

7732
09:13:17,150 --> 09:13:15,058
experiment which involves uh these spies

7733
09:13:19,068 --> 09:13:17,160
and we're going to imagine that the

7734
09:13:19,970 --> 09:13:19,078
spies of course have their secret code

7735
09:13:25,010 --> 09:13:19,980
book

7736
09:13:26,690 --> 09:13:25,020
are trying to communicate with uh one

7737
09:13:28,612 --> 09:13:26,700
disreputable member of their Community

7738
09:13:29,810 --> 09:13:28,622
shown here on the right and so we're

7739
09:13:32,330 --> 09:13:29,820
going to do a thought experiment about

7740
09:13:34,068 --> 09:13:32,340
what can happen when one spy tries to

7741
09:13:36,588 --> 09:13:34,078
talk to to the other

7742
09:13:39,170 --> 09:13:36,598
so let's start off with a with a message

7743
09:13:41,748 --> 09:13:39,180
which is emitted over here so this is

7744
09:13:45,112 --> 09:13:41,758
the message that she wants to send

7745
09:13:47,810 --> 09:13:45,122
that is a received by by uh the the

7746
09:13:51,650 --> 09:13:47,820
person on the right uses their code book

7747
09:13:54,830 --> 09:13:51,660
and they correctly decode it as as uh as

7748
09:13:57,350 --> 09:13:54,840
that sequence of uh of amino acids so so

7749
09:14:00,350 --> 09:13:57,360
far everything is good there's only a

7750
09:14:02,568 --> 09:14:00,360
single message that you can deduce from

7751
09:14:05,088 --> 09:14:02,578
this signal that you receive okay so

7752
09:14:07,728 --> 09:14:05,098
this is the standard operating procedure

7753
09:14:10,130 --> 09:14:07,738
for the person on the right was chosen

7754
09:14:11,748 --> 09:14:10,140
not just for their for their glamorous

7755
09:14:15,048 --> 09:14:11,758
sartorial Style

7756
09:14:17,510 --> 09:14:15,058
but for the fact that they're very uh

7757
09:14:19,790 --> 09:14:17,520
um incompetent and so I want you to

7758
09:14:21,588 --> 09:14:19,800
imagine that this person has lost half

7759
09:14:25,670 --> 09:14:21,598
the code book

7760
09:14:27,228 --> 09:14:25,680
and so the code has now been uh changed

7761
09:14:29,690 --> 09:14:27,238
because you've missed half the code

7762
09:14:31,130 --> 09:14:29,700
button so now he translates it as E

7763
09:14:33,170 --> 09:14:31,140
equals m c squared which means nothing

7764
09:14:35,030 --> 09:14:33,180
to him but it may mean something to to

7765
09:14:37,970 --> 09:14:35,040
you and so what we've learned from this

7766
09:14:39,830 --> 09:14:37,980
is that if you evolve or change the code

7767
09:14:42,708 --> 09:14:39,840
in this case by losing half the code

7768
09:14:45,650 --> 09:14:42,718
book the message gets garbled so so far

7769
09:14:47,450 --> 09:14:45,660
Crick was right

7770
09:14:50,388 --> 09:14:47,460
suppose however

7771
09:14:52,010 --> 09:14:50,398
that we have a statistical code book not

7772
09:14:54,290 --> 09:14:52,020
a code book that gives you one message

7773
09:14:55,670 --> 09:14:54,300
but a code book that gives you an

7774
09:14:57,772 --> 09:14:55,680
ensemble of messages

7775
09:14:59,568 --> 09:14:57,782
and from those messages you look at them

7776
09:15:00,970 --> 09:14:59,578
and you say that makes no sense that

7777
09:15:03,950 --> 09:15:00,980
makes no sense that makes it says oh

7778
09:15:05,990 --> 09:15:03,960
phenylalanolin okay great perfect this

7779
09:15:09,290 --> 09:15:06,000
must be what they what they meant if you

7780
09:15:10,908 --> 09:15:09,300
have a code plus it's context then if

7781
09:15:12,708 --> 09:15:10,918
you if you just have a probabilistic

7782
09:15:15,228 --> 09:15:12,718
code book you have a chance of being

7783
09:15:17,450 --> 09:15:15,238
able to interpret the message

7784
09:15:19,670 --> 09:15:17,460
so the idea then was that if you have a

7785
09:15:21,728 --> 09:15:19,680
probabilistic code book then that means

7786
09:15:24,470 --> 09:15:21,738
that you may you may need to have

7787
09:15:26,330 --> 09:15:24,480
statistical proteins a process of

7788
09:15:29,510 --> 09:15:26,340
translation that doesn't Just Produce

7789
09:15:31,428 --> 09:15:29,520
one protein but produces many

7790
09:15:34,310 --> 09:15:31,438
and this would make complete sense

7791
09:15:36,408 --> 09:15:34,320
because think about early life think

7792
09:15:39,470 --> 09:15:36,418
about early life which we know was uh

7793
09:15:41,630 --> 09:15:39,480
was dominated by endosymbiosis and all

7794
09:15:43,790 --> 09:15:41,640
sorts of events like that which of

7795
09:15:46,728 --> 09:15:43,800
course led to many of the structures

7796
09:15:49,248 --> 09:15:46,738
that we see in in modern cells uh like

7797
09:15:52,190 --> 09:15:49,258
mitochondria and chloroplasts and so on

7798
09:15:55,368 --> 09:15:52,200
so we can imagine that early life was a

7799
09:15:57,888 --> 09:15:55,378
bit like early automobiles okay remember

7800
09:15:59,530 --> 09:15:57,898
how early automobiles were they 100

7801
09:16:01,428 --> 09:15:59,540
years ago a bit more than that

7802
09:16:04,068 --> 09:16:01,438
automobiles did not look like they do

7803
09:16:05,568 --> 09:16:04,078
today they were rickety old things they

7804
09:16:07,850 --> 09:16:05,578
were sort of held together by strings

7805
09:16:10,612 --> 09:16:07,860
ceiling wax and if I drove over to one

7806
09:16:12,530 --> 09:16:10,622
of my friends in my car and uh and then

7807
09:16:14,450 --> 09:16:12,540
the wheel fell off

7808
09:16:16,190 --> 09:16:14,460
you know she would just say well no

7809
09:16:17,868 --> 09:16:16,200
problem I've got an old bicycle in the

7810
09:16:19,970 --> 09:16:17,878
garage here we'll just screw on the

7811
09:16:23,030 --> 09:16:19,980
wheel of that old bicycle onto your car

7812
09:16:24,830 --> 09:16:23,040
and you'll go you're good to go

7813
09:16:26,568 --> 09:16:24,840
thought you could do you could mix and

7814
09:16:29,272 --> 09:16:26,578
match parts

7815
09:16:30,290 --> 09:16:29,282
100 years ago 120 years ago in the early

7816
09:16:33,228 --> 09:16:30,300
class

7817
09:16:35,990 --> 09:16:33,238
try to try doing that today to a to a

7818
09:16:37,612 --> 09:16:36,000
Toyota Corolla right to taking a bicycle

7819
09:16:39,350 --> 09:16:37,622
wheel and sticking it on when you've got

7820
09:16:41,630 --> 09:16:39,360
a flat tire now it's not going to work

7821
09:16:44,030 --> 09:16:41,640
at all modern cars are more highly

7822
09:16:46,908 --> 09:16:44,040
evolved and so they're very intolerant

7823
09:16:49,310 --> 09:16:46,918
of anything it is not exactly right

7824
09:16:52,670 --> 09:16:49,320
and so we get the idea that evolved

7825
09:16:56,030 --> 09:16:52,680
systems become very intolerant of any

7826
09:16:57,888 --> 09:16:56,040
kind of ambiguity in what's present but

7827
09:17:00,650 --> 09:16:57,898
systems that are very early on are very

7828
09:17:03,950 --> 09:17:00,660
simple are able to tolerate ambiguity

7829
09:17:06,470 --> 09:17:03,960
and uh and and and so uh you can have

7830
09:17:08,088 --> 09:17:06,480
this idea that the codes are floppy that

7831
09:17:10,248 --> 09:17:08,098
the statistical proteins that aren't

7832
09:17:13,670 --> 09:17:10,258
made are not always the same proteins

7833
09:17:16,190 --> 09:17:13,680
and then somehow the messages uh can can

7834
09:17:18,950 --> 09:17:16,200
be interpreted so in other words what

7835
09:17:22,428 --> 09:17:18,960
I'm saying is that the code book and the

7836
09:17:25,068 --> 09:17:22,438
message can co-evolve as the organisms

7837
09:17:27,650 --> 09:17:25,078
become more and more complex you get a

7838
09:17:29,990 --> 09:17:27,660
probability distribution of codes that

7839
09:17:31,310 --> 09:17:30,000
can be the outcome of translation and as

7840
09:17:34,010 --> 09:17:31,320
the organisms become more and more

7841
09:17:36,950 --> 09:17:34,020
complex that distribution gets narrower

7842
09:17:38,810 --> 09:17:36,960
and narrower and very intolerant of any

7843
09:17:41,388 --> 09:17:38,820
kind of element

7844
09:17:43,612 --> 09:17:41,398
now you might ask yourself well wait

7845
09:17:44,690 --> 09:17:43,622
this doesn't make any sense selection

7846
09:17:48,470 --> 09:17:44,700
pressure

7847
09:17:49,670 --> 09:17:48,480
acts on the phenotype it doesn't act on

7848
09:17:51,350 --> 09:17:49,680
the code

7849
09:17:53,810 --> 09:17:51,360
I want to show you that it acts on the

7850
09:17:55,850 --> 09:17:53,820
code too okay so here is a thought

7851
09:17:58,130 --> 09:17:55,860
experiment but for me it was an actual

7852
09:17:59,630 --> 09:17:58,140
experiment so I'm a physicist so I like

7853
09:18:02,330 --> 09:17:59,640
to write papers with mathematical

7854
09:18:05,690 --> 09:18:02,340
equations and so when I write a paper or

7855
09:18:08,450 --> 09:18:05,700
a grant proposal I write it in a Thing

7856
09:18:10,790 --> 09:18:08,460
Called Tech a type setting program that

7857
09:18:13,790 --> 09:18:10,800
enables you to write equations my

7858
09:18:21,048 --> 09:18:13,800
biological colleagues uh of course use a

7859
09:18:27,530 --> 09:18:23,568
I guess the age of satire is not over

7860
09:18:29,450 --> 09:18:27,540
yet and so uh so you can imagine the

7861
09:18:31,010 --> 09:18:29,460
situation where I have sitting with my

7862
09:18:32,690 --> 09:18:31,020
friends and the institute for genomic

7863
09:18:35,208 --> 09:18:32,700
biology and I'm saying hey let's write

7864
09:18:36,612 --> 09:18:35,218
this proposal together and they say sure

7865
09:18:39,588 --> 09:18:36,622
about so we're going to write it in in

7866
09:18:41,810 --> 09:18:39,598
word and the heist and my stuff in Tech

7867
09:18:44,388 --> 09:18:41,820
and of course you know it's it's a

7868
09:18:46,790 --> 09:18:44,398
complete disaster and uh and uh and what

7869
09:18:48,708 --> 09:18:46,800
happens is the uh our proposal never

7870
09:18:50,588 --> 09:18:48,718
actually gets written it never gets

7871
09:18:53,272 --> 09:18:50,598
submitted and so it never gets funded

7872
09:18:55,490 --> 09:18:53,282
meanwhile down the corridor another

7873
09:18:59,272 --> 09:18:55,500
person is collaborating with their

7874
09:19:00,950 --> 09:18:59,282
co-workers they just write it in word no

7875
09:19:03,830 --> 09:19:00,960
problems and even if their proposal was

7876
09:19:05,810 --> 09:19:03,840
less good than ours it's still uh it

7877
09:19:09,170 --> 09:19:05,820
still has a chance of being funded so

7878
09:19:11,568 --> 09:19:09,180
the code actually uh does matter

7879
09:19:13,670 --> 09:19:11,578
now what is the basic way that the

7880
09:19:14,690 --> 09:19:13,680
genetic code evolves in terms of its

7881
09:19:18,170 --> 09:19:14,700
context

7882
09:19:20,690 --> 09:19:18,180
so here's our here's a an interesting uh

7883
09:19:23,510 --> 09:19:20,700
factoid and this this slide is now quite

7884
09:19:25,310 --> 09:19:23,520
old but uh this is uh this you may not

7885
09:19:28,070 --> 09:19:25,320
recognize this person this is Bill Gates

7886
09:19:30,350 --> 09:19:28,080
uh this is the late uh Steve Jobs both

7887
09:19:33,290 --> 09:19:30,360
of them with examples of their of their

7888
09:19:35,570 --> 09:19:33,300
of their companies or computers and uh

7889
09:19:38,086 --> 09:19:35,580
actually uh my computer is a Windows

7890
09:19:40,246 --> 09:19:38,096
computer but many people like uh like

7891
09:19:41,630 --> 09:19:40,256
the Apple computers and and the reason

7892
09:19:44,450 --> 09:19:41,640
that um

7893
09:19:45,950 --> 09:19:44,460
you know the the reason I use a Windows

7894
09:19:48,370 --> 09:19:45,960
computer well I mean everybody does

7895
09:19:50,870 --> 09:19:48,380
right like 96 of all the world's

7896
09:19:54,230 --> 09:19:50,880
computers run their windows in a very

7897
09:19:56,086 --> 09:19:54,240
small fashion run uh the the Mac

7898
09:19:58,190 --> 09:19:56,096
operating system and the reason is that

7899
09:19:59,870 --> 09:19:58,200
the Windows operating system is much

7900
09:20:04,370 --> 09:19:59,880
better than

7901
09:20:09,586 --> 09:20:07,130
well that's a very inopportune time to

7902
09:20:12,290 --> 09:20:09,596
have a blue screen of death

7903
09:20:16,190 --> 09:20:12,300
the Windows operating system is to put

7904
09:20:19,310 --> 09:20:16,200
it mildly uh rubbish it has all sorts of

7905
09:20:20,630 --> 09:20:19,320
things like this but the reason why it

7906
09:20:22,550 --> 09:20:20,640
is so popular

7907
09:20:26,746 --> 09:20:22,560
is not because it is the best computer

7908
09:20:30,050 --> 09:20:26,756
system it's because any program that you

7909
09:20:32,030 --> 09:20:30,060
want to run you can find it on Windows

7910
09:20:34,670 --> 09:20:32,040
but you may not be able to find it on

7911
09:20:37,070 --> 09:20:34,680
the Macos that may not be so true today

7912
09:20:39,110 --> 09:20:37,080
but it was certainly true uh suddenly 10

7913
09:20:41,390 --> 09:20:39,120
10 years ago and so what you learn from

7914
09:20:43,330 --> 09:20:41,400
this is that the community with access

7915
09:20:45,710 --> 09:20:43,340
to the broadest range of Innovations

7916
09:20:47,746 --> 09:20:45,720
hasn't evolutionary Advantage anything

7917
09:20:49,730 --> 09:20:47,756
that you want to do you can find a

7918
09:20:52,130 --> 09:20:49,740
gadget in that operating system that

7919
09:20:54,470 --> 09:20:52,140
does it and so what's important for

7920
09:20:56,630 --> 09:20:54,480
platforms for operating systems for

7921
09:20:59,810 --> 09:20:56,640
processes that are fundamental to cells

7922
09:21:02,990 --> 09:20:59,820
like the like translation is that is

7923
09:21:05,630 --> 09:21:03,000
that you have the broadest reach

7924
09:21:07,190 --> 09:21:05,640
so what we did in our in our

7925
09:21:09,230 --> 09:21:07,200
mathematical model which I'm not going

7926
09:21:11,926 --> 09:21:09,240
to go into in detail was we we

7927
09:21:14,150 --> 09:21:11,936
considered a simulation a digital life

7928
09:21:15,770 --> 09:21:14,160
simulation just like the computer virus

7929
09:21:17,330 --> 09:21:15,780
once that I showed you at the beginning

7930
09:21:20,030 --> 09:21:17,340
of the call at the beginning of the uh

7931
09:21:21,710 --> 09:21:20,040
of the of the talk the ones uh run by

7932
09:21:23,990 --> 09:21:21,720
Niels Barry Charlie at The Institute for

7933
09:21:25,790 --> 09:21:24,000
advanced study so we have an asexual

7934
09:21:28,190 --> 09:21:25,800
population of evolving reproducing

7935
09:21:30,950 --> 09:21:28,200
digital organisms like computer viruses

7936
09:21:34,550 --> 09:21:30,960
they're phenotype is a function of their

7937
09:21:36,586 --> 09:21:34,560
proteins and the proteins are obtained

7938
09:21:38,746 --> 09:21:36,596
by translating the genome with a code

7939
09:21:40,246 --> 09:21:38,756
but with uh with errors the individual

7940
09:21:42,230 --> 09:21:40,256
reproduction rate is a function of

7941
09:21:45,406 --> 09:21:42,240
fitness and the messages change are

7942
09:21:48,830 --> 09:21:45,416
faster than codes and so forth and so

7943
09:21:51,770 --> 09:21:48,840
everything that's in this system allows

7944
09:21:53,870 --> 09:21:51,780
codes to evolve due to selection of the

7945
09:21:55,370 --> 09:21:53,880
phenotype through the mechanism that I

7946
09:21:56,990 --> 09:21:55,380
was showing you so now what we're doing

7947
09:21:58,610 --> 09:21:57,000
is simulating a whole population of

7948
09:22:01,490 --> 09:21:58,620
different organisms which have different

7949
09:22:03,770 --> 09:22:01,500
codes another question is which code is

7950
09:22:05,570 --> 09:22:03,780
the one that wins

7951
09:22:07,426 --> 09:22:05,580
all right so let's imagine that we've

7952
09:22:09,170 --> 09:22:07,436
done this experiment

7953
09:22:10,246 --> 09:22:09,180
so I started with a bunch of organisms

7954
09:22:12,170 --> 09:22:10,256
all of which have slightly different

7955
09:22:13,850 --> 09:22:12,180
genetic codes and they all co-evolve and

7956
09:22:16,010 --> 09:22:13,860
they're trying to deal with the

7957
09:22:19,370 --> 09:22:16,020
environment that they are they're in and

7958
09:22:22,190 --> 09:22:19,380
we watch how they evolve in time now we

7959
09:22:23,690 --> 09:22:22,200
did two experiments here I'm going to

7960
09:22:25,130 --> 09:22:23,700
show you this graph and I'm going to

7961
09:22:27,650 --> 09:22:25,140
show another one similar to it in the

7962
09:22:30,110 --> 09:22:27,660
next slide this on the vertical axis is

7963
09:22:32,406 --> 09:22:30,120
the quality of the code it's how good

7964
09:22:35,630 --> 09:22:32,416
the genetic code is of those organisms

7965
09:22:38,390 --> 09:22:35,640
minimizing ever and this is time over

7966
09:22:40,426 --> 09:22:38,400
here and here's what happens when you do

7967
09:22:42,350 --> 09:22:40,436
this with regular vertical darwinian

7968
09:22:44,630 --> 09:22:42,360
Evolution that you're used to and you

7969
09:22:47,570 --> 09:22:44,640
can see that what happens is that is as

7970
09:22:50,630 --> 09:22:47,580
I as I evolve the system

7971
09:22:53,210 --> 09:22:50,640
the uh the um the codes get better

7972
09:22:55,130 --> 09:22:53,220
smaller is better and then eventually it

7973
09:22:57,170 --> 09:22:55,140
stops and it just stays constant in time

7974
09:22:58,970 --> 09:22:57,180
and maybe if we waited like a hundred

7975
09:23:00,530 --> 09:22:58,980
times longer maybe there'd be some other

7976
09:23:02,266 --> 09:23:00,540
change down here or something like this

7977
09:23:04,070 --> 09:23:02,276
and you run it again and for this one

7978
09:23:07,070 --> 09:23:04,080
you get something like this and you run

7979
09:23:09,230 --> 09:23:07,080
it again you get something like this

7980
09:23:12,230 --> 09:23:09,240
and if you ask

7981
09:23:13,670 --> 09:23:12,240
I've got a whole distribution

7982
09:23:15,290 --> 09:23:13,680
codes here

7983
09:23:17,086 --> 09:23:15,300
um what would I have got at random when

7984
09:23:18,650 --> 09:23:17,096
you can work that out and it would be

7985
09:23:21,170 --> 09:23:18,660
something like this and so what I've

7986
09:23:23,570 --> 09:23:21,180
learned is that without uh in this

7987
09:23:27,290 --> 09:23:23,580
experiment with vertical Evolution only

7988
09:23:29,630 --> 09:23:27,300
I evolve organisms that have codes that

7989
09:23:31,610 --> 09:23:29,640
are indistinguishable from random codes

7990
09:23:32,990 --> 09:23:31,620
and they're not unique and they're

7991
09:23:35,086 --> 09:23:33,000
certainly not optimal

7992
09:23:37,550 --> 09:23:35,096
but if I switch on horizontal Gene

7993
09:23:40,730 --> 09:23:37,560
transfer then what happens is the codes

7994
09:23:43,610 --> 09:23:40,740
follow this blue trajectory here as you

7995
09:23:47,086 --> 09:23:43,620
can see end up uh with uh with a very

7996
09:23:49,850 --> 09:23:47,096
optimal code and one which is very far

7997
09:23:51,586 --> 09:23:49,860
from what you would get at random and so

7998
09:23:53,330 --> 09:23:51,596
what you've learned from this is that

7999
09:23:55,630 --> 09:23:53,340
the process of horizontal Gene to

8000
09:23:58,790 --> 09:23:55,640
transfer as an evolutionary process

8001
09:24:00,530 --> 09:23:58,800
leads to optimality of the of the

8002
09:24:03,710 --> 09:24:00,540
genetic code

8003
09:24:06,290 --> 09:24:03,720
now if we look at uh at uh how many

8004
09:24:08,810 --> 09:24:06,300
codes we have in our system and that's

8005
09:24:11,450 --> 09:24:08,820
shown shown here and again the same

8006
09:24:14,390 --> 09:24:11,460
thing is true that if you just use a

8007
09:24:17,150 --> 09:24:14,400
vertical Evolution uh you have you don't

8008
09:24:18,650 --> 09:24:17,160
get much uh selection of the of the

8009
09:24:20,510 --> 09:24:18,660
genetic codes as we saw on the previous

8010
09:24:22,906 --> 09:24:20,520
slide and but if you switch on

8011
09:24:25,490 --> 09:24:22,916
horizontal Gene transfer you get a

8012
09:24:27,830 --> 09:24:25,500
universal genetic code and so what we've

8013
09:24:30,890 --> 09:24:27,840
learned from this is that the the the

8014
09:24:32,870 --> 09:24:30,900
phase diagram of Life must have looked

8015
09:24:35,050 --> 09:24:32,880
something like this so we're somewhere

8016
09:24:37,150 --> 09:24:35,060
up here where in that blob over here

8017
09:24:41,330 --> 09:24:37,160
early on

8018
09:24:44,266 --> 09:24:41,340
the evolution was a network process

8019
09:24:46,610 --> 09:24:44,276
shown schematically over here

8020
09:24:48,290 --> 09:24:46,620
rapid Evolution and then over here we

8021
09:24:51,110 --> 09:24:48,300
have the vertical Evolution which we saw

8022
09:24:53,330 --> 09:24:51,120
was incredibly slow and that's the

8023
09:24:55,670 --> 09:24:53,340
process that we are in today and the

8024
09:24:57,470 --> 09:24:55,680
summary over here was a transition that

8025
09:24:59,690 --> 09:24:57,480
uh that Carl was like to call the

8026
09:25:02,450 --> 09:24:59,700
darwinian transition I claimed of a

8027
09:25:04,670 --> 09:25:02,460
phase transition uh between a collective

8028
09:25:08,266 --> 09:25:04,680
Network phase of life and a transition

8029
09:25:11,810 --> 09:25:08,276
to a life where organismal identity and

8030
09:25:17,690 --> 09:25:11,820
individuality becomes more important

8031
09:25:19,970 --> 09:25:17,700
all right so so I I I'm going to skip my

8032
09:25:22,310 --> 09:25:19,980
section on homework of housing so I'm

8033
09:25:24,710 --> 09:25:22,320
just going to skip through that and uh

8034
09:25:26,266 --> 09:25:24,720
and I wanted to tell you about some of

8035
09:25:28,850 --> 09:25:26,276
the things that are Universal in biology

8036
09:25:30,890 --> 09:25:28,860
so anyway the bottom line of this is

8037
09:25:34,810 --> 09:25:30,900
that uh we made a mathematical model of

8038
09:25:37,670 --> 09:25:34,820
the evolution of of of of of Kyle

8039
09:25:40,010 --> 09:25:37,680
autocatalytic self-replicators and we

8040
09:25:44,030 --> 09:25:40,020
could show that uh you ultimately end up

8041
09:25:46,490 --> 09:25:44,040
with with broken 100 are broken uh

8042
09:25:48,830 --> 09:25:46,500
chirality not just you get sun

8043
09:25:50,746 --> 09:25:48,840
right-handed or some left-handed but 100

8044
09:25:52,850 --> 09:25:50,756
effect and that's the thing that we

8045
09:25:55,730 --> 09:25:52,860
observe in biology and that's the thing

8046
09:25:58,246 --> 09:25:55,740
that was difficult to explain and and we

8047
09:26:01,070 --> 09:25:58,256
have made a theory for that

8048
09:26:01,906 --> 09:26:01,080
okay so um let me just very quickly show

8049
09:26:05,210 --> 09:26:01,916
you

8050
09:26:07,246 --> 09:26:05,220
um some examples of universality in

8051
09:26:09,110 --> 09:26:07,256
Modern Biology even today there are

8052
09:26:10,850 --> 09:26:09,120
things that are Universal not just the

8053
09:26:12,050 --> 09:26:10,860
evolutionary processes of say the

8054
09:26:14,450 --> 09:26:12,060
genetic code which may have happened

8055
09:26:17,390 --> 09:26:14,460
billions of years ago but other things

8056
09:26:19,730 --> 09:26:17,400
too so one example of this is the

8057
09:26:21,890 --> 09:26:19,740
universal statistics routine expression

8058
09:26:24,710 --> 09:26:21,900
so if I have a genetically identical

8059
09:26:26,450 --> 09:26:24,720
cells they can exhibit different protein

8060
09:26:28,310 --> 09:26:26,460
copy numbers that's something that we've

8061
09:26:30,470 --> 09:26:28,320
known for about 20 years that's called

8062
09:26:32,810 --> 09:26:30,480
stochastic gene expression the whole

8063
09:26:35,570 --> 09:26:32,820
process of of expressing genes is a

8064
09:26:38,266 --> 09:26:35,580
random process and so the protein copy

8065
09:26:40,670 --> 09:26:38,276
numbers are not thermodynamically large

8066
09:26:43,370 --> 09:26:40,680
and so what happens is you have large

8067
09:26:45,950 --> 09:26:43,380
fluctuations in protein copy numbers in

8068
09:26:48,170 --> 09:26:45,960
in cells and here are experimental data

8069
09:26:51,710 --> 09:26:48,180
are showing you for a variety of

8070
09:26:53,210 --> 09:26:51,720
different uh or different uh cells here

8071
09:26:55,246 --> 09:26:53,220
I'm looking to go through the through

8072
09:26:58,310 --> 09:26:55,256
the details showing you that there's a

8073
09:27:00,586 --> 09:26:58,320
universal distribution for the protein

8074
09:27:02,450 --> 09:27:00,596
copy number now which is all these data

8075
09:27:05,030 --> 09:27:02,460
are collapsing onto one universal curve

8076
09:27:07,670 --> 09:27:05,040
which can be predicted this is very much

8077
09:27:09,290 --> 09:27:07,680
like the universality I showed you in

8078
09:27:11,570 --> 09:27:09,300
the magnetic system at the beginning of

8079
09:27:12,890 --> 09:27:11,580
the talk

8080
09:27:15,290 --> 09:27:12,900
um here's another one which is

8081
09:27:17,450 --> 09:27:15,300
absolutely fantastic and is still not

8082
09:27:20,210 --> 09:27:17,460
understood and that is universal

8083
09:27:22,190 --> 09:27:20,220
metabolism so here's the experiment so

8084
09:27:24,290 --> 09:27:22,200
what you do is you go into the lab and

8085
09:27:26,030 --> 09:27:24,300
uh you get some paper and some mud and

8086
09:27:28,370 --> 09:27:26,040
bits of egg and water and stuff like

8087
09:27:29,810 --> 09:27:28,380
this and you throw in some microbes and

8088
09:27:31,550 --> 09:27:29,820
then you make a bioreactor and the

8089
09:27:34,370 --> 09:27:31,560
bioreactor is producing that same

8090
09:27:38,450 --> 09:27:34,380
methane okay and so you get this thing

8091
09:27:41,030 --> 09:27:38,460
running and the bioreactor is uh your

8092
09:27:43,550 --> 09:27:41,040
measuring is producing a fixed rate of

8093
09:27:46,190 --> 09:27:43,560
methane coming out if you're feeding the

8094
09:27:48,950 --> 09:27:46,200
bioreactor and the rate of uh methane

8095
09:27:51,650 --> 09:27:48,960
coming out is a constant so you say well

8096
09:27:53,630 --> 09:27:51,660
that's great I wonder what's in my

8097
09:27:56,926 --> 09:27:53,640
bioreactor what's in my chemostat

8098
09:28:00,950 --> 09:27:56,936
so you go and do a Melody genomic survey

8099
09:28:03,530 --> 09:28:00,960
and and what you find is that even

8100
09:28:04,906 --> 09:28:03,540
though the methane that is coming out is

8101
09:28:07,550 --> 09:28:04,916
constant

8102
09:28:09,530 --> 09:28:07,560
when you look at the community structure

8103
09:28:11,630 --> 09:28:09,540
that you see and here I'm showing you

8104
09:28:14,690 --> 09:28:11,640
examples where these are real data from

8105
09:28:17,030 --> 09:28:14,700
from different uh from from a reactor

8106
09:28:20,510 --> 09:28:17,040
what do you find is that you know let's

8107
09:28:23,030 --> 09:28:20,520
say day 900 you go and draw a pie chart

8108
09:28:25,426 --> 09:28:23,040
showing you the different uh uh uh

8109
09:28:27,290 --> 09:28:25,436
operational taxonomic units that are

8110
09:28:29,746 --> 09:28:27,300
present in your system and you say now

8111
09:28:32,030 --> 09:28:29,756
until I'm done and then you know your

8112
09:28:34,070 --> 09:28:32,040
advisor says aha you're not done wait

8113
09:28:35,266 --> 09:28:34,080
two years and do the experiment again so

8114
09:28:36,950 --> 09:28:35,276
you've treated your thumb for two years

8115
09:28:38,450 --> 09:28:36,960
and do the experiment again and then

8116
09:28:41,870 --> 09:28:38,460
what you find is a completely different

8117
09:28:43,906 --> 09:28:41,880
uh set of organisms that are in the back

8118
09:28:46,490 --> 09:28:43,916
in the bioreactor but it's still

8119
09:28:47,870 --> 09:28:46,500
producing methane at exactly the rate

8120
09:28:50,086 --> 09:28:47,880
that it was before

8121
09:28:54,710 --> 09:28:50,096
this experiment was actually done by

8122
09:28:57,950 --> 09:28:54,720
Anna Fernandez and uh and in 1999 and

8123
09:29:01,190 --> 09:28:57,960
her advisor basically served this can't

8124
09:29:02,746 --> 09:29:01,200
be true we can't publish this the the we

8125
09:29:05,266 --> 09:29:02,756
can't publish these data but they

8126
09:29:08,510 --> 09:29:05,276
publish it in any case and and this has

8127
09:29:10,190 --> 09:29:08,520
been replicated many times since so what

8128
09:29:13,370 --> 09:29:10,200
we've learned then is that the

8129
09:29:16,310 --> 09:29:13,380
functional properties of a community are

8130
09:29:19,190 --> 09:29:16,320
insensitive to taxonomic fluctuations

8131
09:29:24,530 --> 09:29:19,200
here's a here's another example this is

8132
09:29:27,710 --> 09:29:24,540
from uh Luca and and durbly uh and uh

8133
09:29:29,926 --> 09:29:27,720
partly uh this is decoupling function

8134
09:29:32,330 --> 09:29:29,936
and taxonomy in the global ocean

8135
09:29:34,870 --> 09:29:32,340
microbiome and basically the same the

8136
09:29:37,070 --> 09:29:34,880
same story that despite the constant

8137
09:29:40,130 --> 09:29:37,080
metabolic function of the ocean

8138
09:29:42,170 --> 09:29:40,140
microbiome there were large taxonomic

8139
09:29:45,170 --> 09:29:42,180
fluctuations and we don't have any idea

8140
09:29:47,450 --> 09:29:45,180
well why this is happening

8141
09:29:49,190 --> 09:29:47,460
okay so these are examples of universal

8142
09:29:50,810 --> 09:29:49,200
things that are going on right now and

8143
09:29:51,766 --> 09:29:50,820
they need to be understood and they're

8144
09:29:53,690 --> 09:29:51,776
telling us something about the

8145
09:29:55,790 --> 09:29:53,700
collective properties of microbial

8146
09:29:57,950 --> 09:29:55,800
communities now

8147
09:30:00,470 --> 09:29:57,960
if the NASA astrobiology Institute was

8148
09:30:02,390 --> 09:30:00,480
still still a thing in existence and I

8149
09:30:03,890 --> 09:30:02,400
hadn't moved from Illinois to hear and

8150
09:30:05,630 --> 09:30:03,900
so on one of the things that I would be

8151
09:30:08,150 --> 09:30:05,640
thinking about doing is exploiting this

8152
09:30:10,010 --> 09:30:08,160
for example suppose I want to know what

8153
09:30:14,030 --> 09:30:10,020
are going to be the bio signatures of

8154
09:30:16,190 --> 09:30:14,040
say life that lives under the uh the ice

8155
09:30:18,950 --> 09:30:16,200
of ensalidos

8156
09:30:20,690 --> 09:30:18,960
well it turns out

8157
09:30:22,670 --> 09:30:20,700
that the metabolic output of microbial

8158
09:30:25,130 --> 09:30:22,680
communities doesn't depend sensitively

8159
09:30:27,586 --> 09:30:25,140
on what organisms are there so if I have

8160
09:30:30,350 --> 09:30:27,596
some knowledge of the geochemistry I can

8161
09:30:32,210 --> 09:30:30,360
then exploit this this uh this

8162
09:30:35,290 --> 09:30:32,220
functional redundancy to be able to make

8163
09:30:37,906 --> 09:30:35,300
predictions about what a metabolic

8164
09:30:40,246 --> 09:30:37,916
biosignatures I might find

8165
09:30:42,890 --> 09:30:40,256
okay so let's end with a discussing

8166
09:30:49,490 --> 09:30:42,900
about whether or not a universality is

8167
09:30:53,690 --> 09:30:52,370
so here is an example of another uh

8168
09:31:02,030 --> 09:30:53,700
scaling law

8169
09:31:05,086 --> 09:31:02,040
been known since the 1850s in England uh

8170
09:31:07,190 --> 09:31:05,096
these are data taking taken from bird

8171
09:31:09,850 --> 09:31:07,200
lovers actually not bird lovers these

8172
09:31:12,950 --> 09:31:09,860
are plants never mind these are plants

8173
09:31:15,470 --> 09:31:12,960
people in England like two things or

8174
09:31:17,810 --> 09:31:15,480
actually three things they like plants

8175
09:31:19,310 --> 09:31:17,820
they're like birds and they like beer or

8176
09:31:20,810 --> 09:31:19,320
like stink any pie or they're like

8177
09:31:22,490 --> 09:31:20,820
football or whatever you want but they

8178
09:31:24,050 --> 09:31:22,500
like plants and they're like and they

8179
09:31:28,490 --> 09:31:24,060
like birds and so there's a lot of data

8180
09:31:30,230 --> 09:31:28,500
going back uh you know 150 years uh um

8181
09:31:33,470 --> 09:31:30,240
and and here is showing you the number

8182
09:31:36,290 --> 09:31:33,480
of species as a function of the area of

8183
09:31:38,450 --> 09:31:36,300
the of the of the habitat and what you

8184
09:31:40,790 --> 09:31:38,460
can see from these data is that the

8185
09:31:42,766 --> 09:31:40,800
number of species uh scales like the

8186
09:31:45,170 --> 09:31:42,776
area to the one quarter power

8187
09:31:47,266 --> 09:31:45,180
so you might say here's a field count

8188
09:31:48,650 --> 09:31:47,276
all the bugs in the field count all the

8189
09:31:50,990 --> 09:31:48,660
plants in the field

8190
09:31:52,790 --> 09:31:51,000
double the size of the field count how

8191
09:31:54,170 --> 09:31:52,800
many they're in there then you might say

8192
09:31:56,926 --> 09:31:54,180
okay remember species are going to

8193
09:31:59,810 --> 09:31:56,936
double not true it goes like roughly

8194
09:32:02,630 --> 09:31:59,820
like the area to the one quarter power

8195
09:32:05,810 --> 09:32:02,640
not not the area itself so this is a

8196
09:32:08,926 --> 09:32:05,820
very important law because we can use it

8197
09:32:11,746 --> 09:32:08,936
to make extrapolations for example if we

8198
09:32:14,570 --> 09:32:11,756
know how much deforestation happened

8199
09:32:16,070 --> 09:32:14,580
today in the Amazon let's say then we

8200
09:32:19,426 --> 09:32:16,080
can figure out how many species might

8201
09:32:22,730 --> 09:32:19,436
have got affected by that

8202
09:32:24,586 --> 09:32:22,740
so that says these universal laws are

8203
09:32:26,390 --> 09:32:24,596
useful here's an argument that says

8204
09:32:28,190 --> 09:32:26,400
they're not useful

8205
09:32:29,926 --> 09:32:28,200
so here's an experiment that was

8206
09:32:31,450 --> 09:32:29,936
actually done this is Battle at Colorado

8207
09:32:35,450 --> 09:32:31,460
Island

8208
09:32:37,790 --> 09:32:35,460
in Panama and this is a an island which

8209
09:32:40,426 --> 09:32:37,800
is beloved by ecologists because it has

8210
09:32:42,050 --> 09:32:40,436
lots of trees and plants and we know

8211
09:32:44,630 --> 09:32:42,060
every single tree and every plant on

8212
09:32:46,426 --> 09:32:44,640
that island it's heavily studded okay

8213
09:32:49,310 --> 09:32:46,436
so you might ask yourself the following

8214
09:32:51,230 --> 09:32:49,320
question on this island what is the

8215
09:32:53,630 --> 09:32:51,240
number of species fraction of species

8216
09:32:56,150 --> 09:32:53,640
with a given number of individuals okay

8217
09:32:57,710 --> 09:32:56,160
how many species have 100 individuals

8218
09:32:59,210 --> 09:32:57,720
how many species have a thousand

8219
09:33:01,670 --> 09:32:59,220
individuals how many species have four

8220
09:33:05,926 --> 09:33:01,680
individuals in salt okay so you can

8221
09:33:08,810 --> 09:33:05,936
produce a species abundance curve and

8222
09:33:10,190 --> 09:33:08,820
and then you and you get data that looks

8223
09:33:12,110 --> 09:33:10,200
like one of these curves here I don't

8224
09:33:14,450 --> 09:33:12,120
even remember which one it is so that

8225
09:33:16,190 --> 09:33:14,460
would be uh that would be a measurement

8226
09:33:18,050 --> 09:33:16,200
and you could make a theory for that

8227
09:33:20,030 --> 09:33:18,060
because you could say well we have to

8228
09:33:21,290 --> 09:33:20,040
look at the soil we have to look at the

8229
09:33:22,906 --> 09:33:21,300
weather we have to look at the

8230
09:33:25,010 --> 09:33:22,916
interactions between the trees the

8231
09:33:27,170 --> 09:33:25,020
canopy and so on and so forth and if we

8232
09:33:30,890 --> 09:33:27,180
had a detailed model we could probably

8233
09:33:32,390 --> 09:33:30,900
predict uh this this this curve

8234
09:33:34,610 --> 09:33:32,400
but there's another way to think about

8235
09:33:36,050 --> 09:33:34,620
it which is just to say well this is

8236
09:33:38,030 --> 09:33:36,060
close it's just a random process

8237
09:33:40,670 --> 09:33:38,040
something has to be the most abundant

8238
09:33:43,246 --> 09:33:40,680
organism okay so what I've read is

8239
09:33:44,746 --> 09:33:43,256
that's it what its name is then

8240
09:33:46,730 --> 09:33:44,756
something else has to be the next most

8241
09:33:48,406 --> 09:33:46,740
abundant and you can work out a theory

8242
09:33:50,746 --> 09:33:48,416
that looks like the general statistics

8243
09:33:52,790 --> 09:33:50,756
but you would expect for abundance just

8244
09:33:54,230 --> 09:33:52,800
like the central limit theorem in in

8245
09:33:57,110 --> 09:33:54,240
statistics

8246
09:33:58,610 --> 09:33:57,120
and so in in a neutral Theory the

8247
09:34:00,766 --> 09:33:58,620
species are functionally equivalent

8248
09:34:03,170 --> 09:34:00,776
they're not different they don't occupy

8249
09:34:05,510 --> 09:34:03,180
different uh geochemical or biological

8250
09:34:08,510 --> 09:34:05,520
niches metabolic niches so you've got

8251
09:34:10,850 --> 09:34:08,520
these two completely different theories

8252
09:34:12,350 --> 09:34:10,860
and one of them gives the black curve

8253
09:34:14,690 --> 09:34:12,360
one of them gives the green curve they

8254
09:34:17,150 --> 09:34:14,700
both explain the data equally well

8255
09:34:19,850 --> 09:34:17,160
so this is uh again

8256
09:34:22,010 --> 09:34:19,860
not not helpful so the upside of

8257
09:34:23,630 --> 09:34:22,020
universality is that you can make

8258
09:34:25,190 --> 09:34:23,640
predictions based on the normal model

8259
09:34:27,766 --> 09:34:25,200
and that's a good thing

8260
09:34:29,990 --> 09:34:27,776
like trying to predict the metabolic

8261
09:34:33,110 --> 09:34:30,000
signature or putative life under the

8262
09:34:35,390 --> 09:34:33,120
under the ice cap of encels the downside

8263
09:34:37,426 --> 09:34:35,400
of universality is that statistically

8264
09:34:39,406 --> 09:34:37,436
similar results can be obtained from

8265
09:34:41,150 --> 09:34:39,416
microscopic models that are completely

8266
09:34:43,010 --> 09:34:41,160
different in their assumptions

8267
09:34:45,290 --> 09:34:43,020
and so if you have something Universal

8268
09:34:46,970 --> 09:34:45,300
at a high level of description that

8269
09:34:49,670 --> 09:34:46,980
means you can't understand the actual

8270
09:34:51,950 --> 09:34:49,680
processes that went on that caused the

8271
09:34:55,370 --> 09:34:51,960
thing in the first place

8272
09:34:57,470 --> 09:34:55,380
okay I want to end by asking what do we

8273
09:35:00,530 --> 09:34:57,480
miss if we don't understand Universal

8274
09:35:03,350 --> 09:35:00,540
phenomena and I'm going to talk about an

8275
09:35:05,630 --> 09:35:03,360
example uh that that may not be

8276
09:35:07,790 --> 09:35:05,640
meaningful to to some of you or many of

8277
09:35:10,610 --> 09:35:07,800
you even but it doesn't matter I want

8278
09:35:12,110 --> 09:35:10,620
you to just understand the the point so

8279
09:35:14,990 --> 09:35:12,120
this is about something in in

8280
09:35:17,266 --> 09:35:15,000
superconductivity and uh and there's a

8281
09:35:19,070 --> 09:35:17,276
couple of students here from my class on

8282
09:35:21,230 --> 09:35:19,080
emerging states of matter so they'll be

8283
09:35:23,810 --> 09:35:21,240
familiar with these examples so what is

8284
09:35:26,690 --> 09:35:23,820
superconductivity it's the it's the fact

8285
09:35:28,370 --> 09:35:26,700
that you can have a current flowing

8286
09:35:30,290 --> 09:35:28,380
through a material and there is no

8287
09:35:32,510 --> 09:35:30,300
electrical resistance and no heat that

8288
09:35:34,610 --> 09:35:32,520
comes out so that's that's the that's

8289
09:35:36,530 --> 09:35:34,620
the idea of superconductivity it's just

8290
09:35:39,406 --> 09:35:36,540
superconductor if you have it you can

8291
09:35:41,746 --> 09:35:39,416
make levitating trains and and transmit

8292
09:35:43,730 --> 09:35:41,756
power over long distances and solve all

8293
09:35:46,450 --> 09:35:43,740
the world's problems

8294
09:35:50,450 --> 09:35:46,460
that was discovered in 1911

8295
09:35:52,670 --> 09:35:50,460
1903 1933 it was also discovered that

8296
09:35:55,426 --> 09:35:52,680
superconductors don't just have a a

8297
09:35:56,990 --> 09:35:55,436
current that don't last forever and also

8298
09:35:59,330 --> 09:35:57,000
go round and round Forever by petrol

8299
09:36:02,746 --> 09:35:59,340
motion they also expel magnetic fields

8300
09:36:05,150 --> 09:36:02,756
okay don't ask why it doesn't matter

8301
09:36:06,586 --> 09:36:05,160
20 years later after that it was

8302
09:36:08,150 --> 09:36:06,596
discovered that actually nope it's not

8303
09:36:10,610 --> 09:36:08,160
true they don't expel magnetic fields

8304
09:36:12,890 --> 09:36:10,620
well some do but some don't some allow

8305
09:36:15,650 --> 09:36:12,900
magnetic fields to penetrate a

8306
09:36:17,990 --> 09:36:15,660
superconductor but in a lattice of

8307
09:36:20,210 --> 09:36:18,000
so-called vortices or flux tubes in a

8308
09:36:21,650 --> 09:36:20,220
way that is you know I'm not going to

8309
09:36:24,766 --> 09:36:21,660
I'm not going to go into but that that

8310
09:36:27,890 --> 09:36:24,776
can happen and then finally oops wrong

8311
09:36:30,050 --> 09:36:27,900
thing then finally uh about 10 years or

8312
09:36:32,450 --> 09:36:30,060
so after that something called the

8313
09:36:34,370 --> 09:36:32,460
Judaism effect was discovered the idea

8314
09:36:37,426 --> 09:36:34,380
that I can have

8315
09:36:40,850 --> 09:36:37,436
um a current uh flowing

8316
09:36:43,010 --> 09:36:40,860
um which which will will be uh um

8317
09:36:46,070 --> 09:36:43,020
oscillating with a frequency that is

8318
09:36:47,746 --> 09:36:46,080
just determined by quantum mechanics and

8319
09:36:49,610 --> 09:36:47,756
doesn't depend on the material or

8320
09:36:52,850 --> 09:36:49,620
anything like that so you can use this

8321
09:36:55,310 --> 09:36:52,860
to create a universal standard of

8322
09:36:57,530 --> 09:36:55,320
voltage and and of time okay so this

8323
09:37:00,406 --> 09:36:57,540
this is a complicated quantum mechanical

8324
09:37:03,110 --> 09:37:00,416
effect and it took 50 years and and most

8325
09:37:04,490 --> 09:37:03,120
of the people on on this who discovered

8326
09:37:06,230 --> 09:37:04,500
these things ends up getting Nobel

8327
09:37:08,450 --> 09:37:06,240
prizes these were very important things

8328
09:37:10,730 --> 09:37:08,460
scientifically and technically and the

8329
09:37:12,110 --> 09:37:10,740
question is why did it take so long to

8330
09:37:15,170 --> 09:37:12,120
make these discoveries are physicists

8331
09:37:17,210 --> 09:37:15,180
stupid well maybe but uh but the thing

8332
09:37:19,670 --> 09:37:17,220
is this it's even worse because in my

8333
09:37:21,830 --> 09:37:19,680
class I derive all of these things in

8334
09:37:24,530 --> 09:37:21,840
basically one lecture in a few lines of

8335
09:37:27,830 --> 09:37:24,540
algebra from some mumbo jumbo that's

8336
09:37:29,690 --> 09:37:27,840
written down here okay so what was going

8337
09:37:32,690 --> 09:37:29,700
wrong what was going wrong was that

8338
09:37:35,450 --> 09:37:32,700
people were focusing on the wrong level

8339
09:37:37,426 --> 09:37:35,460
of description and I want to explain to

8340
09:37:40,790 --> 09:37:37,436
you what I mean by that

8341
09:37:42,830 --> 09:37:40,800
okay so in world of superconductivity

8342
09:37:44,266 --> 09:37:42,840
you have to make a superconductor so

8343
09:37:46,490 --> 09:37:44,276
that's a problem in quantum chemistry

8344
09:37:49,490 --> 09:37:46,500
and Material Science there's a theory

8345
09:37:51,830 --> 09:37:49,500
that applies to at least the classic

8346
09:37:53,330 --> 09:37:51,840
superconductors but not the ones that

8347
09:37:55,070 --> 09:37:53,340
everybody is excited about for the last

8348
09:37:57,230 --> 09:37:55,080
30 years the high temperature

8349
09:37:59,086 --> 09:37:57,240
superconductors so there's a theory of

8350
09:38:00,950 --> 09:37:59,096
that which is which is very nice and so

8351
09:38:03,170 --> 09:38:00,960
on and then lastly there's a theory

8352
09:38:05,630 --> 09:38:03,180
which I which I've given but this name

8353
09:38:08,570 --> 09:38:05,640
here is basically a theory that looks at

8354
09:38:10,790 --> 09:38:08,580
the quantum mechanical symmetries of of

8355
09:38:14,086 --> 09:38:10,800
Superman actors now when we talk about

8356
09:38:17,086 --> 09:38:14,096
biology we have another set of levels of

8357
09:38:19,130 --> 09:38:17,096
description so so this level is quantum

8358
09:38:21,170 --> 09:38:19,140
chemistry this is electrons moving

8359
09:38:24,530 --> 09:38:21,180
around and this is looking at Symmetry

8360
09:38:26,330 --> 09:38:24,540
and and wave functions all right here in

8361
09:38:27,890 --> 09:38:26,340
biology we start off with the lowest

8362
09:38:28,906 --> 09:38:27,900
level of description with atoms and

8363
09:38:30,406 --> 09:38:28,916
molecules

8364
09:38:32,330 --> 09:38:30,416
there's an intermediate level of

8365
09:38:34,010 --> 09:38:32,340
description where we you know we talked

8366
09:38:36,290 --> 09:38:34,020
about with translation we look at our

8367
09:38:38,210 --> 09:38:36,300
DNA we look at how elastic it is and how

8368
09:38:40,010 --> 09:38:38,220
proteins fold and things like this we

8369
09:38:41,926 --> 09:38:40,020
look at a liquid liquid intracellular

8370
09:38:43,010 --> 09:38:41,936
complexes and things like that in cell

8371
09:38:45,350 --> 09:38:43,020
biology

8372
09:38:48,350 --> 09:38:45,360
and then finally on the LA on the larger

8373
09:38:50,330 --> 09:38:48,360
scale I talked about the Dynamics of how

8374
09:38:52,670 --> 09:38:50,340
systems evolved the Dynamics of evolving

8375
09:38:54,710 --> 09:38:52,680
systems like the genetic code

8376
09:38:57,110 --> 09:38:54,720
so those are levels of description

8377
09:38:59,450 --> 09:38:57,120
these levels of description answer

8378
09:39:02,510 --> 09:38:59,460
different questions so in

8379
09:39:04,730 --> 09:39:02,520
superconductivity well quantum chemistry

8380
09:39:06,890 --> 09:39:04,740
and Material Science says how do you

8381
09:39:09,110 --> 09:39:06,900
make a stuff what's the specific recipe

8382
09:39:10,190 --> 09:39:09,120
of putting the atoms together in such a

8383
09:39:11,810 --> 09:39:10,200
way that you make a particular

8384
09:39:14,630 --> 09:39:11,820
superconductor

8385
09:39:17,330 --> 09:39:14,640
this uh this uh this intermediate level

8386
09:39:20,330 --> 09:39:17,340
of description tells you about what is

8387
09:39:21,950 --> 09:39:20,340
the basic mechanism by which uh you know

8388
09:39:23,690 --> 09:39:21,960
electrons form what's called a Cooper

8389
09:39:25,190 --> 09:39:23,700
pair a composite boson inside a

8390
09:39:27,350 --> 09:39:25,200
superconductor and then do something

8391
09:39:29,990 --> 09:39:27,360
called Bose condensation so this is a

8392
09:39:31,850 --> 09:39:30,000
sort of more detailed uh description

8393
09:39:34,246 --> 09:39:31,860
that applies to um to many different

8394
09:39:36,710 --> 09:39:34,256
superconductors and this level of

8395
09:39:39,530 --> 09:39:36,720
description this symmetry wave function

8396
09:39:40,970 --> 09:39:39,540
quantum mechanical Theory describes why

8397
09:39:43,246 --> 09:39:40,980
the phenomenon of superconductivity

8398
09:39:45,406 --> 09:39:43,256
exists at all how you can get all the

8399
09:39:47,330 --> 09:39:45,416
phenomena of superconductivity just from

8400
09:39:48,830 --> 09:39:47,340
one very simple and mathematical

8401
09:39:52,070 --> 09:39:48,840
description

8402
09:39:53,926 --> 09:39:52,080
now in the in the world of biology atoms

8403
09:39:57,470 --> 09:39:53,936
and molecules tells us something about

8404
09:39:59,570 --> 09:39:57,480
how specific biopolymers interact and

8405
09:40:01,370 --> 09:39:59,580
fold undergo template directed synthesis

8406
09:40:03,110 --> 09:40:01,380
and so on and so forth if you want to

8407
09:40:04,730 --> 09:40:03,120
understand those questions you have to

8408
09:40:05,926 --> 09:40:04,740
deal with atoms and molecules there's no

8409
09:40:08,266 --> 09:40:05,936
way around it

8410
09:40:10,190 --> 09:40:08,276
if you want to understand

8411
09:40:12,406 --> 09:40:10,200
um the you know the basic functional

8412
09:40:14,690 --> 09:40:12,416
cellular processes you don't need to

8413
09:40:17,330 --> 09:40:14,700
have such a detailed description you can

8414
09:40:19,850 --> 09:40:17,340
just think about uh you know face

8415
09:40:21,830 --> 09:40:19,860
separation inside cells and and sort of

8416
09:40:23,926 --> 09:40:21,840
bending rigidity of cell membranes and

8417
09:40:26,030 --> 09:40:23,936
DNA and so on and so forth

8418
09:40:28,310 --> 09:40:26,040
and if you want to understand why the

8419
09:40:30,170 --> 09:40:28,320
phenomenon of Life exists at all well

8420
09:40:32,390 --> 09:40:30,180
that's surely a question that would be

8421
09:40:35,210 --> 09:40:32,400
answered if we understood more about the

8422
09:40:38,266 --> 09:40:35,220
Dynamics of evolving systems

8423
09:40:41,030 --> 09:40:38,276
different levels of description apply to

8424
09:40:43,490 --> 09:40:41,040
different levels of universality so if I

8425
09:40:45,290 --> 09:40:43,500
look in in the quantum chemistry of

8426
09:40:46,970 --> 09:40:45,300
material science that tells us something

8427
09:40:48,830 --> 09:40:46,980
about very specific materials like

8428
09:40:51,230 --> 09:40:48,840
Atrium barium copper oxide or something

8429
09:40:53,086 --> 09:40:51,240
like this if I want to look at this

8430
09:40:54,830 --> 09:40:53,096
level of description it tells us

8431
09:40:57,170 --> 09:40:54,840
something about what are called weak

8432
09:40:59,810 --> 09:40:57,180
coupling superconductors and finally

8433
09:41:02,150 --> 09:40:59,820
this level of description uh this

8434
09:41:04,070 --> 09:41:02,160
symmetry wave function Theory tells us

8435
09:41:05,990 --> 09:41:04,080
about all superconductors whether

8436
09:41:08,330 --> 09:41:06,000
they're made in a material science lab

8437
09:41:11,746 --> 09:41:08,340
or whether they occur in the in the

8438
09:41:14,650 --> 09:41:11,756
heart of a of a neutron star

8439
09:41:18,110 --> 09:41:14,660
in biology this level of description

8440
09:41:19,850 --> 09:41:18,120
applies effort to uh very specific

8441
09:41:22,310 --> 09:41:19,860
biopolymers you know this chemical

8442
09:41:23,890 --> 09:41:22,320
structure of RNA or DNA or some

8443
09:41:27,830 --> 09:41:23,900
particular protein

8444
09:41:29,630 --> 09:41:27,840
the elasticity theory for DNA and so on

8445
09:41:33,050 --> 09:41:29,640
and so forth tells you about the physics

8446
09:41:34,670 --> 09:41:33,060
of subcellular components and the

8447
09:41:37,010 --> 09:41:34,680
Dynamics of evolving systems would have

8448
09:41:39,350 --> 09:41:37,020
would be applying to all life and just

8449
09:41:40,906 --> 09:41:39,360
in the same way that a universal turing

8450
09:41:42,890 --> 09:41:40,916
machine with a Von Neumann architecture

8451
09:41:44,990 --> 09:41:42,900
applies to all things that we call

8452
09:41:47,510 --> 09:41:45,000
computers

8453
09:41:50,690 --> 09:41:47,520
now why do we need this Universal level

8454
09:41:53,926 --> 09:41:50,700
this top level description of of of of

8455
09:41:56,990 --> 09:41:53,936
stuff well if I have a superconductor

8456
09:41:59,030 --> 09:41:57,000
and I want to understand uh this level

8457
09:42:01,190 --> 09:41:59,040
of description not only does it tell me

8458
09:42:02,390 --> 09:42:01,200
that superconductors exist but it also

8459
09:42:04,610 --> 09:42:02,400
tells me everything that a

8460
09:42:06,350 --> 09:42:04,620
superconductor can do it tells me the

8461
09:42:08,990 --> 09:42:06,360
myosin effect the vortex lattice the

8462
09:42:10,310 --> 09:42:09,000
josen effects it tells me how a

8463
09:42:12,950 --> 09:42:10,320
superconductor responds to

8464
09:42:14,630 --> 09:42:12,960
electromagnetic fields so if I don't

8465
09:42:16,790 --> 09:42:14,640
have this

8466
09:42:18,650 --> 09:42:16,800
I can't predict how a superconductive

8467
09:42:21,370 --> 09:42:18,660
responds to an electromagnetic field and

8468
09:42:25,850 --> 09:42:23,870
by regarding superconductors as

8469
09:42:28,190 --> 09:42:25,860
collections of atoms

8470
09:42:30,230 --> 09:42:28,200
we are missing the emergent laws that

8471
09:42:32,086 --> 09:42:30,240
act at the system scale and govern the

8472
09:42:35,150 --> 09:42:32,096
large-scale response to electromagnetic

8473
09:42:37,850 --> 09:42:35,160
fields just like uh

8474
09:42:40,850 --> 09:42:37,860
when we were looking at our bioreactor

8475
09:42:44,150 --> 09:42:40,860
it produces methane at a constant rate

8476
09:42:46,010 --> 09:42:44,160
if we just focus on the on the on the uh

8477
09:42:47,870 --> 09:42:46,020
on the bacteria that are in there we

8478
09:42:49,610 --> 09:42:47,880
won't be able to understand that we need

8479
09:42:52,610 --> 09:42:49,620
to understand how metabolism can be

8480
09:42:54,470 --> 09:42:52,620
emergent in a community this problem we

8481
09:42:56,510 --> 09:42:54,480
know how to solve it took us 50 years to

8482
09:42:59,170 --> 09:42:56,520
do it and we had to re-jigger the way we

8483
09:43:01,610 --> 09:42:59,180
think about physics for living systems

8484
09:43:03,950 --> 09:43:01,620
we know that this level of description

8485
09:43:06,586 --> 09:43:03,960
would apply to all of life and what

8486
09:43:08,390 --> 09:43:06,596
happens if we don't have it we can't

8487
09:43:10,906 --> 09:43:08,400
predict the response of living systems

8488
09:43:13,070 --> 09:43:10,916
to selective perturbations we can't tell

8489
09:43:15,470 --> 09:43:13,080
what happens when you play antibiotics

8490
09:43:17,210 --> 09:43:15,480
or herbicides or insecticides or

8491
09:43:20,390 --> 09:43:17,220
chemotherapy to somebody with cancer

8492
09:43:22,310 --> 09:43:20,400
okay and and we know what happens in the

8493
09:43:24,470 --> 09:43:22,320
real world whenever we do these

8494
09:43:26,510 --> 09:43:24,480
interventions and treat living systems

8495
09:43:28,850 --> 09:43:26,520
as engineered systems

8496
09:43:31,426 --> 09:43:28,860
what happens is they fight back they

8497
09:43:33,170 --> 09:43:31,436
evolve the cancer tumor evolves and you

8498
09:43:35,870 --> 09:43:33,180
and you and you and the chemotherapy

8499
09:43:37,390 --> 09:43:35,880
stops being effective Roundup stops

8500
09:43:39,530 --> 09:43:37,400
being effective against weeds

8501
09:43:41,746 --> 09:43:39,540
antibiotics stop being effective against

8502
09:43:43,130 --> 09:43:41,756
bacterial infections and so on and so

8503
09:43:45,170 --> 09:43:43,140
forth

8504
09:43:47,390 --> 09:43:45,180
by regarding biology as complicated

8505
09:43:48,766 --> 09:43:47,400
physical systems we are missing the

8506
09:43:50,746 --> 09:43:48,776
emergent laws that act on the system

8507
09:43:53,086 --> 09:43:50,756
scale and govern the large-scale

8508
09:43:57,586 --> 09:43:53,096
response to control perturbations and we

8509
09:44:00,950 --> 09:43:59,510
otherwise if you if you want to read

8510
09:44:03,190 --> 09:44:00,960
about any of these things that I've been

8511
09:44:06,586 --> 09:44:03,200
talking about there is a article I wrote

8512
09:44:09,050 --> 09:44:06,596
uh called life is physics with uh with

8513
09:44:11,086 --> 09:44:09,060
Carl Rose and another one on the

8514
09:44:13,426 --> 09:44:11,096
statistical mechanics of early life uh

8515
09:44:15,050 --> 09:44:13,436
in in Phil Transit

8516
09:44:17,150 --> 09:44:15,060
um this one was called life is physics

8517
09:44:18,766 --> 09:44:17,160
for the following reason

8518
09:44:21,230 --> 09:44:18,776
well I used to go to astrobiology

8519
09:44:23,086 --> 09:44:21,240
conferences on the first day somebody

8520
09:44:25,730 --> 09:44:23,096
would get up and show some extremely

8521
09:44:27,830 --> 09:44:25,740
complicated chemical pathway that they

8522
09:44:29,990 --> 09:44:27,840
thought might have existed in the RNA

8523
09:44:32,150 --> 09:44:30,000
world or the sugar world or lipid world

8524
09:44:33,950 --> 09:44:32,160
or whatever was the was the fad of the

8525
09:44:35,266 --> 09:44:33,960
time and they would say life is

8526
09:44:39,710 --> 09:44:35,276
chemistry

8527
09:44:40,850 --> 09:44:39,720
doesn't it doesn't matter it does matter

8528
09:44:42,766 --> 09:44:40,860
you can't build a superconductor without

8529
09:44:44,510 --> 09:44:42,776
atoms and molecules but you have to

8530
09:44:47,150 --> 09:44:44,520
understand the emergent physical laws as

8531
09:44:49,130 --> 09:44:47,160
well the dynamical processes that go on

8532
09:44:51,290 --> 09:44:49,140
and so that's why we talk about this as

8533
09:44:53,266 --> 09:44:51,300
life is physics

8534
09:44:55,246 --> 09:44:53,276
all right so did we learn new physics

8535
09:44:58,490 --> 09:44:55,256
when we studied biological biological

8536
09:44:59,810 --> 09:44:58,500
systems uh yes we do we we realize that

8537
09:45:02,210 --> 09:44:59,820
they actually do things that physical

8538
09:45:04,990 --> 09:45:02,220
systems don't are they Universal

8539
09:45:07,370 --> 09:45:05,000
phenomena in biology yes genetic code

8540
09:45:09,890 --> 09:45:07,380
gene expression distribution of species

8541
09:45:12,230 --> 09:45:09,900
metabolism and so on do they reveal

8542
09:45:14,390 --> 09:45:12,240
things that are important well yes they

8543
09:45:16,130 --> 09:45:14,400
tell us about the phase diagram of Life

8544
09:45:18,350 --> 09:45:16,140
they tell us about cell structure and

8545
09:45:19,670 --> 09:45:18,360
principles of how things evolve and what

8546
09:45:22,010 --> 09:45:19,680
do we miss by not understanding

8547
09:45:24,470 --> 09:45:22,020
Universal phenomena we've we don't

8548
09:45:26,390 --> 09:45:24,480
understand why life exists at all and we

8549
09:45:29,870 --> 09:45:26,400
don't understand how to how biological

8550
09:45:33,110 --> 09:45:29,880
systems respond to control perturbations

8551
09:45:35,086 --> 09:45:33,120
so so here is uh here's the the history

8552
09:45:37,426 --> 09:45:35,096
of life we know that some around here

8553
09:45:39,586 --> 09:45:37,436
was a homocybal transition in the

8554
09:45:42,290 --> 09:45:39,596
genetic code the darwinian transition

8555
09:45:44,630 --> 09:45:42,300
and finally 3.8 billion years ago last

8556
09:45:46,426 --> 09:45:44,640
Universal common ancestor all of this

8557
09:45:49,670 --> 09:45:46,436
happens super fast because it was

8558
09:45:51,950 --> 09:45:49,680
dominated by Network effects and while

8559
09:45:54,730 --> 09:45:51,960
and what I didn't tell you about this in

8560
09:45:57,470 --> 09:45:54,740
detail or the catalysis leads to 100

8561
09:45:59,690 --> 09:45:57,480
homicorality horizontal Gene transfer

8562
09:46:01,670 --> 09:45:59,700
networks Drive the evolution of the

8563
09:46:03,290 --> 09:46:01,680
unique optimal genetic code and

8564
09:46:05,330 --> 09:46:03,300
horizontal Gene transfer eventually

8565
09:46:07,906 --> 09:46:05,340
becomes ineffective compared to Vertical

8566
09:46:09,950 --> 09:46:07,916
selection and you get this transition to

8567
09:46:12,110 --> 09:46:09,960
the vertical phase of life that we are

8568
09:46:15,110 --> 09:46:12,120
in today

8569
09:46:17,990 --> 09:46:15,120
I want to end with a quote uh since I'm

8570
09:46:20,330 --> 09:46:18,000
a physicist I studied biology I'm not

8571
09:46:22,906 --> 09:46:20,340
because I love biology I have a sort of

8572
09:46:25,730 --> 09:46:22,916
love hate relationship with Biology but

8573
09:46:28,190 --> 09:46:25,740
but because it teaches me things that

8574
09:46:30,170 --> 09:46:28,200
are that expands the scope of physics so

8575
09:46:32,510 --> 09:46:30,180
ask not what physics can do for biology

8576
09:46:34,550 --> 09:46:32,520
build you a better microscope build your

8577
09:46:37,926 --> 09:46:34,560
build a computer simulation understand

8578
09:46:40,130 --> 09:46:37,936
the uh the structure of some protein

8579
09:46:41,870 --> 09:46:40,140
asking instead what biology can do for

8580
09:46:42,810 --> 09:46:41,880
physics it can teach us wonderful things

8581
09:46:44,010 --> 09:46:42,820
thank you very much

8582
09:46:46,060 --> 09:46:44,020
[Applause]

8583
09:46:47,690 --> 09:46:46,070
[Music]

8584
09:46:57,470 --> 09:46:47,700
[Applause]

8585
09:46:57,480 --> 09:47:02,390
thank you

8586
09:47:07,490 --> 09:47:05,150
so I'm very recently coming to

8587
09:47:09,290 --> 09:47:07,500
appreciate this the importance of this

8588
09:47:11,766 --> 09:47:09,300
horizontal Gene transfer but

8589
09:47:14,870 --> 09:47:11,776
mechanistically I don't understand

8590
09:47:17,330 --> 09:47:14,880
how like why this trade-off is tied to

8591
09:47:18,730 --> 09:47:17,340
optimizing the genetic code what you

8592
09:47:21,246 --> 09:47:18,740
don't understand why what

8593
09:47:24,050 --> 09:47:21,256
mechanistically I don't understand why

8594
09:47:28,570 --> 09:47:24,060
it's massive Advantage is tied to having

8595
09:47:35,510 --> 09:47:31,970
the the horizontal so the question is uh

8596
09:47:38,690 --> 09:47:35,520
why why why is if I understand why why

8597
09:47:41,210 --> 09:47:38,700
is horizontal Gene transfer

8598
09:47:42,530 --> 09:47:41,220
um important in in evolving the genetic

8599
09:47:45,530 --> 09:47:42,540
code is that what you're asking yeah

8600
09:47:47,266 --> 09:47:45,540
yeah yeah so so so the fundamental

8601
09:47:49,070 --> 09:47:47,276
reason is this well I showed you in the

8602
09:47:51,050 --> 09:47:49,080
in the simulations

8603
09:47:54,050 --> 09:47:51,060
um was that if you if you just have

8604
09:47:55,246 --> 09:47:54,060
vertical Evolution which I explained to

8605
09:47:56,630 --> 09:47:55,256
you what it is

8606
09:47:58,070 --> 09:47:56,640
um you kind of get trapped in local

8607
09:48:00,650 --> 09:47:58,080
Minima

8608
09:48:02,870 --> 09:48:00,660
okay so horizontal Gene transfer is a

8609
09:48:04,310 --> 09:48:02,880
very non-local shuffling of genes that

8610
09:48:06,586 --> 09:48:04,320
wouldn't otherwise happen

8611
09:48:09,110 --> 09:48:06,596
and so it's a much faster way of

8612
09:48:11,030 --> 09:48:09,120
exploring the space of possibilities and

8613
09:48:13,550 --> 09:48:11,040
so what happened in early life is

8614
09:48:17,210 --> 09:48:13,560
organisms were very porous

8615
09:48:19,490 --> 09:48:17,220
there's a lot of endosymbiosis so you

8616
09:48:21,230 --> 09:48:19,500
know today we we only you know you and I

8617
09:48:24,470 --> 09:48:21,240
are not horizontally transferring genes

8618
09:48:26,810 --> 09:48:24,480
the bacteria in our guts are but in

8619
09:48:28,550 --> 09:48:26,820
early life organisms would sort of Pulp

8620
09:48:31,310 --> 09:48:28,560
go through each other and Collide and

8621
09:48:32,870 --> 09:48:31,320
and subsume each other and so on and so

8622
09:48:35,030 --> 09:48:32,880
there was a very natural built-in

8623
09:48:36,586 --> 09:48:35,040
mechanism for genes to be horizontally

8624
09:48:40,730 --> 09:48:36,596
transferred

8625
09:48:43,370 --> 09:48:40,740
and so when we when we model that in our

8626
09:48:45,290 --> 09:48:43,380
in our simulations what we see is that

8627
09:48:46,850 --> 09:48:45,300
is enormously effective in accelerating

8628
09:48:49,730 --> 09:48:46,860
the evolution rate

8629
09:48:51,290 --> 09:48:49,740
so so bottom line is horizontal Gene

8630
09:48:52,426 --> 09:48:51,300
transfer is just one way to accelerate

8631
09:48:54,406 --> 09:48:52,436
evolution

8632
09:48:56,330 --> 09:48:54,416
and if you accelerate Evolution you

8633
09:48:57,950 --> 09:48:56,340
don't get stuck in local Minima if you

8634
09:49:00,766 --> 09:48:57,960
don't get stuck in local minimum as it

8635
09:49:03,050 --> 09:49:00,776
were you'd then find the true

8636
09:49:05,030 --> 09:49:03,060
best code or the best whatever it is

8637
09:49:07,490 --> 09:49:05,040
that you're optimizing and and that's

8638
09:49:09,890 --> 09:49:07,500
why that's why it works so did I answer

8639
09:49:11,870 --> 09:49:09,900
your question what was the bit what was

8640
09:49:15,110 --> 09:49:11,880
the bit that I hadn't explained that

8641
09:49:18,890 --> 09:49:17,330
I I saw empirically that it was true but

8642
09:49:21,406 --> 09:49:18,900
the mechanism oh okay so I'll explain

8643
09:49:25,670 --> 09:49:21,416
that yeah go ahead thank you okay yeah

8644
09:49:28,010 --> 09:49:25,680
hey there hi uh I'm Maddie from MIT

8645
09:49:30,050 --> 09:49:28,020
um great talk I was kind of interested

8646
09:49:33,050 --> 09:49:30,060
based on your like um idea of evolution

8647
09:49:34,970 --> 09:49:33,060
of this like Pro Genoa like horizontal

8648
09:49:36,710 --> 09:49:34,980
Gene transfer dominated system evolving

8649
09:49:38,266 --> 09:49:36,720
to this darwinian phase where do you

8650
09:49:40,190 --> 09:49:38,276
think kind of the universality of like

8651
09:49:41,510 --> 09:49:40,200
essential Dogma kind of starts to evolve

8652
09:49:43,730 --> 09:49:41,520
when we think of like the genetic code

8653
09:49:45,110 --> 09:49:43,740
of like codons to proteins and DNA like

8654
09:49:47,570 --> 09:49:45,120
is that something that might have

8655
09:49:49,070 --> 09:49:47,580
existed with like this pre-state or

8656
09:49:51,170 --> 09:49:49,080
would this be something we only see with

8657
09:49:53,690 --> 09:49:51,180
like the rise of like I don't think the

8658
09:49:56,390 --> 09:49:53,700
central dogma even exists today

8659
09:49:58,246 --> 09:49:56,400
okay we we know we know that that's we

8660
09:50:01,070 --> 09:49:58,256
know that that's not true we know that

8661
09:50:02,150 --> 09:50:01,080
there are there are ways that um that

8662
09:50:03,710 --> 09:50:02,160
that there can be you know

8663
09:50:06,170 --> 09:50:03,720
post-translational modifications you

8664
09:50:08,570 --> 09:50:06,180
have a virtual transcription and so on

8665
09:50:12,890 --> 09:50:08,580
and so forth so so organisms uh even

8666
09:50:13,970 --> 09:50:12,900
today can rewrite their their genome and

8667
09:50:16,490 --> 09:50:13,980
so

8668
09:50:19,070 --> 09:50:16,500
um you know when when did the you know

8669
09:50:21,530 --> 09:50:19,080
of course we we you know we

8670
09:50:23,746 --> 09:50:21,540
the first people didn't

8671
09:50:26,450 --> 09:50:23,756
you know didn't know about that Crick

8672
09:50:28,070 --> 09:50:26,460
called it the central dogma as a joke

8673
09:50:30,290 --> 09:50:28,080
um but today we know that you know

8674
09:50:32,870 --> 09:50:30,300
viruses are doing this or all the time

8675
09:50:36,230 --> 09:50:32,880
so we have lots of endogenous retro bio

8676
09:50:40,246 --> 09:50:36,240
DNA in our own genomes so so I'm not so

8677
09:50:42,766 --> 09:50:40,256
convinced that um that the um the

8678
09:50:45,406 --> 09:50:42,776
central dogma world as it were

8679
09:50:48,530 --> 09:50:45,416
ever existed or at least even exists uh

8680
09:50:51,230 --> 09:50:48,540
even exists exists now but the extent to

8681
09:50:54,350 --> 09:50:51,240
which you know genome editing

8682
09:50:55,790 --> 09:50:54,360
self-genome editing um evolved in time

8683
09:50:57,230 --> 09:50:55,800
that's not something that I've looked at

8684
09:50:59,030 --> 09:50:57,240
but you certainly couldn't you could you

8685
09:51:01,490 --> 09:50:59,040
could imagine it uh suddenly being

8686
09:51:05,086 --> 09:51:01,500
accelerated during the progenya for

8687
09:51:07,030 --> 09:51:05,096
example but it's going on today so so

8688
09:51:09,530 --> 09:51:07,040
um so um

8689
09:51:11,510 --> 09:51:09,540
did I answer your question or did I just

8690
09:51:13,310 --> 09:51:11,520
dismiss the premise of the question and

8691
09:51:14,990 --> 09:51:13,320
so it swept it under the rug that way no

8692
09:51:16,670 --> 09:51:15,000
it's very fascinating fascinating answer

8693
09:51:18,890 --> 09:51:16,680
I would say biologists would have a lot

8694
09:51:20,690 --> 09:51:18,900
to discussion I would say biologists

8695
09:51:22,426 --> 09:51:20,700
have a lot to discuss with you about um

8696
09:51:23,990 --> 09:51:22,436
the idea at the central dogma but I

8697
09:51:26,510 --> 09:51:24,000
think that is a fascinating way to think

8698
09:51:28,610 --> 09:51:26,520
about it yeah no no I mean I mean I mean

8699
09:51:30,170 --> 09:51:28,620
you know it may be it may be broadly

8700
09:51:32,746 --> 09:51:30,180
true but there's certainly lots of

8701
09:51:34,730 --> 09:51:32,756
exceptions to it and and so uh and

8702
09:51:37,190 --> 09:51:34,740
that's why I say it's not like it really

8703
09:51:40,610 --> 09:51:37,200
has to happen it's it's just you know

8704
09:51:43,330 --> 09:51:40,620
the balance of you know okay mostly

8705
09:51:46,970 --> 09:51:43,340
these things work but the fact um

8706
09:51:48,950 --> 09:51:46,980
they're not forbidden by any symmetry or

8707
09:51:52,490 --> 09:51:48,960
any law laws of physics or anything like

8708
09:51:54,950 --> 09:51:52,500
this so so how you know fundamentally I

8709
09:51:57,950 --> 09:51:54,960
I think the the main principle of trying

8710
09:52:00,406 --> 09:51:57,960
to underlie genome uh genome stability

8711
09:52:02,570 --> 09:52:00,416
is essentially reproducibility in other

8712
09:52:04,190 --> 09:52:02,580
words you know if everything is

8713
09:52:05,990 --> 09:52:04,200
fluctuating too much

8714
09:52:07,906 --> 09:52:06,000
then you're making too many

8715
09:52:08,990 --> 09:52:07,916
possibilities and and then you're

8716
09:52:10,610 --> 09:52:09,000
getting

8717
09:52:12,350 --> 09:52:10,620
um generalists as well but not new

8718
09:52:14,890 --> 09:52:12,360
Specialists and so it's really tied up

8719
09:52:17,030 --> 09:52:14,900
with you know whether the organisms are

8720
09:52:19,370 --> 09:52:17,040
optimized in a particular environment

8721
09:52:21,530 --> 09:52:19,380
and for the for you know for their

8722
09:52:22,850 --> 09:52:21,540
niches in in the ecosystem so I think

8723
09:52:23,990 --> 09:52:22,860
these these things are balanced like

8724
09:52:28,850 --> 09:52:24,000
that

8725
09:52:32,990 --> 09:52:30,530
so I'm very excited to see you here

8726
09:52:34,906 --> 09:52:33,000
because I'm also offices by training and

8727
09:52:36,830 --> 09:52:34,916
I have two questions for you so first of

8728
09:52:37,850 --> 09:52:36,840
all can there be nuclear signatures for

8729
09:52:40,190 --> 09:52:37,860
life

8730
09:52:41,810 --> 09:52:40,200
and second question is we just can

8731
09:52:43,906 --> 09:52:41,820
observe five percent of our universe the

8732
09:52:47,510 --> 09:52:43,916
rest of the universe is dark energy dark

8733
09:52:50,690 --> 09:52:47,520
matter can there be dark matter life

8734
09:52:52,310 --> 09:52:50,700
um okay I so the question is are there

8735
09:52:54,170 --> 09:52:52,320
nuclear signatures of life when you say

8736
09:52:55,970 --> 09:52:54,180
nuclear what do you mean by that at the

8737
09:52:57,890 --> 09:52:55,980
nuclear level like we talk about

8738
09:53:03,890 --> 09:52:57,900
biosignatures of Life can there be

8739
09:53:08,810 --> 09:53:06,110
do I don't understand what you mean

8740
09:53:10,730 --> 09:53:08,820
sorry like uh can there be Nuclear

8741
09:53:12,170 --> 09:53:10,740
Physics going on which can lead to life

8742
09:53:18,290 --> 09:53:12,180
oh

8743
09:53:22,970 --> 09:53:19,746
I don't know about

8744
09:53:26,086 --> 09:53:22,980
nuclear it's certainly at Atomic I mean

8745
09:53:27,766 --> 09:53:26,096
there's um I don't really know I don't

8746
09:53:30,130 --> 09:53:27,776
know the answer to your question but but

8747
09:53:33,950 --> 09:53:30,140
I'll give you an example there's um

8748
09:53:34,850 --> 09:53:33,960
there is a particular excitation

8749
09:53:39,170 --> 09:53:34,860
um

8750
09:53:41,390 --> 09:53:39,180
in carbon the the oil excitation and and

8751
09:53:43,190 --> 09:53:41,400
it's probably the the first or maybe

8752
09:53:46,070 --> 09:53:43,200
only successful application of the

8753
09:53:47,266 --> 09:53:46,080
anthropic principle uh where he guessed

8754
09:53:49,246 --> 09:53:47,276
that there had to be such an excitation

8755
09:53:51,230 --> 09:53:49,256
for some process to occur that was

8756
09:53:52,970 --> 09:53:51,240
essential for life and indeed it was

8757
09:53:54,350 --> 09:53:52,980
later discovered to be true

8758
09:53:56,030 --> 09:53:54,360
so

8759
09:53:58,070 --> 09:53:56,040
I don't really know the answer to your

8760
09:54:01,190 --> 09:53:58,080
question it's not impossible because

8761
09:54:02,926 --> 09:54:01,200
this whole example is is a sort of very

8762
09:54:05,150 --> 09:54:02,936
strange one it's obviously something

8763
09:54:06,766 --> 09:54:05,160
that if you take a sort of perspective

8764
09:54:09,406 --> 09:54:06,776
that you should be looking at large

8765
09:54:10,906 --> 09:54:09,416
scales of systems you would never think

8766
09:54:12,586 --> 09:54:10,916
that there would be this kind of thing

8767
09:54:15,050 --> 09:54:12,596
happening but we also know in physics

8768
09:54:16,266 --> 09:54:15,060
that there was a scale interference and

8769
09:54:18,050 --> 09:54:16,276
that small

8770
09:54:20,150 --> 09:54:18,060
negligible effects can have large

8771
09:54:23,510 --> 09:54:20,160
consequences I have a whole other talk

8772
09:54:25,730 --> 09:54:23,520
about about that in trying to understand

8773
09:54:28,246 --> 09:54:25,740
um the the the tree-like evolution of

8774
09:54:31,550 --> 09:54:28,256
Life which I'm not going to talk about

8775
09:54:33,110 --> 09:54:31,560
um so so I don't I don't really know

8776
09:54:34,906 --> 09:54:33,120
um there was a second question a second

8777
09:54:36,406 --> 09:54:34,916
question was we can only observe five

8778
09:54:38,810 --> 09:54:36,416
percent of our universe because the rest

8779
09:54:40,426 --> 09:54:38,820
of the universe is not right so can

8780
09:54:41,990 --> 09:54:40,436
there be dark matter can there be dark

8781
09:54:49,630 --> 09:54:42,000
matter and can you have can you have

8782
09:54:58,030 --> 09:54:52,130
is very very enthusiastically ready to

8783
09:55:03,766 --> 09:55:01,670
so I I think that that life is you know

8784
09:55:05,330 --> 09:55:03,776
is essentially an inexorable consequence

8785
09:55:07,010 --> 09:55:05,340
of the laws of physics I don't think

8786
09:55:09,170 --> 09:55:07,020
it's Unique or an accident

8787
09:55:11,390 --> 09:55:09,180
so yes that's why I asked that but I

8788
09:55:12,650 --> 09:55:11,400
have no scientific reason for for

8789
09:55:14,030 --> 09:55:12,660
answering your question in the

8790
09:55:15,950 --> 09:55:14,040
affirmative

8791
09:55:16,790 --> 09:55:15,960
yes please go ahead yes hello Professor

8792
09:55:21,110 --> 09:55:16,800
like

8793
09:55:23,030 --> 09:55:21,120
am after your talk so thank you thank

8794
09:55:27,050 --> 09:55:23,040
you so much actually I have the similar

8795
09:55:29,086 --> 09:55:27,060
notion like uh I the like uh

8796
09:55:30,950 --> 09:55:29,096
like whatever you have presented here

8797
09:55:32,510 --> 09:55:30,960
like I'm I'm literally feeling we share

8798
09:55:35,086 --> 09:55:32,520
the similar Vibe actually I'm the second

8799
09:55:39,350 --> 09:55:35,096
year PhD student in astronomy and I have

8800
09:55:41,210 --> 09:55:39,360
a degree in physics and so like I'm

8801
09:55:46,610 --> 09:55:41,220
sorry I'm a little nervous but I have I

8802
09:55:53,746 --> 09:55:49,850
so uh yeah I I want to ask like uh What

8803
09:55:56,030 --> 09:55:53,756
uh since uh yeah like I also like

8804
09:55:58,310 --> 09:55:56,040
the earth-centric like investigation of

8805
09:56:00,650 --> 09:55:58,320
life it it it really doesn't convince me

8806
09:56:04,310 --> 09:56:00,660
to for like to to see the life outside

8807
09:56:06,470 --> 09:56:04,320
the universe and so like I'm really

8808
09:56:08,510 --> 09:56:06,480
interested to study the like uh physical

8809
09:56:10,906 --> 09:56:08,520
Evolution like how how we can study the

8810
09:56:13,790 --> 09:56:10,916
life like outside the universe like and

8811
09:56:17,030 --> 09:56:13,800
and it is true that uh we should have a

8812
09:56:19,426 --> 09:56:17,040
generic uh like generic definition how

8813
09:56:20,450 --> 09:56:19,436
should life look like so that's why I'm

8814
09:56:22,490 --> 09:56:20,460
very much interested in the

8815
09:56:24,406 --> 09:56:22,500
thermodynamic evolution of life so I

8816
09:56:26,630 --> 09:56:24,416
just want to know like what are your

8817
09:56:28,426 --> 09:56:26,640
thoughts about like what do you what do

8818
09:56:30,586 --> 09:56:28,436
you think about like because there are

8819
09:56:32,086 --> 09:56:30,596
many uh researchers who are doing uh

8820
09:56:34,130 --> 09:56:32,096
great work on that the on the

8821
09:56:36,530 --> 09:56:34,140
thermodynamic evolution of life so I

8822
09:56:39,350 --> 09:56:36,540
just want to know your thoughts on that

8823
09:56:42,406 --> 09:56:39,360
and I'm like I'm super excited to work

8824
09:56:44,870 --> 09:56:42,416
on on this field and uh yeah like even

8825
09:56:46,730 --> 09:56:44,880
I'm in second year and I like I have

8826
09:56:48,290 --> 09:56:46,740
already decided I want my second PhD in

8827
09:56:50,630 --> 09:56:48,300
biophysics and I want to study the

8828
09:56:51,730 --> 09:56:50,640
thermodynamic evolution of Life So yeah

8829
09:56:57,470 --> 09:56:51,740
thank you

8830
09:56:58,730 --> 09:56:57,480
your kind words and um now I don't I

8831
09:57:02,830 --> 09:56:58,740
don't quite understand what is the

8832
09:57:11,266 --> 09:57:07,610
the microphone is next year yeah so uh

8833
09:57:13,970 --> 09:57:11,276
there is uh the the the Third Law of

8834
09:57:16,790 --> 09:57:13,980
like uh thermodynamics yes yeah the

8835
09:57:20,086 --> 09:57:16,800
thermo uh yeah the entropy so it it says

8836
09:57:22,030 --> 09:57:20,096
like um every natural uh laws in the

8837
09:57:25,970 --> 09:57:22,040
world they have a particular direction

8838
09:57:28,130 --> 09:57:25,980
and it find this is if that's that's if

8839
09:57:31,490 --> 09:57:28,140
if we think about that that's that's

8840
09:57:34,010 --> 09:57:31,500
itself is a is a very great like itself

8841
09:57:36,110 --> 09:57:34,020
is a very great it tells like every

8842
09:57:38,266 --> 09:57:36,120
natural you know process in the world

8843
09:57:40,906 --> 09:57:38,276
they have a specific Direction and what

8844
09:57:43,010 --> 09:57:40,916
I feel like yeah what I what I feel like

8845
09:57:45,766 --> 09:57:43,020
that's that's my hypothesis like that

8846
09:57:48,110 --> 09:57:45,776
life is not the you know the the most

8847
09:57:51,050 --> 09:57:48,120
like the the most probable state of

8848
09:57:53,570 --> 09:57:51,060
state of the of the nature nature

8849
09:57:56,266 --> 09:57:53,580
doesn't want right that's what I think

8850
09:57:58,246 --> 09:57:56,276
and I want to study this uh with uh like

8851
09:58:00,530 --> 09:57:58,256
thermodynamic evolution of life that's

8852
09:58:02,510 --> 09:58:00,540
why uh yeah I want to study that so I

8853
09:58:05,570 --> 09:58:02,520
wanted to know your uh okay so I think I

8854
09:58:07,610 --> 09:58:05,580
think I I think I'm sorry I was so long

8855
09:58:10,070 --> 09:58:07,620
I think I can paraphrase your your

8856
09:58:12,130 --> 09:58:10,080
question so it tell me if this is a

8857
09:58:16,790 --> 09:58:12,140
reasonable paraphrasing of your question

8858
09:58:19,670 --> 09:58:16,800
why why the why does life inexorably

8859
09:58:23,390 --> 09:58:19,680
become more and more complex

8860
09:58:25,670 --> 09:58:23,400
I I and I think that is a very important

8861
09:58:27,586 --> 09:58:25,680
foundational question because you might

8862
09:58:30,050 --> 09:58:27,596
say okay let's suppose you believed in

8863
09:58:32,390 --> 09:58:30,060
the RNA World which which I actually as

8864
09:58:34,490 --> 09:58:32,400
I happened I I don't believe in it but

8865
09:58:37,130 --> 09:58:34,500
but let's suppose you did then you might

8866
09:58:39,230 --> 09:58:37,140
say well okay so I get these uh these uh

8867
09:58:42,170 --> 09:58:39,240
these all the catalytic uh uh

8868
09:58:45,586 --> 09:58:42,180
replicators I have RNA doing all the

8869
09:58:48,406 --> 09:58:45,596
functions of of Life uh why isn't the

8870
09:58:50,870 --> 09:58:48,416
world just you know knee-deep in uh

8871
09:58:53,086 --> 09:58:50,880
self-replicating RNA molecules you know

8872
09:58:55,370 --> 09:58:53,096
why do we have arts and elephants and

8873
09:58:57,850 --> 09:58:55,380
and blue whales and things like this and

8874
09:59:01,490 --> 09:58:57,860
so so I think the the you know the the

8875
09:59:04,190 --> 09:59:01,500
fundamental question is why do you have

8876
09:59:07,130 --> 09:59:04,200
this uh Evolution to greater and greater

8877
09:59:08,390 --> 09:59:07,140
complexity and I think that's a

8878
09:59:10,730 --> 09:59:08,400
um that's a question that we don't have

8879
09:59:12,170 --> 09:59:10,740
a good answer for now I'll tell you what

8880
09:59:13,790 --> 09:59:12,180
happens when we try to model living

8881
09:59:18,710 --> 09:59:13,800
systems

8882
09:59:20,810 --> 09:59:18,720
say in a computer you make an artificial

8883
09:59:23,570 --> 09:59:20,820
ecosystem lots of things interacting

8884
09:59:25,730 --> 09:59:23,580
with each other and you run it and what

8885
09:59:27,890 --> 09:59:25,740
happens is it does evolve in complexity

8886
09:59:28,970 --> 09:59:27,900
just a little bit and then it just stops

8887
09:59:31,190 --> 09:59:28,980
evolving

8888
09:59:33,530 --> 09:59:31,200
it just stay it stays constantly and it

8889
09:59:35,926 --> 09:59:33,540
really the simulation does not involve

8890
09:59:40,130 --> 09:59:35,936
more and more arbitrarily complex Life

8891
09:59:43,426 --> 09:59:40,140
As Time proceeds so we try to figure out

8892
09:59:45,830 --> 09:59:43,436
uh what is the fundamental mechanisms

8893
09:59:48,530 --> 09:59:45,840
genetic mechanisms that could enable

8894
09:59:52,370 --> 09:59:48,540
this increase to give you as you put it

8895
09:59:54,710 --> 09:59:52,380
this directionality of life and and what

8896
09:59:57,110 --> 09:59:54,720
we discovered was this and it relates to

8897
09:59:59,746 --> 09:59:57,120
things I emphasize in the talk

8898
10:00:01,070 --> 09:59:59,756
mostly when we think about Evolution you

8899
10:00:03,650 --> 10:00:01,080
know you read the newspapers you think

8900
10:00:05,870 --> 10:00:03,660
about uh mutations and point mutations

8901
10:00:08,150 --> 10:00:05,880
and things like this I don't think those

8902
10:00:09,890 --> 10:00:08,160
things are very important at all for

8903
10:00:12,766 --> 10:00:09,900
evolution on the large scale what we

8904
10:00:15,290 --> 10:00:12,776
discovered in computer simulations was

8905
10:00:17,810 --> 10:00:15,300
that there's two things that cause life

8906
10:00:19,730 --> 10:00:17,820
to inexorably get more and more complex

8907
10:00:21,586 --> 10:00:19,740
and that is first of all you have

8908
10:00:26,210 --> 10:00:21,596
horizontal Gene transfer

8909
10:00:28,790 --> 10:00:26,220
so you have mechanisms that enable

8910
10:00:31,070 --> 10:00:28,800
essentially an evolving system to really

8911
10:00:33,710 --> 10:00:31,080
find its its local maximum or local

8912
10:00:35,030 --> 10:00:33,720
minimum Optimum and the other is Gene

8913
10:00:39,230 --> 10:00:35,040
duplication

8914
10:00:41,030 --> 10:00:39,240
because you make a copy of a gene and

8915
10:00:42,406 --> 10:00:41,040
then one copy goes off and Carries On

8916
10:00:44,290 --> 10:00:42,416
doing what it was supposed to be doing

8917
10:00:47,210 --> 10:00:44,300
the other one can evolve without

8918
10:00:48,650 --> 10:00:47,220
deleterious effect on the organism and

8919
10:00:51,406 --> 10:00:48,660
when you look in in The evolutionary

8920
10:00:54,110 --> 10:00:51,416
history of of life and you look at uh

8921
10:00:55,906 --> 10:00:54,120
genomes you see throughout this

8922
10:00:58,790 --> 10:00:55,916
pervasive influence of horizontal Gene

8923
10:01:02,210 --> 10:00:58,800
transversely in microbial organisms and

8924
10:01:05,030 --> 10:01:02,220
um and and and Gene duplication and you

8925
10:01:06,290 --> 10:01:05,040
see Gene deportation in all branches of

8926
10:01:08,630 --> 10:01:06,300
life

8927
10:01:11,390 --> 10:01:08,640
um so so I think what you have to try to

8928
10:01:13,266 --> 10:01:11,400
understand is the the interplay between

8929
10:01:16,010 --> 10:01:13,276
these different

8930
10:01:17,630 --> 10:01:16,020
processes at the genetic level then have

8931
10:01:21,050 --> 10:01:17,640
consequences for the large-scale

8932
10:01:24,950 --> 10:01:21,060
complexity of organisms so we we built

8933
10:01:29,210 --> 10:01:26,450
um computer model of an evolving

8934
10:01:32,110 --> 10:01:29,220
ecosystem which has continual growth of

8935
10:01:35,210 --> 10:01:32,120
complexity due to those particular

8936
10:01:37,190 --> 10:01:35,220
genetic operators and it's not a very

8937
10:01:39,406 --> 10:01:37,200
realistic model and the model and the

8938
10:01:41,926 --> 10:01:39,416
method of the the way we measured

8939
10:01:43,850 --> 10:01:41,936
complexity was completely unrealistic

8940
10:01:46,010 --> 10:01:43,860
and we measured it by the length of the

8941
10:01:47,810 --> 10:01:46,020
genome as opposed to something like

8942
10:01:50,630 --> 10:01:47,820
common golf complexity or some other

8943
10:01:54,370 --> 10:01:50,640
algorithmic complexity measure but um

8944
10:01:58,246 --> 10:01:54,380
but it it does show you that certain

8945
10:01:59,510 --> 10:01:58,256
genetic processes can give rise when

8946
10:02:01,130 --> 10:01:59,520
they interact with the environment and

8947
10:02:04,010 --> 10:02:01,140
that was important in our in our

8948
10:02:06,350 --> 10:02:04,020
calculation I can give rise to this

8949
10:02:07,970 --> 10:02:06,360
direction of life this ever increasing

8950
10:02:09,586 --> 10:02:07,980
growth of complexity

8951
10:02:12,406 --> 10:02:09,596
so that's the best I can do in answering

8952
10:02:13,790 --> 10:02:12,416
your question is that helpful

8953
10:02:14,990 --> 10:02:13,800
okay unfortunately we've run out of time

8954
10:02:17,086 --> 10:02:15,000
for questions so hopefully you can find

8955
10:02:26,210 --> 10:02:17,096
Nigel at the dinner but let's thank our

8956
10:02:30,650 --> 10:02:28,490
okay so I'm sure everyone's pretty

8957
10:02:32,570 --> 10:02:30,660
hungry and tired at this point but if we

8958
10:02:34,610 --> 10:02:32,580
could just get about another 10 minutes

8959
10:02:37,010 --> 10:02:34,620
or so just to finish up setting uh

8960
10:02:39,350 --> 10:02:37,020
Surfside but in the meantime it'd be

8961
10:02:42,766 --> 10:02:39,360
incredibly helpful if people could help

8962
10:02:45,406 --> 10:02:42,776
move clear the tables because uh we have

8963
10:02:47,220 --> 10:02:45,416
the event company that needs to get rid

8964
10:02:47,746 --> 10:02:47,230
of the Linens and such

8965
10:02:50,650 --> 10:02:47,756
[Music]

8966
10:02:55,610 --> 10:02:52,970
but uh there's also there's some garbage

8967
10:03:03,230 --> 10:02:55,620
cans outside the Forum so that'd be

8968
10:03:33,970 --> 10:03:27,000
[Music]